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Hu X, Szczepaniak G, Lewandowska-Andralojc A, Jeong J, Li B, Murata H, Yin R, Jazani AM, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Red-Light-Driven Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for High-Throughput Polymer Synthesis in Open Air. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24315-24327. [PMID: 37878520 PMCID: PMC10636753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) techniques offer exceptional control over polymerization, providing access to well-defined polymers and hybrid materials with complex architectures. However, most photo-RDRP methods rely on UV/visible light or photoredox catalysts (PCs), which require complex multistep synthesis. Herein, we present the first example of fully oxygen-tolerant red/NIR-light-mediated photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) in a high-throughput manner under biologically relevant conditions. The method uses commercially available methylene blue (MB+) as the PC and [X-CuII/TPMA]+ (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) complex as the deactivator. The mechanistic study revealed that MB+ undergoes a reductive quenching cycle in the presence of the TPMA ligand used in excess. The formed semireduced MB (MB•) sustains polymerization by regenerating the [CuI/TPMA]+ activator and together with [X-CuII/TPMA]+ provides control over the polymerization. This dual catalytic system exhibited excellent oxygen tolerance, enabling polymerizations with high monomer conversions (>90%) in less than 60 min at low volumes (50-250 μL) and high-throughput synthesis of a library of well-defined polymers and DNA-polymer bioconjugates with narrow molecular weight distributions (Đ < 1.30) in an open-air 96-well plate. In addition, the broad absorption spectrum of MB+ allowed ATRP to be triggered under UV to NIR irradiation (395-730 nm). This opens avenues for the integration of orthogonal photoinduced reactions. Finally, the MB+/Cu catalysis showed good biocompatibility during polymerization in the presence of cells, which expands the potential applications of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Andralojc
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Center
for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Uniwersytetu
Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bingda Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Flejszar M, Chmielarz P, Oszajca M. Red is the new green: Dry wine‐based miniemulsion as eco‐friendly reaction medium for sustainable atom transfer radical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Flejszar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Rzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Rzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Marcin Oszajca
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Kraków 30‐387 Poland
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3
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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Kumar R. Materiomically Designed Polymeric Vehicles for Nucleic Acids: Quo Vadis? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2507-2535. [PMID: 35642794 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in molecular biology, particularly in site-specific genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and base editing, financial and logistical challenges hinder a broad population from accessing and benefiting from gene therapy. To improve the affordability and scalability of gene therapy, we need to deploy chemically defined, economical, and scalable materials, such as synthetic polymers. For polymers to deliver nucleic acids efficaciously to targeted cells, they must optimally combine design attributes, such as architecture, length, composition, spatial distribution of monomers, basicity, hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase balance, or protonation degree. Designing polymeric vectors for specific nucleic acid payloads is a multivariate optimization problem wherein even minuscule deviations from the optimum are poorly tolerated. To explore the multivariate polymer design space rapidly, efficiently, and fruitfully, we must integrate parallelized polymer synthesis, high-throughput biological screening, and statistical modeling. Although materiomics approaches promise to streamline polymeric vector development, several methodological ambiguities must be resolved. For instance, establishing a flexible polymer ontology that accommodates recent synthetic advances, enforcing uniform polymer characterization and data reporting standards, and implementing multiplexed in vitro and in vivo screening studies require considerable planning, coordination, and effort. This contribution will acquaint readers with the challenges associated with materiomics approaches to polymeric gene delivery and offers guidelines for overcoming these challenges. Here, we summarize recent developments in combinatorial polymer synthesis, high-throughput screening of polymeric vectors, omics-based approaches to polymer design, barcoding schemes for pooled in vitro and in vivo screening, and identify materiomics-inspired research directions that will realize the long-unfulfilled clinical potential of polymeric carriers in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1613 Illinois St, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Chen C, Richter F, Zhang J, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Traeger A, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Synthesis of functional miktoarm star polymers in an automated parallel synthesizer. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Baudis S, Behl M. High-Throughput and Combinatorial Approaches for the Development of Multifunctional Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100400. [PMID: 34460146 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) development of new multifunctional polymers is accomplished by the combination of different HT tools established in polymer sciences in the last decade. Important advances are robotic/HT synthesis of polymer libraries, the HT characterization of polymers, and the application of spatially resolved polymer library formats, explicitly microarray and gradient libraries. HT polymer synthesis enables the generation of material libraries with combinatorial design motifs. Polymer composition, molecular weight, macromolecular architecture, etc. may be varied in a systematic, fine-graded manner to obtain libraries with high chemical diversity and sufficient compositional resolution as model systems for the screening of these materials for the functions aimed. HT characterization allows a fast assessment of complementary properties, which are employed to decipher quantitative structure-properties relationships. Moreover, these methods facilitate the HT determination of important surface parameters by spatially resolved characterization methods, including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Here current methods for the high-throughput robotic synthesis of multifunctional polymers as well as their characterization are presented and advantages as well as present limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Marc Behl
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513, Teltow, Germany
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Szczepaniak G, Fu L, Jafari H, Kapil K, Matyjaszewski K. Making ATRP More Practical: Oxygen Tolerance. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1779-1790. [PMID: 33751886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a well-known technique for the controlled polymerization of vinyl monomers under mild conditions. However, as with any other radical polymerization, ATRP typically requires rigorous oxygen exclusion, making it time-consuming and challenging to use by nonexperts. In this Account, we discuss various approaches to achieving oxygen tolerance in ATRP, presenting the overall progress in the field.Copper-mediated ATRP, which we first discovered in the late 1990s, uses a CuI/L activator that reversibly reacts with the dormant C(sp3)-X polymer chain end, forming a X-CuII/L deactivator and a propagating radical. Oxygen interferes with activation and chain propagation by quenching the radicals and oxidizing the activator. At ATRP equilibrium, the activator is present at a much higher concentration than the propagating radicals. Thus, oxidation of the activator is the dominant inhibition pathway. In conventional ATRP, this reaction is irreversible, so oxygen must be strictly excluded to achieve good results.Over the last two decades, our group has developed several ATRP techniques based on the concept of regenerating the activator. When the oxidized activator is continuously converted back to its active reduced form, then the catalytic system itself can act as an oxygen scavenger. Regeneration can be accomplished by reducing agents and photo-, electro-, and mechanochemical stimuli. This family of methods offers a degree of oxygen tolerance, but most of them can tolerate only a limited amount of oxygen and do not allow polymerization in an open vessel.More recently, we discovered that enzymes can be used in auxiliary catalytic systems that directly deoxygenate the reaction medium and protect the polymerization process. We developed a method that uses glucose oxidase (GOx), glucose, and sodium pyruvate to very effectively scavenge oxygen and enable open-vessel ATRP. By adding a second enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HPR), we managed to extend the role of the auxiliary enzymatic system to generating carbon-based radicals and changed ATRP from an oxygen-sensitive to an oxygen-fueled reaction.While performing control experiments for the enzymatic methods, we noticed that using sodium pyruvate under UV irradiation triggers polymerization without the presence of GOx. This serendipitous discovery allowed us to develop the first oxygen-proof, small-molecule-based, photoinduced ATRP system. It has oxygen tolerance similar to that of the enzymatic methods, exhibits superior compatibility with both aqueous media and organic solvents, and avoids problems associated with purifying polymers from enzymes. The system was able to rapidly polymerize N-isopropylacrylamide, a challenging monomer, with a high degree of control.These contributions have substantially simplified the use of ATRP, making it more practical and accessible to everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hossein Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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8
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Ng G, Jung K, Li J, Wu C, Zhang L, Boyer C. Screening RAFT agents and photocatalysts to mediate PET-RAFT polymerization using a high throughput approach. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a high throughput approach for the screening of RAFT agents and photocatalysts to mediate photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervase Ng
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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Shao ML, Yue XA, He J. Controlling gelation time of in situ polymerization of gel system through AGET ATRP principle. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Wang M, Zhang J, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Schubert US, Feng A, Thang SH. Enzyme Degassing for Oxygen-Sensitive Reactions in Open Vessels of an Automated Parallel Synthesizer: RAFT Polymerizations. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:643-649. [PMID: 31498991 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme degassing method for oxygen-intolerant polymerizations was implemented in a commercially available automated parallel synthesizer and tested for reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations performed in open vessels. For this purpose, a recently reported methodology that employs the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) to deplete oxygen in reaction media was utilized. The effectiveness of this approach to perform unattended parallel polymerization reactions in open vessels was demonstrated by comparing experimental results to those obtained under similar experimental conditions but utilizing the common degassing method of sparging N2 to remove oxygen. The proposed experimental technique displayed good precision in performing RAFT polymerizations and good control of the obtained polymers and could be easily adapted to other systems where the removal of oxygen is mandatory. This alternative high-throughput/high-output method may have the potential to increase productivity in research projects where oxygen-intolerant reactions are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Junliang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800 Australia
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11
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Moreno A, Ronda JC, Cádiz V, Galià M, Lligadas G, Percec V. SET-LRP from Programmed Difunctional Initiators Encoded with Double Single-Cleavage and Double Dual-Cleavage Groups. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3200-3210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moreno
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ronda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Virginia Cádiz
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marina Galià
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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12
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Oliver S, Zhao L, Gormley AJ, Chapman R, Boyer C. Living in the Fast Lane—High Throughput Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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13
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Ng G, Yeow J, Chapman R, Isahak N, Wolvetang E, Cooper-White JJ, Boyer C. Pushing the Limits of High Throughput PET-RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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15
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Synthesis of isotactic polypropylene-block-polystyrene block copolymers as compatibilizers for isotactic polypropylene/polyphenylene oxide blends. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Yeow J, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Boyer C. Up in the air: oxygen tolerance in controlled/living radical polymerisation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4357-4387. [PMID: 29718038 PMCID: PMC9857479 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for deoxygenation in controlled/living radical polymerisation (CLRP) places significant limitations on its widespread implementation by necessitating the use of large reaction volumes, sealed reaction vessels as well as requiring access to specialised equipment such as a glove box and/or inert gas source. As a result, in recent years there has been intense interest in developing strategies for overcoming the effects of oxygen inhibition in CLRP and therefore remove the necessity for deoxygenation. In this review, we highlight several strategies for achieving oxygen tolerant CLRP including: "polymerising through" oxygen, enzyme mediated deoxygenation and the continuous regeneration of a redox-active catalyst. In order to provide further clarity to the field, we also establish some basic parameters for evaluating the degree of "oxygen tolerance" that can be achieved using a given oxygen scrubbing strategy. Finally, we propose some applications that could most benefit from the implementation of oxygen tolerant CLRP and provide a perspective on the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Gormley AJ, Yeow J, Ng G, Conway Ó, Boyer C, Chapman R. An Oxygen-Tolerant PET-RAFT Polymerization for Screening Structure-Activity Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1557-1562. [PMID: 29316089 PMCID: PMC9641662 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of polymer-protein interactions makes rational design of the best polymer architecture for any given biointerface extremely challenging, and the high throughput synthesis and screening of polymers has emerged as an attractive alternative. A porphyrin-catalysed photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerisation was adapted to enable high throughput synthesis of complex polymer architectures in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on low-volume well plates in the presence of air. The polymerisation system shows remarkable oxygen tolerance, and excellent control of functional 3- and 4-arm star polymers. We then apply this method to investigate the effect of polymer structure on protein binding, in this case to the lectin concanavalin A (ConA). Such an approach could be applied to screen the structure-activity relationships for any number of polymer-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
| | - Gervase Ng
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
| | - Órla Conway
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
| | - Robert Chapman
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW, Sydney (Australia)
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Gormley AJ, Yeow J, Ng G, Conway Ó, Boyer C, Chapman R. An Oxygen‐Tolerant PET‐RAFT Polymerization for Screening Structure–Activity Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine UNSW Sydney Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine UNSW Sydney Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Órla Conway
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine UNSW Sydney Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine UNSW Sydney Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine UNSW Sydney Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Australia
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19
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Xu S, Ng G, Xu J, Kuchel RP, Yeow J, Boyer C. 2-(Methylthio)ethyl Methacrylate: A Versatile Monomer for Stimuli Responsiveness and Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly in the Presence of Air. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1237-1244. [PMID: 35650777 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we investigate the photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of 2-(methylthio)ethyl methacrylate (MTEMA) using 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphine zinc (ZnTPP) as a photocatalyst under visible red light (λmax = 635 nm). Interestingly, the polymerization kinetics were not affected by the presence of air as near identical polymerization kinetics were observed for non-deoxygenated and deoxygenated systems, which is attributed to the singlet oxygen quenching ability of MTEMA. In both cases, well-defined polymers were obtained with good control over the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD). Furthermore, we have demonstrated that MTEMA can undergo the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) process from a poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) to yield well-defined polymeric nanoparticles of various morphologies. These nanoparticles were rapidly disassembled after exposure to visible light due to the formation of singlet oxygen by the encapsulated ZnTPP and subsequent rapid oxidation of the thioether group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for
NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright
Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Triethanolamine-azodiisobutyronitrile mixture as a foaming agent for low-density unsaturated polyester resin manufacturing at a low temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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22
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Lee BS, Kim H, Choi IS, Cho WK. Formation of activation-free, selectively bioconjugatable poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) films by surface-initiated ARGET ATRP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Soo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST; Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST; Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST; Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
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23
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Kumar R, Lahann J. Predictive Model for the Design of Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes: A Statistical Design of Experiments Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16595-16603. [PMID: 27268965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of polymer interfaces in biology is governed by a wide spectrum of interfacial properties. With the ultimate goal of identifying design parameters for stem cell culture coatings, we developed a statistical model that describes the dependence of brush properties on surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) parameters. Employing a design of experiments (DOE) approach, we identified operating boundaries within which four gel architecture regimes can be realized, including a new regime of associated brushes in thin films. Our statistical model can accurately predict the brush thickness and the degree of intermolecular association of poly[{2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl} dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide] (PMEDSAH), a previously reported synthetic substrate for feeder-free and xeno-free culture of human embryonic stem cells. DOE-based multifunctional predictions offer a powerful quantitative framework for designing polymer interfaces. For example, model predictions can be used to decrease the critical thickness at which the wettability transition occurs by simply increasing the catalyst quantity from 1 to 3 mol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, §Department of Material Science & Engineering, ⊥Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, §Department of Material Science & Engineering, ⊥Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ∥Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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24
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Liang EX, Lu M, Hou ZH, Huang Y, He BH, Wang GX, Liu LC, Wu H, Zhong M. Organic-inorganic composite materials as photoinitiator for controlling/living polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En Xiang Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Mang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute; Jingdezhen Jiangxi Province 333403 China
| | - Zhao Hui Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Bin Hong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Guo Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Li Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Hu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
| | - Ming Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan Institute of Science and Technology; Yueyang Hunan Province 414006 China
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25
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Lan T, Torkelson JM. Substantial spatial heterogeneity and tunability of glass transition temperature observed with dense polymer brushes prepared by ARGET ATRP. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Wang D, Chen H, Cao F, Sun J. Synthesis of Polyacrylonitrile by ARGET Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Zinc Powder and Its Adsorption Properties after Modification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4036274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hou Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fujun Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jinming Sun
- School
of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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27
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Haven JJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Keddie DJ, Moad G, Thang SH, Schubert US. One pot synthesis of higher order quasi-block copolymer librariesviasequential RAFT polymerization in an automated synthesizer. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The utility of automated high-throughput methods for the one pot synthesis of functional polymers of increased complexity is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
- Polymer Reaction Design Group Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Universiteit Hasselt
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
- Chemistry
- School of Science and Technology
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South MDC, Australia
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) and Polymer Libraries
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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28
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Li N, Qi L, Shen Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol)-based polymer brushes on polymer monoliths for all-aqueous chromatography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12441-12448. [PMID: 24251974 DOI: 10.1021/am403510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Porous polymer monoliths onto which were grafted a thermoresponsive copolymer, poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (MEO2MA)-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA)), were synthesized by the two-step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. The copolymer-grafted monoliths were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. They were further used as the thermoresponsive stationary phase for all-aqueous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chromatograms of three steroids demonstrated that the chain length of the grafted copolymer, which was regulated by varying the grafting time, could affect the separation by providing different amounts of hydrophobic interaction sites with analytes. Additionally, the elution profiles of steroids on the stationary phase could also be tuned by the comonomer composition. The results showed that the porous polymer monoliths enabled separation of the test mixture in pure aqueous mobile phase under isocratic conditions. Furthermore, the proposed method provides a simple and promising tool in the design and construction of responsive surfaces for chromatography applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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29
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Haven JJ, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Keddie DJ, Moad G. Rapid and Systematic Access to Quasi-Diblock Copolymer Libraries Covering a Comprehensive Composition Range by Sequential RAFT Polymerization in an Automated Synthesizer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:492-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10, Clayton South MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Den Dolech 2 Eindhoven 5612AZ The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel J. Keddie
- CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10, Clayton South MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology; University of New England; Armidale New South Wales 2351 Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering; Bag 10, Clayton South MDC Victoria 3169 Australia
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30
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Cho HY, Averick SE, Paredes E, Wegner K, Averick A, Jurga S, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Star polymers with a cationic core prepared by ATRP for cellular nucleic acids delivery. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1262-7. [PMID: 23560989 DOI: 10.1021/bm4003199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based star polymers with a cationic core were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for in vitro nucleic acid (NA) delivery. The star polymers were synthesized by ATRP of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Star polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. These star polymers were combined with either plasmid DNA (pDNA) or short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes to form polyplexes for intracellular delivery. These polyplexes with either siRNA or pDNA were highly effective in NA delivery, particularly at relatively low star polymer weight or molar ratios, highlighting the importance of NA release in efficient delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Y Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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31
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. RAFT Polymerization and Some of its Applications. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1634-44. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Guerrero-Sanchez C, Harrisson S, Keddie DJ. High-Throughput Method for RAFT Kinetic Investigations and Estimation of Reactivity Ratios in Copolymerization Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Guerrero-Sanchez C, O'Brien L, Brackley C, Keddie DJ, Saubern S, Chiefari J. Quasi-block copolymer libraries on demand via sequential RAFT polymerization in an automated parallel synthesizer. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Cheesman BT, Willott JD, Webber GB, Edmondson S, Wanless EJ. pH-Responsive Brush-Modified Silica Hybrids Synthesized by Surface-Initiated ARGET ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1161-1165. [PMID: 35607187 DOI: 10.1021/mz3003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brush-modified silica hybrids have been synthesized by growing poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (poly(DEA)) brushes on 120 nm diameter silica particles by surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ARGET ATRP). This is the first report of using SI-ARGET ATRP to synthesize poly(DEA) brushes. The kinetics of poly(DEA) brush growth in 4:1 v/v ethanol/water was monitored. The hydrodynamic diameter of the resulting brush-modified particles was dependent on the solution pH due to the weak polybasic nature of the brushes. Below the pKa of poly(DEA), the hydrodynamic diameter of the brush-modified particles increased with decreasing pH as a consequence of brush protonation, rearrangement and solvent uptake. This pH-response of the brushes was reversible and the hybrid particles exhibited significant hydrodynamic volume changes of up to 200% when the solution pH was cycled from pH 7 to pH 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Cheesman
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan,
NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joshua D. Willott
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan,
NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Grant B. Webber
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan,
NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Steve Edmondson
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough,
LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Erica J. Wanless
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan,
NSW 2308, Australia
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35
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Guerrero-Sanchez C, Keddie DJ, Saubern S, Chiefari J. Automated parallel freeze-evacuate-thaw degassing method for oxygen-sensitive reactions: RAFT polymerization. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:389-94. [PMID: 22709484 DOI: 10.1021/co300044w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An automated and parallel freeze-evacuate-thaw degassing method in a commercially available synthesizer is disclosed and tested for its applicability to reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The effectiveness of this method to eliminate oxygen in polymerization reactions is demonstrated by directly comparing it against experiments performed using conventional laboratory techniques. Apart from the demonstrated accuracy, the proposed method has also shown significant precision when performing RAFT polymerizations. The reported experimental technique can be easily adapted to other chemical systems where the removal of oxygen is mandatory. This new high-throughput method has the potential to significantly increase the productivity and/or research outcomes in laboratories where oxygen-sensitive reactions are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerrero-Sanchez
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Simon Saubern
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - John Chiefari
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
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