Linear-, Cyclic-, and Multiblock Amphiphilic Polyelectrolytes as Surfactants in Emulsion Polymerization: Role of Topological Structure

Formulating Polyethylene Glycol as Supramolecular Emulsifiers for One-Step Double Emulsions

One-step double emulsions via only one-step emulsification are leading to an attractive branch of emulsion research studies owing to the ease of preparation and reduced surfactant numbers. In addition to controlling the oil/water ratio, exploiting emulsifiers with desirable amphiphilicity that can stabilize both the inner and outer water/oil interfaces is crucial to the formation of one-step double emulsions. In particular, new emulsifiers with saving laborious efforts are highly preferred in consideration of low cost and practical applications. In this work, a commonly used homopolymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), was attempted as emulsifiers to prepare emulsions via one-step emulsification. PEG is generally considered as a hydrophilic polymer and always anchored with a hydrophobic polymer to make the copolymer amphiphilic. In the water-chloroform binary system, PEG itself exhibits amphiphilic performance and tailors the formation of single emulsions or double W/O/W emulsions on the dependence of the oil/water ratio and the PEG concentration. A possible mechanism as explained by dissipative particle dynamics simulation was proposed to demonstrate the amphiphilic feature and emulsification capability of PEG. The amphiphilicity of PEG was further tuned by interacting with iodine as a result of the formation of a supramolecular complex, which, in turn, led to the conversion from single emulsions to O/W/O double emulsions. It is believed that this line of research provides inspiration for the preparation of controllable emulsions through supramolecular routes.

Emulsion Templating Cyclic Polymers as Microscopic Particles with Tunable Porous Morphology

Cyclic polymers are a particular class of macromolecules without terminal groups. Most studies has involved their physical properties and polymer composition, while attention has rarely been paid to their emulsification in an oil-water system. Herein we synthesized a cyclic polymer with polystyrene side chains via ring-expansion metathesis polymerization and click-chemistry. This cyclic polymer was compared with linear polystyrene in order to investigate the effect of cyclic topology on preparing porous particles by emulsion templating methods. The contribution of cyclic topology to emulsification originates from the formation of hollow microspheres with the use of cyclic polymer while linear polymer only afforded solid microspheres. With addition of hexadecane as soft template, both cyclic polymer and linear polymer emulsions were successfully converted into porous particles. Superior to linear polymer, cyclic polymer enables the stabilization of emulsion droplets and the tuning of porous morphology. It is revealed that cyclic polymer with nanoring shape tends to assemble at the interfacial area, leading to the Pickering effect that decelerates the macrophase separation. Furthermore, the unique porous feature of polymer particles affords a convenient application for the detection of trace explosive.

Self-assembly of amphiphilic macrocycles containing polymeric liquid crystal grafts in solution

Amphiphilic macrocycles containing polymeric liquid crystal side-chains are synthesized facilely, and the topological effects on their solution self-assembly behaviors are investigated, compared with their linear analogues.

Molecularly-defined macrocycles containing azobenzene main-chain oligomers: modular stepwise synthesis, chain-length and topology-dependent properties

Molecularly-defined cyclic azobenzene oligomers were prepared and chain-length and topology-dependent on photoresponsive properties were investigated.

Cyclic polymers revealing topology effects upon self-assemblies, dynamics and responses

A variety of single- and multicyclic polymers having programmed chemical structures with guaranteed purity have now become obtainable owing to a number of synthetic breakthroughs achieved in recent years. Accordingly, a broadening range of studies has been undertaken to gain updated insights on fundamental polymer properties of cyclic polymers in either solution or bulk, in either static or dynamic states, and in self-assemblies, leading to unusual properties and functions of polymer materials based on their cyclic topologies. In this article, we review recent studies aiming to achieve distinctive properties and functions by cyclic polymers unattainable by their linear or branched counterparts. We focus, in particular, on selected examples of unprecedented topology effects of cyclic polymers upon self-assemblies, dynamics and responses, to highlight current progress in Topological Polymer Chemistry.

Photoresponsive Amphiphilic Macrocycles Containing Main-Chain Azobenzene Polymers

Herein, the first example of photosensitive cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers consisting of multiple biphenyl azobenzene chromophores in the cyclic main chain tethered with hydrophilic tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether units is presented. The synthetic approach involves sequentially performed thermal catalyzed "click" step-growth polymerization in bulk, and Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) intramolecular cyclization from α-alkyne/ω-azide linear precursors. It is observed that such amphiphilic macrocycles exhibit increased glass transition temperatures (Tg ), slightly faster trans-cis-trans photoisomerization, and enhanced fluorescence emission intensity compared with the corresponding linear polymers. In addition, the cyclic amphiphilic homopolymers self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles with smaller sizes which possess slower photoresponsive behaviors in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture compared with those of the linear ones. All these interesting observations suggest that the cyclic topology has a great influence on the physical properties and self-assembly behavior of these photoresponsive amphiphilic macrocycles in general.

A synthetic strategy for the preparation of sub-100 nm functional polymer particles of uniform diameter

An amphiphilic block copolymer surfactant is used to impart modifiable surface functionality to polymer nanoparticles synthesized via emulsion polymerization.

One-pot synthesis of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers

The combination of ROP and ATRP in a one-pot process with DBU as ATRP ligand and ROP catalyst results in the synthesis of poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers.

Remarkable efficacy of graft block copolymers as surfactants for reducing interfacial tension

This work provides a standard model for experimental applications of graft copolymers as surfactants, especially for reducing the interfacial tension.