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Presto D, Narayanan S, Moctezuma S, Sutton M, Foster MD. Microscopic Origins of the Nonlinear Behavior of Particle-Filled Rubber Probed with Dynamic Strain XPCS. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22714-22729. [PMID: 37098209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The underlying microscopic response of filler networks in reinforced rubber to dynamic strain is not well understood due to the experimental difficulty of directly measuring filler network behavior in samples undergoing dynamic strain. This difficulty can be overcome with in situ X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) measurements. The contrast between the silica filler and the rubber matrix for X-ray scattering allows us to isolate the filler network behavior from the overall response of the rubber. This in situ XPCS technique probes the microscopic breakdown and reforming of the filler network structure, which are responsible for the nonlinear dependence of modulus on strain, known in the rubber science community as the Payne effect. These microscopic changes in the filler network structure have consequences for the macroscopic material performance, especially for the fuel efficiency of tire tread compounds. Here, we elucidate the behavior with in situ dynamic strain XPCS experiments on industrially relevant, vulcanized rubbers filled (13 vol %) with novel air-milled silica of ultrahigh-surface area (UHSA) (250 m2/g). The addition of a silane coupling agent to rubber containing this silica causes an unexpected and counterintuitive increase in the Payne effect and decrease in energy dissipation. For this rubber, we observe a nearly two-fold enhancement of the storage modulus and virtually equivalent loss tangent compared to a rubber containing a coupling agent and conventional silica. Interpretation of our in situ XPCS results simultaneously with interpretation of traditional dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) strain sweep experiments reveals that the debonding or yielding of bridged bound rubber layers is key to understanding the behavior of rubber formulations containing the silane coupling agent and high-surface area silica. These results demonstrate that the combination of XPCS and DMA is a powerful method for unraveling the microscale filler response to strain which dictates the dynamic mechanical properties of reinforced soft matter composites. With this combination of techniques, we have elucidated the great promise of UHSA silica when used in concert with a silane coupling agent in filled rubber. Such composites simultaneously exhibit large moduli and low hysteresis under dynamic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Presto
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sergio Moctezuma
- Dynasol Elastómeros, S.A. de C.V.─Dynasol Group, Altamira, Tamaulipas C.P. 89602, Mexico
| | - Mark Sutton
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Mark D Foster
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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2
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Jhalaria M, Jimenez AM, Mathur R, Tekell MC, Huang Y, Narayanan S, Benicewicz BC, Kumar SK. Long-Term Aging in Miscible Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Jhalaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew M. Jimenez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Reha Mathur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marshall C. Tekell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yucheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Brian C. Benicewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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Persson AMMR, Andreassen E. Cyclic Compression Testing of Three Elastomer Types-A Thermoplastic Vulcanizate Elastomer, a Liquid Silicone Rubber and Two Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubbers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071316. [PMID: 35406192 PMCID: PMC9002981 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomer vulcanizate (TPV) and liquid silicone rubber (LSR) are replacement candidates for ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers (EPDM), as they offer the possibility for two-component injection moulding. In this study, these material types were compared side by side in cyclic compression tests. The materials were also characterized to provide details on the formulations. Compared to the rubbers, the TPV had higher compression set (after a given cycle) and hysteresis loss, and a stronger Mullins effect. This is due to the thermoplastic matrix in the TPV. The LSR had lower compression set (after a given cycle) than the EPDM, but stronger Mullins effect and higher relative hysteresis loss. These differences between the LSR and the EPDM are likely due to differences in polymer network structure and type of filler. Methods for quantifying the Mullins effect are proposed, and correlations between a Mullins index and parameters such as compression set are discussed. The EPDMs showed a distinct trend in compression set, relative hysteresis loss and relaxed stress fraction vs. strain amplitude; these entities were almost independent of strain amplitude in the range 15-35%, while they increased in this range for the TPV and the LSR. The difference between the compression set values of the LSR and the EPDM decreased with increasing strain amplitude and increasing strain recovery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Märta Ruth Persson
- Dept. of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, NTNU, P.O. Box 191, 2802 Gjøvik, Norway
- Polymer and Composite Materials Group, SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (A.-M.M.R.P.); (E.A.)
| | - Erik Andreassen
- Polymer and Composite Materials Group, SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 124 Blindern, 0314 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (A.-M.M.R.P.); (E.A.)
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4
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Bras W, Myles DAA, Felici R. When x-rays alter the course of your experiments. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:423002. [PMID: 34298526 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the brilliance of synchrotron radiation beamlines allows for many new and exciting experiments that were impossible before the present generation of synchrotron radiation sources came on line. However, the exposure to such intense beams also tests the limits of what samples can endure. Whilst the effects of radiation induced damage in a static experiment often can easily be recognized by changes in the diffraction or spectroscopy curves, the influence of radiation on chemical or physical processes, where one expects curves to change, is less often recognized and can be misinterpreted as a 'real' result instead of as a 'radiation influenced result'. This is especially a concern in time-resolved materials science experiments using techniques as powder diffraction, small angle scattering and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Here, the effects of radiation (5-50 keV) on some time-resolved processes in different types of materials and in different physical states are discussed. We show that such effects are not limited to soft matter and biology but rather can be found across the whole spectrum of materials research, over a large range of radiation doses and is not limited to very high brilliance beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dean A A Myles
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Roberto Felici
- CNR-SPIN, Area della ricerca di Tor Vergata, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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5
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Cheng CH, Kamitani K, Masuda S, Uno K, Dechnarong N, Hoshino T, Kojio K, Takahara A. Dynamics of matrix-free nanocomposites consisting of block copolymer-grafted silica nanoparticles under elongation evaluated through X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Presto D, Meyerhofer J, Kippenbrock G, Narayanan S, Ilavsky J, Moctezuma S, Sutton M, Foster MD. Influence of Silane Coupling Agents on Filler Network Structure and Stress-Induced Particle Rearrangement in Elastomer Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47891-47901. [PMID: 32933248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Filled rubber materials are key in many technologies having a broad impact on the economy and sustainability, the most obvious being tire technology. Adding filler dramatically improves the strength of rubber by reinforcement and tailoring the type of filler, and the chemistry of the interface between the filler and rubber matrix is important for optimizing performance metrics such as fuel efficiency. In a highly loaded, silica-filled, cross-linked model rubber closely mimicking commercial materials, both the filler network structure and the dynamics of the silica filler particles change when the silica surface is modified with silane coupling agents. Reduction in size scales characteristic of the structure is quantified using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements and the particle dynamics probed with X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). While the structure averaged over the scattering volume changes little with aging after step strain, the dynamics slow appreciably in a manner that varies with the treatment of the silica filler. The evolution of filler particle dynamics depends on the chemical functionality at the silica surface, and observing these differences suggests a way of thinking about the origins of hysteresis in nanoparticle-reinforced rubbers. These microscopic filler dynamics are correlated with the macroscopic stress relaxation of the filled materials. The combination of static and dynamic X-ray scattering techniques with rheological measurements is a powerful approach for elucidating the microscopic mechanisms of rubber reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Presto
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - John Meyerhofer
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Grant Kippenbrock
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sergio Moctezuma
- Dynasol Elastómeros, S.A. de C.V. - Dynasol Group, Altamira, Tamaulipas, C.P. 89602, Mexico
| | - Mark Sutton
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Mark D Foster
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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7
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Carleo F, Plagge J, Whear R, Busfield J, Klüppel M. Modeling the Full Time-Dependent Phenomenology of Filled Rubber for Use in Anti-Vibration Design. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040841. [PMID: 32268613 PMCID: PMC7240401 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Component design of rubber-based anti-vibration devices remains a challenge, since there is a lack of predictive models in the typical regimes encountered by anti-vibration devices that are deformed to medium dynamic strains (0.5 to 3.5) at medium strain rates (0.5/s to 10/s). An approach is proposed that demonstrates all non-linear viscoelastic effects such as hysteresis and cyclic stress softening. As it is based on a free-energy, it is fast and easily implementable. The fitting parameters behave meaningfully when changing the filler volume fraction. The model was implemented for use in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. Examples of how to fit experimental data and simulations for a variety of carbon black filled natural rubber compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carleo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Jan Plagge
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Str. 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany; (J.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Roly Whear
- Jaguar Land Rover, Banbury Road, Gaydon CV35 0RR, UK;
| | - James Busfield
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)20-7882-8866
| | - Manfred Klüppel
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Str. 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany; (J.P.); (M.K.)
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8
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Johnson KJ, Wiegart L, Abbott AC, Johnson EB, Baur JW, Koerner H. In Operando Monitoring of Dynamic Recovery in 3D-Printed Thermoset Nanocomposites by XPCS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8758-8768. [PMID: 31244252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion-based additive manufacturing methods, such as direct-write of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy inks, have become an attractive route toward development of structural composites in recent years, because of emerging techniques such as big area additive manufacturing. The development of improved materials for these methods has been a major focus area; however, an understanding of the effects of the printing process on the structural and dynamic recovery in printed materials remains largely unexplored. The goal of this work is to capture multiscale and temporal morphology and dynamics within thermosetting composite inks to determine the parameters during the printing process that influence the recovery of the printed material. Herein, we use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy in small-angle scattering geometry to reveal both morphology and recovery dynamics of a nanoparticle (layered-silicate Cloisite 30B) in a thermoset epoxy resin (EPON 826) during the printing process in real time. Our results show that the dynamics of the layered silicate particles during recovery are anisotropic and slow down to behavior which is characteristic of aging in colloidal clay suspensions around tage ≈ 12 s. The dynamics and alignment of the particles during recovery were tempo-spatially mapped, and the recovery post printing was shown to be strongly influenced by the deposition onto the build plate in addition to the extrusion through the print head. Our in operando results provide insight into the parameters that must be considered when optimizing materials and methods for precisely tailored local properties during 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Johnson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Photon Sciences Directorate , 744 Ring Road , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Andrew C Abbott
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Elias B Johnson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Jeffery W Baur
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Hilmar Koerner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , 2941 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
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9
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Ehrburger-Dolle F, Morfin I, Bley F, Livet F, Heinrich G, Chushkin Y, Sutton M. Anisotropic and heterogeneous dynamics in stretched elastomer nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3796-3806. [PMID: 30990483 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to investigate the dynamics of a stretched elastomer by means of probe particles. The particles dispersed in the elastomer were carbon black or silica aggregates classically used for elastomer reinforcement but their volume fraction is very low (φ < 10-2). We show that their dynamics is slower in the direction of the tensile strain than in the perpendicular one. For hydroxylated silica which is poorly wetted by the elastomer, there is no anisotropy. Two-time correlation functions confirm anisotropic dynamics and suggest dynamical heterogeneity already expected from the q-1 behavior of the relaxation times. The height χ* of the peak of the dynamical susceptibility, determined by the normalized variance of the instantaneous correlation function, is larger in the direction parallel to the strain than in the perpendicular one. It also appears that its q dependence changes with the morphology of the probe particle. Therefore, the heterogeneous dynamic probed by the particles is not related only to that of the strained elastomer matrix. In fact, it results from modification of the dynamics of the polymer chains near the surface of the particles and within the aggregate porosity (bound polymer). It is concluded that XPCS is a powerful method for investigating the dynamics, at a given strain, of the bound polymer-particle units which are responsible, at large volume fractions, for the reinforcement.
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10
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Trinh GH, Desloir M, Dutertre F, Majesté JC, Dalmas F, Baeza GP. Isostructural softening of the filler network in SBR/silica nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3122-3132. [PMID: 30806422 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A new formulation of the widely used nanocomposites based on SBR (ca. 250 kg mol-1) and fractal silica fillers is proposed by substituting the usual covering and coupling agents with short chains (4 kg mol-1) of polypropylene glycol (PPG). We study in a systematic way the structural evolution and the changes in the linear and non-linear mechanical properties of two series of samples varying: (i) the silica volume fraction (Φsi = 0, 5, 10 and 15 vol%) in PPG-free samples and (ii) the amount of PPG for a given silica content Φsi = 15 vol%. While the first series is used as a reference, showing expected trends (e.g. the enhancement of the plateau modulus), the second series reveals in contrast, a surprising PPG insensitivity, both in terms of the filler structure (investigated by means of SAXS, SEM and TEM) and properties "at rest" (linear rheology). However, increasing the strain amplitude (both in shear and tensile tests) discloses the great effect of the oligomers, opening possibly the way to a fruitful decorrelation between the low and high deformation performances of tires. Although this study is limited to the investigation of uncrosslinked materials, it will be extended to more operative industrial formulations in due course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Hoang Trinh
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
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11
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Gorbunova M, Komratova V, Grishchuk A, Badamshina E, Anokhin D. The effect of addition of low-layer graphene nanoparticles on structure and mechanical properties of polyurethane-based block copolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-02673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Microscopic structural response of nanoparticles in styrene–butadiene rubber under cyclic uniaxial elongation. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Plagge J, Klüppel M. INVESTIGATION OF CARBON BLACK AND SILICA SURFACE STRUCTURE BY STATIC GAS ADSORPTION WITH VARIOUS GASES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct-18-82628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The surface of various carbon black and silica grades is characterized via static gas adsorption using different gases. From decomposition of the adsorption isotherm into distinct energetic contributions, the adsorption energy distribution as well as the surface area are obtained. The decomposition is done by an iterative expectation maximization algorithm specifically designed for this problem. It is found that the adsorption isotherms of the various gases differ significantly in the low-pressure regime, leading to characteristic energy distributions with distinct maxima. As expected, the mean adsorption energy generally increases with the cross section of the gases, and systematic deviations are found reflecting the polar and dispersive interaction characteristics of silica and carbon black, respectively. The surface fractal dimension of two different carbon black grades is estimated using the yardstick method. The obtained values 2.6 and 2.7 agree with previous findings that the carbon black surface morphology is very rough. The adsorption of CO2 on both carbon blacks delivers unexpectedly low values of the monolayer coverage or specific surface area, indicating that mainly high energetic sites of the surface are covered. In consequence, compared with N2, a relatively high value of the mean adsorption energy is found. For both investigated silicas, the mean adsorption energy scales with the quadrupole moments of CO2 and N2, which is indicative of a large polar contribution to interaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Plagge
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie E.V., Eupener Str. 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Klüppel
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie E.V., Eupener Str. 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Nowadays powerful X-ray sources like synchrotrons and free-electron lasers are considered as ultimate tools for probing microscopic properties in materials. However, the correct interpretation of such experiments requires a good understanding on how the beam affects the properties of the sample, knowledge that is currently lacking for intense X-rays. Here we use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy to probe static and dynamic properties of oxide and metallic glasses. We find that although the structure does not depend on the flux, strong fluxes do induce a non-trivial microscopic motion in oxide glasses, whereas no such dependence is found for metallic glasses. These results show that high fluxes can alter dynamical properties in hard materials, an effect that needs to be considered in the analysis of X-ray data but which also gives novel possibilities to study materials properties since the beam can not only be used to probe the dynamics but also to pump it.
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15
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Stöckelhuber KW, Wießner S, Das A, Heinrich G. Filler flocculation in polymers - a simplified model derived from thermodynamics and game theory. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3701-3709. [PMID: 28401212 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of elastomeric materials, i.e. in car tires, is substantially determined by the used reinforcing filler system. In particular, the flocculation tendency of filler particles to form clusters and even network-like structures significantly determines the mechanical properties of these elastomer materials and enhances especially their energy dissipation under periodic mechanical deformations. In a simplified thermodynamic model, inspired by a segregation model from game theory, we describe fundamental mechanisms of filler structure formation. As the final goal of this paper we want to demonstrate how similar structures in society, nature or materials like rubbers emerge when supposing obvious cardinal mechanisms of structure formation in complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Stöckelhuber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Narayanan T, Wacklin H, Konovalov O, Lund R. Recent applications of synchrotron radiation and neutrons in the study of soft matter. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1277212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
- Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Lhermitte JRM, Rogers MC, Manet S, Sutton M. Velocity measurement by coherent x-ray heterodyning. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:015112. [PMID: 28147652 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a small-angle coherent x-ray scattering technique used for measuring flow velocities in slow moving materials. The technique is an extension of X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS): It involves mixing the scattering from moving tracer particles with a static reference that heterodynes the signal. This acts to elongate temporal effects caused by flow in homodyne measurements, allowing for a more robust measurement of flow properties. Using coherent x-ray heterodyning, velocities ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm/s were measured for a viscous fluid pushed through a rectangular channel. We describe experimental protocols and theory for making these Poiseuille flow profile measurements and also develop the relevant theory for using heterodyne XPCS to measure velocities in uniform and Couette flows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sabine Manet
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Mark Sutton
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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18
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19
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Structure and dynamics of polymer nanocomposites studied by X-ray and neutron scattering techniques. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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21
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Cristofolini L. Synchrotron X-ray techniques for the investigation of structures and dynamics in interfacial systems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Ehrburger-Dolle F, Morfin I, Bley F, Livet F, Heinrich G, Piché L, Sutton M. Experimental clues of soft glassy rheology in strained filled elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Morfin
- CNRS/Univ. Grenoble 1; Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique; UMR 5588 Grenoble F-38041 France
| | - Françoise Bley
- CNRS/Grenoble INP/Univ. Grenoble 1; SIMaP UMR 5266 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Grenoble France
| | - Frédéric Livet
- CNRS/Grenoble INP/Univ. Grenoble 1; SIMaP UMR 5266 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Grenoble France
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V; 010169 Dresden Germany
| | - Luc Piché
- Physics Department; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 2T8
| | - Mark Sutton
- Physics Department; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 2T8
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Hernández R, Nogales A, Sprung M, Mijangos C, Ezquerra TA. Slow dynamics of nanocomposite polymer aerogels as revealed by X-ray photocorrelation spectroscopy (XPCS). J Chem Phys 2014; 140:024909. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4861043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Shinohara Y, Watanabe A, Kishimoto H, Amemiya Y. Combined measurement of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and diffracted X-ray tracking using pink beam X-rays. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:801-804. [PMID: 23955045 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951301844x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Combined X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT) measurements of carbon-black nanocrystals embedded in styrene-butadiene rubber were performed. From the intensity fluctuation of speckle patterns in a small-angle scattering region (XPCS), dynamical information relating to the translational motion can be obtained, and the rotational motion is observed through the changes in the positions of DXT diffraction spots. Graphitized carbon-black nanocrystals in unvulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber showed an apparent discrepancy between their translational and rotational motions; this result seems to support a stress-relaxation model for the origin of super-diffusive particle motion that is widely observed in nanocolloidal systems. Combined measurements using these two techniques will give new insights into nanoscopic dynamics, and will be useful as a microrheology technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shinohara
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
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