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Kocaman C, Batir O, Bukusoglu E. Optically responsive dry cholesteric liquid crystal marbles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:374-384. [PMID: 38815373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dry liquid crystal marbles are structures that consist of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets prepared by the mixture of chiral-doped thermotropic LCs encapsulated by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that have been dried under ambient conditions. The characterizations revealed that CLC droplets were successfully encapsulated by self-standing CNC shells and responsive to the external gaseous stimulus. The dry LC marbles offer several advantages over previously reported LC-based gas sensors, such as fast response against minor external stimuli, and ease of handling, which make them particularly attractive for practical applications in sensing. We demonstrate the use of these marbles for detecting toluene vapor, a common industrial solvent and pollutant, which we also use to understand the response characteristics. The dry CLC marbles exhibit a significant response to toluene vapor with a detection limit below 500 ppm, attributed to the change of pitch size of the helical structure of CLC droplets induced by the toluene vapor. The CNC-capsulated CLC droplets were stable in emulsion for up to two weeks, and their dried form exhibited a sensitive response upon toluene exposure. The real-time experiments revealed that the LC marbles can be used multiple times without a significant loss of sensitivity, where 90 % of the maximum response was observed at 13.3 ± 4.7 s. These dry LC marbles can also be utilized in other areas, including drug delivery, optical devices, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Kocaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No.1 Çankaya, Ankara, 06800, Turkiye; Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Ozge Batir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No.1 Çankaya, Ankara, 06800, Turkiye
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No.1 Çankaya, Ankara, 06800, Turkiye.
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2
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Singh BP, Hwang SJ. Unveiling the potential of polymer cholesteric liquid crystal interpenetrating networks as a label-free alcohol biochemical sensor. Analyst 2024; 149:3456-3467. [PMID: 38738996 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00464g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an optical sensor is developed, incorporating hydrogen-bonded photonic array dots containing poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) within a polymer cholesteric liquid crystal interpenetrating polymer network (PCLCIPN) framework, thereby effectively controlling porosity. This methodology involves the fabrication of a porous photonic film, subsequent infusion with a hydrogel (PAA), and precise UV-curing to generate patterned array dots. The sensor exhibits exceptional discriminatory capability between methanol and ethanol, accurately discerning their varying concentrations within alcohol solutions. The optical sensing performance of the film is rigorously evaluated through continuous monitoring of wavelength shifts in the transmission spectrum across various alcohol concentrations. Notably, the observed wavelength shifts demonstrate a linear correlation with the concentration of alcohol, thereby enabling precise quantitative analysis of the alcohol solutions. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 0.44 nm/% for ethanol concentrations ranging from 5% to 60%, increasing to 2.1 nm/% for concentrations between 60% and 80%. Similarly, for methanol, sensitivities of 0.68 nm/% (5-60%) and 2.2 nm/% (60-80%) are recorded. Remarkably, this sensitivity trend extends seamlessly to 1 : 1 ethanol/methanol ratios, with values of 0.49 nm/% (5-60%) and 2.25 nm/% (60-80%). Furthermore, these sensors demonstrate colorimetric response to different alcohols, rendering them accessible and cost-effective biosensors for visual detection, thus obviating the necessity for complex analytical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National United University, Miao-Li 360, Taiwan.
| | - Shug-June Hwang
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National United University, Miao-Li 360, Taiwan.
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3
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Hussain S, Zourob M. Solid-State Cholesteric Liquid Crystals as an Emerging Platform for the Development of Optical Photonic Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304590. [PMID: 37800619 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, solid-state cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCsolid ) have emerged as a promising photonic material, heralding new opportunities for the advancement of optical photonic biosensors and actuators. The periodic helical structure of CLCsolid s gives rise to their distinctive capability of selectively reflecting incident radiation, rendering them highly promising contenders for a wide spectrum of photonic applications. Extensive research is conducted on utilizing CLCsolid 's optical characteristics to create optical sensors for bioassays, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. This review provides an overview of emerging technologies in the field of interpenetrating polymeric network-CLCsolid (IPN) and CLCsolid -based optical sensors, including their structural designs, processing, essential materials, working principles, and fabrication methodologies. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, addressing current challenges and potential trajectories for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Alfaisal University, Al-Maather, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Alfaisal University, Al-Maather, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhao Y, Ye F, Shang L. Liquid Crystal Materials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300220. [PMID: 37235719 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal is a state of matter being intermediate between solid and liquid. Liquid crystal materials exhibit both orientational order and fluidity. While liquid crystals have long been highly recognized in the display industry, in recent decades, liquid crystals provide new opportunities into the cross-field of material science and biomedicine due to their biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and responsiveness. In this review, the latest achievements of liquid crystal materials applied in biomedical fields are summarized. The start is made by introducing the basic concepts of liquid crystals, and then shifting to the components of liquid crystals as well as functional materials derived therefrom. After that, the ongoing and foreseeable applications of liquid crystal materials in the biomedical field with emphasis put on several cutting-edge aspects, including drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, implantable devices, biosensing, and wearable devices are discussed. It is hoped that this review will stimulate ingenious ideas for the future generation of liquid crystal-based drug development, artificial implants, disease diagnosis, health status monitoring, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Zhang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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5
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Li S, Zhou X, Zhu J, Du K, Du Y, Gao H. Local chiral inversion of chiral nematic liquid crystals in cylinders. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:034705. [PMID: 37073040 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.034705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of Landau-de Gennes theory and the finite-difference iterative method, the autonomic modulation of chiral inversion in a cylindrical cavity with degenerate planar anchoring is investigated. Under the applied helical twisting power (inversely related to the pitch P), a chiral inversion can be achieved due to the nonplanar geometry effect, and the inversion capacity rises with the increase of the helical twisting power. The combined effect of the saddle-splay K_{24} contribution (corresponding to the L_{24} term in Landau-de Gennes theory) and the helical twisting power are analyzed. It is found that the chiral inversion is more strongly modulated on the condition that the chirality of spontaneous twist is opposite to that of applied helical twisting power. Further, larger values of K_{24} will induce larger modulation of the twist degree and smaller modulation of the inverted region. The autonomic modulation of chiral inversion shows great potential for chiral nematic liquid crystal materials to be used in smart devices, such as light-controlled switches and nanoparticle transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People Republic of China
| | - Jiliang Zhu
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People Republic of China
| | - Kaiyang Du
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People Republic of China
| | - Yike Du
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People Republic of China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, People Republic of China
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6
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Shemirani M, Habibimoghaddam F, Mohammadimasoudi M, Esmailpour M, Goudarzi A. Rapid and Label-Free Methanol Identification in Alcoholic Beverages Utilizing a Textile Grid Impregnated with Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37546-37554. [PMID: 36312434 PMCID: PMC9609077 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methanol contamination of alcoholic drinks can lead to severe health problems for human beings including poisoning, headache, blindness, and even death. Therefore, having access to a simple and inexpensive way for monitoring beverages is vital. Herein, a portable, low cost, and easy to use sensor is fabricated based on the exploitation of chiral nematic liquid crystals (CLCs) and a textile grid for detection of methanol in two distinct alcoholic beverages: red wine and vodka. The working principle of the sensor relies on the reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules upon exposure to the contaminated alcoholic beverages with different concentrations of methanol (0, 2, 4, and 6 wt %) and the changes in the observed colorful textures of the CLCs as well as the intensity of the output light. The proposed sensor is label free and rapid.
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7
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Yeh TY, Liu MF, Lin RD, Hwang SJ. Alcohol Selective Optical Sensor Based on Porous Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030773. [PMID: 35164039 PMCID: PMC8838472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A responsive hydrogen-bonded cholesteric liquid crystal polymer (CLCP) film with controlled porosity was fabricated as an optical sensor to distinguish between methanol and ethanol in alcohol solutions. To facilitate responding the alcohols, porosity was generated by removing the nonreactive liquid crystal agent, and the hydrogen bridges of CLCP were broken. The sensitivities of CLCPs to ethanol and methanol were obtained by monitoring the wavelength shifts of the transmission spectrum at different alcohol concentrations and ratios of methanol/ethanol. Changes in the central wavelength of the CLCP network transmission spectrum allowed the methanol–ethanol ratio to be discriminated. A linear relationship between wavelength shift of CLCP networks and alcohol concentration was obtained experimentally, and the sensor characteristics were explored. The sensitivities of the CLCPs were 1.35 and 0.18 nm/% to ethanol and methanol, respectively. The sensing sensitivity of cholesteric networks to alcohol molecules increased as the methanol–ethanol ratio declined. Therefore, CLCP could act as a stimuli-responsive material to distinguish the concentrations of acetone and ethanol in mixed solutions. Furthermore, the impact of UV intensity for curing a CLC mixture on the sensing sensitivity to the different alcohol concentrations was also studied. The higher UV intensity could enhance the sensitivity to alcohol molecules and distinguishing ability between methanol and ethanol.
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8
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I2/TBHP promoted isocyanide insertion cyclization reaction for the synthesis of quinazolin fused benzoimidazole as a selective methanol detection probe. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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9
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Lugger SJD, Houben SJA, Foelen Y, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ, Mulder DJ. Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Liquid Crystal Polymers: Smart Materials with Stimuli-Responsive, Self-Healing, and Recyclable Properties. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4946-4975. [PMID: 34428022 PMCID: PMC8915167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Hydrogen-bonded liquid
crystalline polymers have emerged as promising
“smart” supramolecular functional materials with stimuli-responsive,
self-healing, and recyclable properties. The hydrogen bonds can either
be used as chemically responsive (i.e., pH-responsive) or as dynamic
structural (i.e., temperature-responsive) moieties. Responsiveness
can be manifested as changes in shape, color, or porosity and as selective
binding. The liquid crystalline self-organization gives the materials
their unique responsive nanostructures. Typically, the materials used
for actuators or optical materials are constructed using linear calamitic
(rod-shaped) hydrogen-bonded complexes, while nanoporous materials
are constructed from either calamitic or discotic (disk-shaped) complexes.
The dynamic structural character of the hydrogen bond moieties can
be used to construct self-healing and recyclable supramolecular materials.
In this review, recent findings are summarized, and potential future
applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J D Lugger
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J A Houben
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yari Foelen
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,SCNU-TUE Joint Laboratory of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), South China Normal University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangzhou, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Mulder
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Hung Y, Liu C, Chang K, Chen Y, Liu J. Fabrication of imprinted photonic films via predesigned multiple
UV‐polymerizations
and their ability to detect solvents and metal ions in aqueous solution. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hua Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University, No.1 Tainan City Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Yen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan City Taiwan
| | - Kai‐Ti Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University, No.1 Tainan City Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ho Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University, No.1 Tainan City Taiwan
| | - Jui‐Hsiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University, No.1 Tainan City Taiwan
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11
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Cachelin P, Khandewal H, Debije MG, Peijs T, Bastiaansen CWM. Optical UV Dosimeters Based on Photoracemization of (
R
)‐(+)‐1,1′‐Bi(2‐Napthol) (BINOL) within a Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystalline Matrix. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Cachelin
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road E1 4NS London United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Khandewal
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Peijs
- WMG University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Cees W. M. Bastiaansen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road E1 4NS London United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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12
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Ahmadi F, Goli HR, Balmohammadi Y, Bazgir A. Isocyanide Insertion-Cyclization Reaction for Imidazoisoindol-5-imine Scaffold Synthesis: A Selective Solvatochromic Fluorescent Probe for Methanol Detection. J Org Chem 2020; 86:146-152. [PMID: 33295761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, ligand-free, and Pd-catalyzed method for the synthesis of imidazoisoindole imine scaffolds with satisfactory yields via C-C and C-N bond formation has been developed. The synthesized scaffolds have unique potential for selective MeOH detection from other solvents, especially EtOH. The appealing features of this transformation are phosphinic ligand-free conditions, the use of a small amount of Pd(OAc)2, and a practical procedure for the synthesis of imidazoisoindole imine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 15418, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Goli
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Yaser Balmohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Ayoob Bazgir
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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13
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Yang Y, Zhou D, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu S, Miao P, Shi Y, Sun W. Optical fiber sensor based on a cholesteric liquid crystal film for mixed VOC sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:31872-31881. [PMID: 33115151 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) film-based dual-probe fiber sensor to monitor volatile organic compound (VOC) gas. The sensor consists of a 2×2 multimode fiber coupler, in which the two output fiber ends are covered by two types of CLC films (CLCF) with different pitches. It can be observed that the reflection peak wavelengths of CLCs shift to the red side as the VOC gas concentration increases. The sensitivities of the two CLCFs are 8.435 nm·L/mmol and 14.867 nm·L/mmol to acetone, 14.586 nm·L/mmol and 29.303 nm·L/mmol to ethanol, respectively. In addition, the dependence of the peak wavelength shift of CLCF on the total concentration of the acetone and ethanol mixed gas at different mixing ratios is measured. The linear relationships between the peak shift of CLCFs, the total mixed gas concentration and acetone/ethanol ratio are calculated using the least-squares method. Therefore, this proposed dual-probe fiber optic sensor can distinguish the concentrations of acetone and ethanol in a mixed gas of acetone and ethanol.
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14
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Batir O, Bat E, Bukusoglu E. Strain-enhanced sensitivity of polymeric sensors templated from cholesteric liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6794-6802. [PMID: 32627784 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an important issue due to their harmful impact on human health. In this study, we aimed at enhancing the sensitivity of the anisotropic polymeric films templated from cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) in the identification of VOCs at concentrations on the order of 100 ppm. To increase sensitivity, we introduced negative strain to the films in the direction parallel to the helical axis and evaluated its effect on the sensitivity. Specifically, we used LC mixtures of reactive [4-(3-acryloyoxypropyloxy)benzoic acid 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene ester (RM257)], nonreactive E7 mesogen and chiral dopant [4-((1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl-4-hexyloxybenzoate) (S-811)] to synthesize CLC-templated polymeric films with programmed strain profiles using a curved wedge cell, and measured their response against a range of toluene vapor concentrations. Based on the obtained results, we demonstrated a relationship between the negative strain in the cholesteric pitch and the sensitivity of the sensor based on spacial responses evaluated from the change in coloring of the film. Our results showed that negative strain helps to increase the sensitivity of the sensors up to 15 times compared to their unstrained counterparts. Moreover, 90% of the equilibrium response is achieved in less than one minute of exposure which offers rapid diagnosis of VOCs. Our tests for the reversibility of the sensors showed that the CLC-templated polymeric films can be used multiple times without a significant loss of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Batir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No: 1, Çankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Erhan Bat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No: 1, Çankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No: 1, Çankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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15
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Esteves C, Ramou E, Porteira ARP, Barbosa AJM, Roque ACA. Seeing the Unseen: The Role of Liquid Crystals in Gas-Sensing Technologies. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2020; 8:1902117. [PMID: 32612901 PMCID: PMC7329384 DOI: 10.1002/adom.201902117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fast, real-time detection of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an emerging research field relevant to most aspects of modern society, from households to health facilities, industrial units, and military environments. Sensor features such as high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response, and low energy consumption are essential. Liquid crystal (LC)-based sensors fulfill these requirements due to their chemical diversity, inherent self-assembly potential, and reversible molecular order, resulting in tunable stimuliresponsive soft materials. Sensing platforms utilizing thermotropic uniaxial systems-nematic and smectic-that exploit not only interfacial phenomena, but also changes in the LC bulk, are demonstrated. Special focus is given to the different interaction mechanisms and tuned selectivity toward gas and VOC analytes. Furthermore, the different experimental methods used to transduce the presence of chemical analytes into macroscopic signals are discussed and detailed examples are provided. Future perspectives and trends in the field, in particular the opportunities for LC-based advanced materials in artificial olfaction, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Esteves
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Efthymia Ramou
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Pina Porteira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Arménio Jorge Moura Barbosa
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Ana Cecília Afonso Roque
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
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16
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Liu H, Zhang F, Dai J, Chen LI, Yan Y. Optical Recognition of Sulfamethoxazole by a Colored Chiral Nematic Imprinted Film. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:221-225. [PMID: 31548439 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this article, an alterable structural color in the reflected light of a chiral nematic imprinted film was fabricated. Bio-template nanocrystalline celluloses were applied as structural oriented templates. Selectivity of the sensor was endowed by the molecular imprinting process which applied sulfamethoxazoles (SMXs) as template molecules, urea and phenol as double functional monomers, and formaldehyde as cross-linkers. The sensor exhibited a chiral nematic blue mesoporous structure, which could selectively recognize SMXs on account of the abundant predetermined rebinding sites. Once SMXs were detected, the sensor showed a visible color variance from blue to yellow and the sensitive concentration range was from 3.9 × 10-3 to 3.9 mmol L-1. Both quantitative analyses, selective testing and recycling performance of the sensor were demonstrated. This optical response to SMXs can provide a portable, low-cost and easy-to-use strategy for the convenient detection of SMXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University
| | - Jiangdong Dai
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University
| | - L I Chen
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University
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17
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Angulo Barrios C. Scotch Tape Optical Vapor Sensor for Ethanol-Methanol Mixtures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:s19245381. [PMID: 31817582 PMCID: PMC6960745 DOI: 10.3390/s19245381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A simple optical vapor sensor based on conventional Scotch adhesive tape, for analyzing ethanol-methanol mixtures, is proposed and demonstrated. The sensing signal relies on the variation of optical power transmitted through the tape, resulting from the response of the adhesive material to vapor sorption. The optical sensor exhibits high selectivity for ethanol vapor over methanol vapor. When exposed to vapors from ethanol-methanol liquid mixtures, the sensor shows a linear detection range of 0-100 vol%, and detection limits of 8.8 vol% ethanol and 17.6 vol% methanol. Repeatability, reproducibility, reversibility, and sensitivity to other volatile organic compounds are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angulo Barrios
- Institute for Optoelectronic Systems and Microtechnology (ISOM), ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Photonics and Bioengineering (TFB), ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Huang R, Liu K, Liu H, Wang G, Liu T, Miao R, Peng H, Fang Y. Film-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Monitoring Ethanol–Water-Mixture Composition via Vapor Sampling. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14088-14093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Huijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Rong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Haonan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, PR China
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19
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Karausta A, Bukusoglu E. Liquid Crystal-Templated Synthesis of Mesoporous Membranes with Predetermined Pore Alignment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33484-33492. [PMID: 30198253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that polymeric films templated from liquid crystals (LCs) provide basic design principles for the synthesis of mesoporous films with predetermined pore alignment. Specifically, we used LC mixtures of reactive [4-(3-acryloyoxypropyloxy) benzoic acid 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene ester (RM257)] and nonreactive [4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB)] mesogens confined in film geometries. The LC alignment was maintained by functionalization of the surfaces contacting the films during polymerization. Through photopolymerization followed by extraction of the unreacted mesogens, films of area in the order of 10 cm2 were obtained. We found that, when restricted to an area either through a mechanical or a configurational constraint, open and accessible pores were incorporated into the films. The average direction of the pores could be determined by the LC director during polymerization, and the average diameter of the pores can be tuned in the range of 10-40 nm by varying the reactive monomer concentration. The polymeric films synthesized here can potentially be used for the ultrafiltration purposes. We demonstrated successful separations of proteins and nanoparticles from aqueous media using the polymeric films. The films exhibited 2 orders of magnitude higher flux when the pores were aligned parallel to the permeate direction compared to the perpendicular direction. Overall, the outcomes of this study provide basic tools for the synthesis of porous polymeric films with predetermined pore directions that can potentially be suitable for separations, drug delivery, catalysts, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Karausta
- Chemical Engineering Department , Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800 , Turkey
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Chemical Engineering Department , Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800 , Turkey
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20
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Leo SY, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Ni Y, Jiang H, Jones C, Jiang P, Basile V, Taylor C. Chromogenic Photonic Crystal Sensors Enabled by Multistimuli-Responsive Shape Memory Polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703515. [PMID: 29383851 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Here novel chromogenic photonic crystal sensors based on smart shape memory polymers (SMPs) comprising polyester/polyether-based urethane acrylates blended with tripropylene glycol diacrylate are reported, which exhibit nontraditional all-room-temperature shape memory (SM) effects. Stepwise recovery of the collapsed macropores with 350 nm diameter created by a "cold" programming process leads to easily perceived color changes that can be correlated with the concentrations of swelling analytes in complex, multicomponent nonswelling mixtures. High sensitivity (as low as 10 ppm) and unprecedented measurement range (from 10 ppm to 30 vol%) for analyzing ethanol in octane and gasoline have been demonstrated by leveraging colorimetric sensing in both liquid and gas phases. Proof-of-concept tests for specifically detecting ethanol in consumer medical and healthcare products have also been demonstrated. These sensors are inexpensive, reusable, durable, and readily deployable with mobile platforms for quantitative analysis. Additionally, theoretical modeling of solvent diffusion in macroporous SMPs provides fundamental insights into the mechanisms of nanoscopic SM recovery, which is a topic that has received little examination. These novel sensors are of great technological importance in a wide spectrum of applications ranging from environmental monitoring and workplace hazard identification to threat detection and process/product control in chemical, petroleum, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yen Leo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yongliang Ni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Helena Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Cory Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Vito Basile
- ITIA-CNR, Industrial Technologies and Automation Institute, National Council of Research, Via Bassini 15, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Curtis Taylor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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21
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Bag SS, Jana S. Axially chiral amino acid scaffolds as efficient fluorescent discriminators of methanol–ethanol. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differential solvation guided H-bonding interaction allows novel axially chiral amino acid scaffolds for efficient discrimination of ethanol–methanolviaa switch-on fluorescence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Sekhar Bag
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- North Guwhati-781039
- India
- Centre for the Environment
| | - Subhashis Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- North Guwhati-781039
- India
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22
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Galpothdeniya WIS, Regmi BP, McCarter KS, de Rooy SL, Siraj N, Warner IM. Virtual Colorimetric Sensor Array: Single Ionic Liquid for Solvent Discrimination. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4464-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waduge Indika S. Galpothdeniya
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bishnu P. Regmi
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kevin S. McCarter
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sergio L. de Rooy
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Noureen Siraj
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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23
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Stumpel JE, Broer DJ, Schenning APHJ. Stimuli-responsive photonic polymer coatings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15839-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Su X, Voskian S, Hughes RP, Aprahamian I. Manipulating Liquid-Crystal Properties Using a pH Activated Hydrazone Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Su X, Voskian S, Hughes RP, Aprahamian I. Manipulating liquid-crystal properties using a pH activated hydrazone switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10734-9. [PMID: 24038673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755 (USA) http://www.dartmouth.edu/∼aprahamian/
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