1
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Ameduri B. Copolymers of Vinylidene fluoride with Functional comonomers and Applications therefrom: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future Trends. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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2
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Falireas PG, Ameduri B. Cobalt-Mediated Radical Copolymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride and 2,3,3,3-Trifluoroprop-1-ene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2676. [PMID: 34451216 PMCID: PMC8402042 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
New copolymers based on vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (1234yf) were synthesized by organometallic-mediated radical copolymerization (OMRcP) using the combination of bis(tert-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate initiator and bis(acetylacetonato)cobalt(II), (Co(acac)2) as a controlling agent. Kinetics studies of the copolymerization of the fluoroalkenes copolymers were monitored by GPC and 19F NMR with molar masses up to 12,200 g/mol and dispersities (Đ) ranging from 1.33 to 1.47. Such an OMRcP behaves as a controlled copolymerization, evidenced by the molar mass of the resulting copolymer-monomer conversion linear relationship. The reactivity ratios, ri, of both comonomers were determined by using the Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tüdos fitting model leading to rVDF = 0.384 ± 0.013 and r1234yf = 2.147 ± 0.129 at 60 °C, showing that a lower reactivity of VDF integrated in the copolymer to a greater extent leads to the production of gradient or pseudo-diblock copolymers. In addition, the Q (0.03) and e (0.06 and 0.94) parameters were assessed, as well as the dyad statistic distributions and mean square sequence lengths of PVDF and P1234yf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France;
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3
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Falireas PG, Ladmiral V, Ameduri B. Synthesis, aqueous solution behavior and self-assembly of a dual pH/thermo-responsive fluorinated diblock terpolymer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of fluorinated dual-responsive block terpolymers via sequential reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is presented.
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4
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Wehbi M, Mehdi A, Negrell C, David G, Alaaeddine A, Améduri B. Phosphorus-Containing Fluoropolymers: State of the Art and Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38-59. [PMID: 31801016 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several strategies to synthesize fluorinated (co)polymers containing phosphorus groups and their applications are reviewed. First, original fluoromonomers bearing phosphorus atoms are supplied from relevant routes. They may possess fluorinated atoms linked to the ethylenic carbon atoms with different structures, such as F2C═CF- or H2C═C(CF3)- and a phosphonated ω-function adjacent to an aliphatic or aromatic linker, while other monomers display a difluoromethylene dialkylphosphonate end group such as -CF2-P(O)(OR)2. Then, fluorinated copolymers were obtained according to various pathways: (i) by radical homopolymerization of monomers containing both fluorine and phosphorus atoms, (ii) by direct radical copolymerization of fluoromonomers and phosphorus-based monomers, or (iii) by chemical modification of fluorinated copolymers with phosphorus-based reactants. Conventional radical and controlled (or reversible deactivation radical polymerization, RDRP) copolymerization have also been explored. As for the chemical change of halogenated polymers, either conventional organic reactions (e.g., Arbuzov reaction from a chlorine, iodine, or bromine atom) or radiation grafting with specific monomers led to graft copolymers composed of a fluorinated backbone and phosphonated grafts. This second part also details aliphatic and aromatic fluorophosphorous copolymers in which dialkylphosphonates or phosphonic acids are reported. Finally, since fluorine and phosphorus atoms bring complementary relevant properties (low refractive index and dielectric constants, chemical inertness, high electrochemical, soils, and heat resistances, electroattractivity from fluorine atoms and high acidity, complexation, anticorrosion, flame retardant, and biomedical properties from phosphorus ones), synergetic characteristics have been targeted. These properties allow such fluoro-phosphorus (co)polymers to be used as novel materials involved in various applications such as polymer exchange membranes for fuel cells, self-etching adhesives for dental materials, adhesion promoters, flame retardants, polymer blends, and anticorrosive coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Wehbi
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
- Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST , Lebanese University , Hadath , Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Mehdi
- Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
| | - Claire Negrell
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
| | - Ghislain David
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
| | - Ali Alaaeddine
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST , Lebanese University , Hadath , Lebanon
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
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5
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Butler G, Soloshonok VA. Perfluoro-3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl persistent radical: A new reagent for direct, metal-free radical trifluoromethylation and polymer initiation. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Sato A, Ponomarenko MV, Ono T, Röschenthaler GV, Soloshonok VA. Mediator and Additive Free Trifluoromethyl-Fluorination of Terminal Alkenes by Persistent Perfluoroalkyl Radical. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Sato
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Women's Medical University; 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku 162-8666 Tokyo Japan
| | - Maksym V. Ponomarenko
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen; Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Taizo Ono
- Fluorine Division; Central Research Center; Mitsubishi Material Electronic Chemicals Co., Ltd.; 3-1-6 Barajima 010-8585 Akita city Akita Japan
| | - Gerd-Volker Röschenthaler
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Jacobs University Bremen; Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I; Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastian Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry; IKERBSQUE, Basque Foundation for Science; Maria Diaz de Haro 3 48013 Bilbao Spain
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7
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Wehbi M, Dolphijn G, Brassinne J, Gohy JF, Ameduri B. Synthesis of Vinylidene Fluoride-Based Copolymers Bearing Perfluorinated Ether Pendant Groups and Their Application in Gel Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Wehbi
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, ENSCM, UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Dolphijn
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Brassinne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, ENSCM, UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34296 Montpellier, France
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8
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Burgess TJ, Vitale A, Joly-Duhamel C, Bongiovanni R, Manseri A, Ono T, Améduri B, Friesen CM. Synthesis of poly[oligo(hexafluoropropylene oxide) perfluoroisopropenylether (PIPE)] graft copolymers with vinylidene fluoride (VDF) using CF3 radicals. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-oligomeric hexafluoropropylene oxide copolymers [poly[VDF-g-oligo(HFPO)-PIPE] is provided, having glass transitions of ca. −82 °C and respective water and hexadecane contact angles of ca. 133° and 70°.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | | | - Roberta Bongiovanni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | | | - Taizo Ono
- Fluorine Division
- Research & Development Center
- Mitsubishi Materials Electronic Chemicals Co
- Akita 010-8585
- Japan
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- ICGM
- Univ. Montpellier
- CNRS
- ENSCM
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9
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Wehbi M, Bourgeois D, Améduri B. Use of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-vinyl dimethylphosphonate) copolymers for efficient extraction of valuable metals. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The radical copolymerisation of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) with vinyl dimethyl phosphonate (VDMP) initiated by various kinds of initiators is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Wehbi
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- ICGM
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
| | - Damien Bourgeois
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule
- ICSM
- UMR 5257 CNRS
- CEA
- Université de Montpellier
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- ICGM
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
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10
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Falireas PG, Wehbi M, Alaaeddine A, Améduri B. Kinetics of radical copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with tert-butyl 2-trifluoromethyl acrylate: a suitable pair for the synthesis of alternating fluorinated copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00681d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A study of the copolymerization kinetics of vinylidene fluoride with tert-butyl 2-trifluoromethyl acrylate: a suitable pair for the synthesis of alternating fluorinated copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Wehbi
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- ICGM
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
| | - Ali Alaaeddine
- Lebanese University
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products
- Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST
- Hadath
- Lebanon
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- ICGM
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
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11
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Colpaert M, Banerjee S, Ladmiral V, Ono T, Améduri B. Synthesis and properties of poly(trifluoroethylene)viaa persistent radical mediated polymerization of trifluoroethylene. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02018j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(trifluoroethylene) exhibiting excellent thermal stability was synthesized by the radical polymerization of trifluoroethylene initiated by an innovative persistent radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Colpaert
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
| | - Sanjib Banerjee
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
| | - Taizo Ono
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
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12
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Vinylidene fluoride- and trifluoroethylene-containing fluorinated electroactive copolymers. How does chemistry impact properties? Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Ono T. Synthesis of highly branched perfluoroolefins that are super-congested via multi-substitution of trifluoromethyl groups: Trifluoromethylation of hexafluoropropene trimers with Ruppert-Prakash reagent. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Banerjee S, Wehbi M, Manseri A, Mehdi A, Alaaeddine A, Hachem A, Ameduri B. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Containing Phosphonic Acid as Anticorrosion Coating for Steel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6433-6443. [PMID: 28121419 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vinylidene fluoride (VDF)-based copolymers bearing pendant phosphonic acid function for potential application as anticorrosion coatings were synthesized via free radical copolymerization of VDF with a new phosphorus containing 2-trifluoromethacrylate monomer, (dimethoxyphosphoryl)methyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylate (MAF-DMP). MAF-DMP was prepared from 2-trifluoromethacrylic acid in 60% overall yield. Radical copolymerizations of VDF with MAF-DMP initiated by tert-amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate at varying ([VDF]0/[MAF-DMP]0) feed ratios led to several poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymers having different molar percentages of VDF (79-96%) and number-average molecular weights (Mn's) up to ca. 10 000 g mol-1 in fair yields (47-53%). Determination of the composition and microstructure of all the synthesized copolymers was done by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies. The monomer reactivity ratios of this new VDF/MAF-DMP pair were also determined (rVDF = 0.76 ± 0.34 and rMAF-DMP = 0 at 74 °C). The resulting poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymers exhibited high melting temperature (162-171 °C, with respect to the VDF content), and the degree of crystallinity reached up to 51%. Finally, the pendant dimethyl phosphonate ester groups of the synthesized poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymer were quantitatively hydrolyzed, giving rise to novel phosphonic acid-functionalized PVDF (PVDF-PA). In comparison to hydrophobic poly(VDF-co-MAF-DMP) copolymers (the water contact angle, WCA, was 98°), the hydrophilic character of the PVDF-PA was found to be surprisingly rather pronounced, exhibiting low WCA (15°). Finally, steel plates coated with PVDF-PA displayed satisfactory anticorrosion properties under simulated seawater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Banerjee
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mohammad Wehbi
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Chimie Moleculaire et Organisation du Solide Team, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University , Campus - Hadas, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdellatif Manseri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ahmad Mehdi
- Chimie Moleculaire et Organisation du Solide Team, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Ali Alaaeddine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University , Campus - Hadas, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Hachem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences 1, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri University , Campus - Hadas, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM , Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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15
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Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Qu J. Synthesis of gem-Difluoroallylboronates via FeCl2-Catalyzed Boration/β-Fluorine Elimination of Trifluoromethyl Alkenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:946-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yilong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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16
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Soulestin T, Marcelino Dos Santos Filho P, Ladmiral V, Totée C, Silly G, Lannuzel T, Domingues Dos Santos F, Ameduri B. Influence of trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene on the Structure–Properties Relationship of VDF- and TrFE-Based Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Soulestin
- Piezotech
S.A.S., Arkema - CRRA, rue Henri-Moissan, 69493 Pierre-Bénite, Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Silly
- UMR
5253 CNRS, ENSCM, UM. Chalcogénures et Verres, CC1503, Université
Montpellier, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex
5, France
| | - Thierry Lannuzel
- Piezotech
S.A.S., Arkema - CRRA, rue Henri-Moissan, 69493 Pierre-Bénite, Cedex, France
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17
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Soulestin T, Ladmiral V, Lannuzel T, Santos FDD, Améduri B. Differences in electroactive terpolymers based on VDF, TrFE and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene prepared by batch solution and semi-continuous aqueous suspension polymerizations. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new fluorinated electroactive copolymers, 0–8 mol% of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf) was terpolymerized with vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and trifluoroethylene (TrFE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Soulestin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- ENSCM
- UM. Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
- 34296 Montpellier
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- ENSCM
- UM. Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
- 34296 Montpellier
| | | | | | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- ENSCM
- UM. Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
- 34296 Montpellier
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18
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Walkowiak-Kulikowska J, Szwajca A, Gouverneur V, Ameduri B. Synthesis, characterization, and thermal and surface properties of co- and terpolymers based on fluorinated α-methylstyrenes and styrene. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional bulk radical co- and terpolymerizations of α-fluoromethylstyrene (FMST) or/and α-trifluoromethylstyrene (TFMST) with styrene (ST) initiated by α,α′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Szwajca
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | | | - Bruno Ameduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- UMR CNS 5253
- UM, ENSCM, CNRS de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier
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19
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Soulestin T, Marcelino Dos Santos Filho P, Ladmiral V, Lannuzel T, Domingues Dos Santos F, Améduri B. Ferroelectric fluorinated copolymers with improved adhesion properties. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Modified fluorinated electroactive poly(VDF-co-TrFE) copolymers with improved adhesion properties, on glass or metal substrates, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Soulestin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- ENSCM
- UM
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
| | | | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- ENSCM
- UM
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
| | | | | | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- ENSCM
- UM
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
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20
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Banerjee S, Patil Y, Ono T, Ameduri B. Synthesis of ω-Iodo and Telechelic Diiodo Vinylidene Fluoride-Based (Co)polymers by Iodine Transfer Polymerization Initiated by an Innovative Persistent Radical. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Banerjee
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt,
UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex
5, France
| | - Yogesh Patil
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt,
UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex
5, France
| | - Taizo Ono
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8560, Japan
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt,
UMR 5253 CNRS, UM, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex
5, France
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21
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On the reactivity of α-trifluoromethylstyrene in radical copolymerizations with various fluoroalkenes. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Asandei AD. Photomediated Controlled Radical Polymerization and Block Copolymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2244-74. [PMID: 26760676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on novel photochemical methods for the initiation and control of the polymerization of main chain fluorinated monomers as exemplified by vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and for the synthesis of their block copolymers. Such reactions can be carried out at ambient temperature in glass tubes using visible light. Novel, original protocols include the use of hypervalent iodide carboxylates alone or in conjunction with molecular iodine, as well as the use of photoactive transition metal carbonyls in the presence of alkyl, fluoroalkyl, and perfluoroalkyl halides. An in-depth study of the reaction parameters highlights the use of dimethyl carbonate as a preferred polymerization solvent and outlines the structure-property relationship for hypervalent iodide carboxylates and halide initiators in both the free radical and iodine degenerative transfer controlled radical polymerization (IDT-CRP) of VDF. Finally, the rational selection of metal carbonyls that are successful not only as IDT mediators but, more importantly, in the quantitative activation of both PVDF-CH2-CF2-I and PVDF-CF2-CH2-I chain ends toward the synthesis of well-defined PVDF block copolymers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru D Asandei
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3139, United States
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23
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1768] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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24
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Wang Y, Bai Y. The functionalization of fluoroelastomers: approaches, properties, and applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05816g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review seeks to give an overview of different approaches to prepare functional fluoroelastomers for modern industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- 150001 Harbin
- China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- 150001 Harbin
- China
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25
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Banerjee S, Zaghloul S, Alaaeddine A, Ameduri B. Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the iodine transfer copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene and functionalization into ω-hydroxy fluorinated copolymers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ω-Hydroxy functionalized poly(vinylidene fluoride) prepared in a water-based non-fluorinated solvent by iodine transfer copolymerization VDF and 1234yf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Banerjee
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
| | - Saad Zaghloul
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
| | - Ali Alaaeddine
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR 5253 CNRS
- UM
- ENSCM
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26
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Soulestin T, Ladmiral V, Lannuzel T, Domingues Dos Santos F, Ameduri B. Importance of Microstructure Control for Designing New Electroactive Terpolymers Based on Vinylidene Fluoride and Trifluoroethylene. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Soulestin
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM), UMR 5253 CNRS, ENSCM,
UM, Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM), UMR 5253 CNRS, ENSCM,
UM, Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Lannuzel
- Piezotech
S.A.S., Arkema-CRRA, rue Henri-Moissan, 69493 Pierre-Benite, Cedex, France
| | | | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM), UMR 5253 CNRS, ENSCM,
UM, Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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27
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28
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Friesen CM, Ameduri B. Radical Copolymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) with Oligo(hexafluoropropylene oxide) Perfluorovinyl Ether Macromonomer To Obtain PVDF-g-oligo(HFPO) Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chadron Mark Friesen
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1Y1, Canada
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (UMR5253-CNRS), 8, rue
de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie
et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (UMR5253-CNRS), 8, rue
de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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29
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Černoch P, Petrova S, Černochová Z, Kim JS, Simpson CP, Asandei AD. Mn 2 (CO) 10 -photomediated synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride)- b -poly(styrene sulfonate). Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Peyroux J, Dubois M, Tomasella E, Frézet L, Kharitonov AP, Flahaut D. Enhancement of surface properties on Low Density Polyethylene packaging films using various fluorination routes. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Couture G, Ladmiral V, Améduri B. Methods to prepare quaternary ammonium groups-containing alternating poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-alt-vinyl ether) copolymers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium groups-containing alternating poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-alt-vinyl ether) copolymers were synthesized using post-polymerization functionalization methods such as azide–alkyne cycloaddition and cyclocarbonate–amine reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Couture
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
- France
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
- France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253 CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM)
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
- France
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32
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Sato A, Han J, Ono T, Wzorek A, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA. Introducing a new radical trifluoromethylation reagent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5967-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00905g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical trifluoromethylations of aromatic molecules have been achieved by using a persistent perfluoroalkyl radical as a precursor of the CF3 radical. The process works efficiently in terms of chemical yields to produce mixtures of regioisomeric trifluoromethylated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Sato
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Women's Medical University
- 162-8666 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- 210093 Nanjing
- China
| | - Taizo Ono
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry
- Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce
- 25-406 Kielce
- Poland
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- 20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- 20018 San Sebastián
- Spain
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33
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Puts G, Lopez G, Ono T, Crouse P, Ameduri B. Radical copolymerisation of chlorotrifluoroethylene with isobutyl vinyl ether initiated by the persistent perfluoro-3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl radical. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The radical copolymerisation of chlorotrifluoroethylene with isobutyl vinyl ether initiated by trifluoromethyl radicals generated by β-scission of a persistent radical is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Puts
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Pretoria
- Pretoria 0002
- South Africa
| | - Gérald Lopez
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- UMR CNRS 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier
| | - Taizo Ono
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Philip Crouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Pretoria
- Pretoria 0002
- South Africa
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- UMR CNRS 5253
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier
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34
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Ono T, Ohta K. Spectroscopic observation of charge transfer complex formation of persistent perfluoroalkyl radical with aromatics, olefin, and ether. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Kostov GK, Lopez G, Brandstadter SM, Edwards BE, Améduri B. Synthesis of Fluorinated Telechelic Diols Based on 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene as Precursors of Well-Defined Fluoropolymers. Org Lett 2014; 16:3516-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501466c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi K. Kostov
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM) - UMR 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Gérald Lopez
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM) - UMR 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bradley E. Edwards
- Great Lakes−Chemtura, P.O. Box 2200, West Lafayette, Indiana 47996-2200, United States
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM) - UMR 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires (IAM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, France
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36
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Abstract
For the first time SET-LRP of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acrylate, 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl acrylate and 1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl methacrylate in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as the solvent at 25 °C for acrylates and at 50 °C for methacrylate was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa R. Samanta
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ruilong Cai
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia, USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia, USA
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37
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Wadekar MN, Patil YR, Ameduri B. Superior Thermostability and Hydrophobicity of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-fluoroalkyl 2-trifluoromethacrylate). Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan N. Wadekar
- Institut Charles Gerhardt,
Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, UMR 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Yogesh R. Patil
- Institut Charles Gerhardt,
Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, UMR 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt,
Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, UMR 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier, France
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38
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Twum EB, McCord EF, Fox PA, Lyons DF, Rinaldi PL. Characterization of Backbone Structures in Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Copolymers by Multidimensional 19F NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400683w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Twum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United
States
| | - Elizabeth F. McCord
- Experimental Station, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
19880-0402, United States
| | - Peter A. Fox
- Experimental Station, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
19880-0402, United States
| | - Donald F. Lyons
- Experimental Station, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
19880-0402, United States
| | - Peter L. Rinaldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United
States
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