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Kim DH, Suh A, Park G, Yoon DK, Kim SY. Nanoscratch-Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5772-5781. [PMID: 33472362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymer (BCP) thin films is of particular interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology due to its superior ability to form various well-aligned nanopatterns. Herein, nanoscratch-DSA is introduced as a simple and scalable DSA strategy allowing highly aligned BCP nanopatterns over a large area. A gentle scratching on the target substrate with a commercial diamond lapping film can form uniaxially aligned nanoscratches. As applied in BCP thin films, the nanoscratch effectively guides the self-assembly of overlying BCPs and provides highly aligned nanopatterns along the direction of the nanoscratch. The nanoscratch-DSA is not material-specific, allowing more versatile nanofabrication for various functional nanomaterials. In addition, we demonstrate that the nanoscratch-DSA can be utilized as a direction-controllable and area-selective nanofabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyup Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahram Suh
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhyeong Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yang WC, Wu SH, Chen YF, Nelson A, Wu CM, Sun YS. Effects of the Density of Chemical Cross-links and Physical Entanglements of Ultraviolet-Irradiated Polystyrene Chains on Domain Orientation and Spatial Order of Polystyrene- block-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nano-Domains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14017-14030. [PMID: 31577149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation (UVI) of varied duration caused cross-linking and neutralization of polystyrene (PS) homopolymers of molar mass (Mn) from 6 to 290 kg mol-1 on a silicon-oxide surface. An optimal neutral skin layer on the surface of the PS was obtained via brief UVI in air (UVIA), by which the PS had no preferential interaction with either block in the copolymer. UVI in an inert environment (gaseous dinitrogen) (UVIN) stabilized the PS layers via cross-linking and enabled the PS networks to have an effective adhesive contact with the underlying substrate. Thorough examination of domain orientations and spatial orders of a series of block copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA), thin films deposited on these UVI-treated PS support layers yielded clear evidence that a dense layer of neutralized PS chains was required for the perpendicular orientation of PS-b-PMMA nanodomains. In particular, in addition to neutralization, two factors-the densities of physical entanglements and of chemical crosslinks-both in UVI-treated PS should be considered for the perpendicular orientation of nanolamellae and nanocylinders in symmetric and asymmetric PS-b-PMMA thin films. The density of physical entanglement in PS depends intrinsically on Mn of the PS, whereas the density of chemical cross-links was controlled with a varied duration of UVIN. Sufficiently large densities of physical entanglements and chemical cross-links can prevent PS-b-PMMA chains from penetrating through the neutral skin layer. The total density of physical entanglements and chemical cross-links required for the perpendicular orientation is correlated with the dimensions of the PS-b-PMMA chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , No. 300, Zhongda Rd. , Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Song-Hao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , No. 300, Zhongda Rd. , Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , No. 300, Zhongda Rd. , Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001 , Taiwan
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001 , Kirrawee DC , New South Wales 2232 , Australia
| | - Chun-Ming Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park , Hsinchu 30076 , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , National Central University , No. 300, Zhongda Rd. , Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001 , Taiwan
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3
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Jaksch S, Gutberlet T, Müller-Buschbaum P. Grazing-incidence scattering—status and perspectives in soft matter and biophysics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Block copolymer thin films: Characterizing nanostructure evolution with in situ X-ray and neutron scattering. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Man X, Zhou P, Tang J, Yan D, Andelman D. Defect-Free Perpendicular Diblock Copolymer Films: The Synergy Effect of Surface Topography and Chemistry. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department
of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | - Dadong Yan
- Department
of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and
Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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6
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Zhang M, Wang J, Zhang P. Controllable Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers on a Silica Surface: The Effect of Molecular Topological Structure and Salinity. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10990-10999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid,
Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinben Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid,
Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid,
Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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7
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Wu ML, Wang D, Wan LJ. Directed block copolymer self-assembly implemented via surface-embedded electrets. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10752. [PMID: 26876792 PMCID: PMC4756386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) nanolithography is widely recognized as a promising complementary approach to circumvent the feature size limits of conventional photolithography. The directed self-assembly of BCP thin film to form ordered nanostructures with controlled orientation and localized pattern has been the key challenge for practical nanolithography applications. Here we show that BCP nanopatterns can be directed on localized surface electrets defined by electron-beam irradiation to realize diverse features in a simple, effective and non-destructive manner. Charged electrets can generate a built-in electric field in BCP thin film and induce the formation of perpendicularly oriented microdomain of BCP film. The electret-directed orientation control of BCP film can be either integrated with mask-based patterning technique or realized by electron-beam direct-writing method to fabricate microscale arbitrary lateral patterns down to single BCP cylinder nanopattern. The electret-directed BCP self-assembly could provide an alternative means for BCP-based nanolithography, with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Reordering transitions during annealing of block copolymer cylinder phases. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:281-94. [PMID: 26452102 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While equilibrium block-copolymer morphologies are dictated by energy-minimization effects, the semi-ordered states observed experimentally often depend on the details of ordering pathways and kinetics. Here, we explore reordering transitions in thin films of block-copolymer cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate). We observe several transient states as films order towards horizontally-aligned cylinders. In particular, there is an early-stage reorganization from randomly-packed cylinders into hexagonally-packed vertically-aligned cylinders; followed by a reorientation transition from vertical to horizontal cylinder states. These transitions are thermally activated. The growth of horizontal grains within an otherwise vertical morphology proceeds anisotropically, resulting in anisotropic grains in the final horizontal state. The size, shape, and anisotropy of grains are influenced by ordering history; for instance, faster heating rates reduce grain anisotropy. These results help elucidate aspects of pathway-dependent ordering in block-copolymer thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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10
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Modi A, Bhaway SM, Vogt BD, Douglas JF, Al-Enizi A, Elzatahry A, Sharma A, Karim A. Direct Immersion Annealing of Thin Block Copolymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:21639-45. [PMID: 26351823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ordering of thin block copolymer (BCP) films via direct immersion annealing (DIA) at enhanced rate leading to stable morphologies. The BCP films are immersed in carefully selected mixtures of good and marginal solvents that can impart enhanced polymer mobility, while inhibiting film dissolution. DIA is compatible with roll-to-roll assembly manufacturing and has distinct advantages over conventional thermal annealing and batch processing solvent-vapor annealing methods. We identify three solvent composition-dependent BCP film ordering regimes in DIA for the weakly interacting polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) system: rapid short-range order, optimal long-range order, and a film instability regime. Kinetic studies in the "optimal long-range order" processing regime as a function of temperature indicate a significant reduction of activation energy for BCP grain growth compared to oven annealing at conventional temperatures. An attractive feature of DIA is its robustness to ordering other BCP (e.g. PS-P2VP) and PS-PMMA systems exhibiting spherical, lamellar and cylindrical ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Modi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Sarang M Bhaway
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Abdullah Al-Enizi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University , PO Box 2713 , Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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11
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Man X, Tang J, Zhou P, Yan D, Andelman D. Lamellar Diblock Copolymers on Rough Substrates: Self-Consistent Field Theory Studies. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pan Zhou
- Department
of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dadong Yan
- Department
of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and
Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Yager KG, Forrey C, Singh G, Satija SK, Page KA, Patton DL, Douglas JF, Jones RL, Karim A. Thermally-induced transition of lamellae orientation in block-copolymer films on 'neutral' nanoparticle-coated substrates. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5154-5167. [PMID: 26053660 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymer orientation in thin films is controlled by the complex balance between interfacial free energies, including the inter-block segregation strength, the surface tensions of the blocks, and the relative substrate interactions. While block-copolymer lamellae orient horizontally when there is any preferential affinity of one block for the substrate, we recently described how nanoparticle-roughened substrates can be used to modify substrate interactions. We demonstrate how such 'neutral' substrates can be combined with control of annealing temperature to generate vertical lamellae orientations throughout a sample, at all thicknesses. We observe an orientational transition from vertical to horizontal lamellae upon heating, as confirmed using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), neutron reflectometry (NR) and rotational small-angle neutron scattering (RSANS). Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we identify substrate-localized distortions to the lamellar morphology as the physical basis of the novel behavior. In particular, under strong segregation conditions, bending of horizontal lamellae induce a large energetic cost. At higher temperatures, the energetic cost of conformal deformations of lamellae over the rough substrate is reduced, returning lamellae to the typical horizontal orientation. Thus, we find that both surface interactions and temperature play a crucial role in dictating block-copolymer lamellae orientation. Our combined experimental and simulation findings suggest that controlling substrate roughness should provide a useful and robust platform for controlling block-copolymer orientation in applications of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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13
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Li F, Du M, Zheng Q. Transparent and durable SiO 2-containing superhydrophobic coatings on glass. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Miao Du
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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14
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Zhang X, Douglas JF, Satija S, Karim A. Enhanced vertical ordering of block copolymer films by tuning molecular mass. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An orientation transition with increasing BCP molecular mass from a parallel to a perpendicular orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215006
- China
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division
- Materials Measurement Laboratory
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Sushil Satija
- NIST Center for Neutron Research
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
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15
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Ye X, Edwards BJ, Khomami B. Block Copolymer Morphology Formation on Topographically Complex Surfaces: A Self-Consistent Field Theoretical Study. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:702-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianggui Ye
- Materials Research and Innovation Laboratory (MRAIL), Sustainable Energy Education and Research Center (SEERC), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Brian J. Edwards
- Materials Research and Innovation Laboratory (MRAIL), Sustainable Energy Education and Research Center (SEERC), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Bamin Khomami
- Materials Research and Innovation Laboratory (MRAIL), Sustainable Energy Education and Research Center (SEERC), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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16
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Berry BC, Singh G, Kim HC, Karim A. Highly Aligned Block Copolymer Thin Films by Synergistic Coupling of Static Graphoepitaxy and Dynamic Thermal Annealing Fields. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:346-350. [PMID: 35581764 DOI: 10.1021/mz400054y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly of cylinder forming block copolymer (c-BCP) thin films via a dynamic thermal field on multidimensional symmetric graphoepitaxy channels is reported. A synergy of dynamic thermal and static boundary fields induces highly aligned c-BCP cylinders inside the channels with a power law dependence of orientational order parameter f, on trench width, f ∼ d-0.3, analogous to dual-field alignment of semiconducting metals and liquid crystals on graphoepitaxy surfaces, f' ∼ d-1. Static thermal annealing of identical films in a vacuum oven for several days fails to produce comparable results. Furthermore, we demonstrate global c-BCP cylinder alignment over mesas and trenches by tuning the synergy between the dynamic thermal field and asymmetry of the graphoepitaxy static field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock,
Arkansas 72204, United States
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron (UA), Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
| | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120-6099,
United States
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron (UA), Akron, Ohio 44325, United
States
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