1
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Patil S, Mbonu C, Chou T, Li R, Wu D, Akcora P, Cheng S. Dynamics of poly(methyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted-Fe 3O 4 nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:7970-7982. [PMID: 39348039 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00731j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of nanocomposites prepared through mixing poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles (PMMA-g-Fe3O4) with poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA). A key feature here different from previous dynamics measurements of polymer nanocomposites is the different chemistry between the matrix polymer and the polymer grafts, which introduces chemical heterogeneity. Transmission electron microscopy shows clear evidence of nanoparticle clustering due to the poor miscibility between the bulk PMA and the bulk PMMA. At the same time, broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements detect two leading relaxations, i.e. the α and α* processes, where the α process is associated with the bulk PMA and the α* process from the PMA interacting with the grafted PMMA in the nanoparticle clustering region. Interestingly, the characteristic time of α*, τα*, is slightly slower than that of the α, τα, at high temperatures, and exhibits near Arrhenius temperature dependence at low temperatures. As a result, τα* and τα cross each other in the activation plot upon cooling and τα* ≪ τα is observed at temperatures approaching the glass transition temperature of PMA. These observations suggest the presence of component dynamics and the dynamics confinement effect between PMA and PMMA in the nanoparticle clustering region, highlighting an active interaction between PMA and PMMA at the interface despite their poor miscibility. These results thus suggest new routes to control interface dynamics through immiscible polymer pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | - Christopher Mbonu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA.
| | - Tsengming Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA.
| | - Ruhao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA.
| | - Pinar Akcora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA.
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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2
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Rationalizing the interfacial layer in polymer nanocomposites: Correlation between enthalpy and dielectric relaxation. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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3
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Wang Y, Sun M, Zhang H, Lu Y, You W, Bian F, Yu W. Quantitative Correlation between Hierarchical Nanofiller Structure and Rheology of Polymer/Fumed Silica Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Minghe Sun
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Lu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei You
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201204, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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4
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Wang S, Luo Z, Liang J, Hu J, Jiang N, He J, Li Q. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Understanding the Matrix/Particle Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13612-13656. [PMID: 36107156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics possess exceptional electric properties that are absent in the pristine dielectric polymers. The matrix/particle interface in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics is suggested to play decisive roles on the bulk material performance. Herein, we present a critical overview of recent research advances and important insights in understanding the matrix/particle interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. The primary experimental strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for resolving the local property-structure correlation of the matrix/particle interface are dissected in depth, with a focus on the characterization capabilities of each strategy or technique that other approaches cannot compete with. Limitations to each of the experimental strategy are evaluated as well. In the last section of this Review, we summarize and compare the three experimental strategies from multiple aspects and point out their advantages and disadvantages, critical issues, and possible experimental schemes to be established. Finally, the authors' personal viewpoints regarding the challenges of the existing experimental strategies are presented, and potential directions for the interface study are proposed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Sakib N, Koh YP, Simon SL. The absolute heat capacity of polymer grafted nanoparticles using fast scanning calorimetry*. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazam Sakib
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Yung P. Koh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Sindee L. Simon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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6
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Senses E, Kitchens CL, Faraone A. Viscosity reduction in polymer nanocomposites: Insights from dynamic neutron and X‐ray scattering. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Senses
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Christopher L. Kitchens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - Antonio Faraone
- Center for Neutron Research National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
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7
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Abstract
The lightweight and high-strength functional nanocomposites are important in many practical applications. Natural biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties provide inspiration for improving the performance of composite materials. Previous studies have usually focused on the bionic design of the material's microstructure, sometimes overlooking the importance of the interphase in the nanocomposite system. In this Perspective, we will focus on the construction and control of the interphase in confined space and the connection between the interphase and the macroscopic properties of the materials. We shall survey the current understanding of the critical size of the interphase and discuss the general rules of interphase formation. We hope to raise awareness of the interphase concept and encourage more experimental and simulation studies on this subject, with the aim of an optimal design and controllable preparation of polymer nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South
China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School
of Molecular Science and Engineering, South
China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials
and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology
of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic
of China
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8
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Randazzo K, Bartkiewicz M, Graczykowski B, Cangialosi D, Fytas G, Zuo B, Priestley RD. Direct Visualization and Characterization of Interfacially Adsorbed Polymer atop Nanoparticles and within Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Randazzo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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Emamy H, Starr FW, Kumar SK. Detecting bound polymer layers in attractive polymer-nanoparticle hybrids. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12910-12915. [PMID: 34477774 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02395k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When polymer-nanoparticle (NP) attractions are sufficiently strong, a bound polymer layer with a distinct dynamic signature spontaneously forms at the NP interface. A similar phenomenon occurs near a fixed attractive substrate for thin polymer films. While our previous simulations fixed the NPs to examine the dilute limit, here, we allow the NP to move. Our goal is to investigate how NP mobility affects the signature of the bound layer. For small NPs that are relatively mobile, the bound layer is slaved to the motion of the NP, and the signature of the bound layer relaxation in the intermediate scattering function essentially disappears. The slow relaxation of the bound layer can be recovered when the scattering function is measured in the NP reference frame, but this process would be challenging to implement in experimental systems with multiple NPs. Instead, we use the counterintuitive result that the NP mass affects its mobility in the nanoscale limit, along with the more expected result that the bound layer increases the effective NP mass, to suggest that the signature of the bound polymer manifests as a change in NP diffusivity. These findings allow us to rationalize and quantitatively understand the results of recent experiments focused on measuring NP diffusivity with either physically adsorbed or chemically end-grafted chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Emamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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10
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Cui W, You W, Sun Z, Yu W. Decoupled Polymer Dynamics in Weakly Attractive Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Silica Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Cui
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei You
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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11
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Sattar MA. Interface Structure and Dynamics in Polymer‐Nanoparticle Hybrids: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Improved Interfaces. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- R&D Centre MRF Limited Chennai 600019 India
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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12
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Mitra A, Trifkovic M, Ponnurangam S. Surface Functionalization-Induced Effects on Nanoparticle Dispersion and Associated Changes in the Thermophysical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Mitra
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Milana Trifkovic
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sathish Ponnurangam
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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13
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Nardelli F, Martini F, Carignani E, Rossi E, Borsacchi S, Cettolin M, Susanna A, Arimondi M, Giannini L, Geppi M, Calucci L. Glassy and Polymer Dynamics of Elastomers by 1H-Field-Cycling NMR Relaxometry: Effects of Fillers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4546-4554. [PMID: 33885314 PMCID: PMC8279540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1H spin-lattice relaxation rate (R1) dispersions were acquired by field-cycling (FC) NMR relaxometry between 0.01 and 35 MHz over a wide temperature range on polyisoprene rubber (IR), either unfilled or filled with different amounts of carbon black, silica, or a combination of both, and sulfur cured. By exploiting the frequency-temperature superposition principle and constructing master curves for the total FC NMR susceptibility, χ″(ω) = ωR1(ω), the correlation times for glassy dynamics, τs, were determined. Moreover, the contribution of polymer dynamics, χpol″(ω), to χ″(ω) was singled out by subtracting the contribution of glassy dynamics, χglass″(ω), well represented by the Cole-Davidson spectral density. Glassy dynamics resulted moderately modified by the presence of fillers, τs values determined for the filled rubbers being slightly different from those of the unfilled one. Polymer dynamics was affected by the presence of fillers in the Rouse regime. A change in the frequency dependence of χpol″(ω) at low frequencies was observed for all filled rubbers, more pronounced for those reinforced with silica, which suggests that the presence of the filler particles can affect chain conformations, resulting in a different Rouse mode distribution, and/or interchain interactions modulated by translational motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nardelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Martini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Carignani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Rossi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Borsacchi
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Giannini
- Pirelli
Tyre SpA, Viale Sarca 222, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Geppi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Calucci
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via G. Moruzzi
1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centro
per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica dell’Università
di Pisa (CISUP), Lungarno
Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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14
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Zhang B, Li J, Hu J, Liu L. Theory of polymer diffusion in polymer-nanoparticle mixtures: effect of nanoparticle concentration and polymer length. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4632-4642. [PMID: 33949610 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of polymer-nanoparticle (NP) mixtures, which involves multiple scales and system-specific variables, has posed a long-standing challenge on its theoretical description. In this paper, we construct a microscopic theory for polymer diffusion in mixtures based on a combination of the generalized Langevin equation, mode-coupling approach, and polymer physics ideas. The parameter-free theory has an explicit expression and remains tractable on a pair correlation level with system-specific equilibrium structures as input. Taking a minimal polymer-NP mixture as an example, our theory correctly captures the dependence of polymer diffusion on NP concentration and average interparticle distance. Importantly, the polymer diffusion exhibits a power law decay as the polymer length increases at dense NPs and/or a long chain, which marks the emergence of entanglement-like motion. The work provides a first-principles theoretical foundation to investigate dynamic problems in diverse polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Juanmei Hu
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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15
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Liu AY, Emamy H, Douglas JF, Starr FW. Effects of Chain Length on the Structure and Dynamics of Semidilute Nanoparticle–Polymer Composites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Y. Liu
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Hamed Emamy
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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16
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Mohamed F, Hameed TA, Abdelghany AM, Turky G. Structure–dynamic properties relationships in poly(ethylene oxide)/silicon dioxide nanocomposites: dielectric relaxation study. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Emamy H, Kumar SK, Starr FW. Structural Properties of Bound Layer in Polymer–Nanoparticle Composites. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Emamy
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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18
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Sattar M, Patnaik A. Role of Interface Structure and Chain Dynamics on the Diverging Glass Transition Behavior of SSBR-SiO 2-PIL Elastomers. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21191-21202. [PMID: 32875255 PMCID: PMC7450647 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions between the constituents of a polymer nanocomposite at the polymer-particle interface strongly affect the segmental mobility of polymer chains, correlated with their glass transition behavior, and are responsible for the improved dynamical viscoelastic properties. In this work, we emphasized on the evolution of characteristic interfaces and their dynamics in silica (SiO2 NP)-reinforced, solution-polymerized, styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) composites, whose relative prevalence varied with the phosphonium ionic liquid (PIL) volume fraction, used as an interfacial modifier. The molecular origins of such interfaces were examined through systematic dielectric spectroscopy, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and dynamic-mechanical analyses. The PIL facilitated H-bonding, cation-π, surface-phenyl, and van der Waals interfacial interactions between SSBR and SiO2 NP, thereby regulating the polymer chain dynamics, orientation, and mean-square displacement. Specifically, the mass density profiles from MD simulations revealed the dynamic gradient of polymer chains in the interfacial region as a function of radial distance from the center of mass of the SiO2 NP surface. The results showed a structuring effect to result in well-resolved density peaks at specific radial distances with the tangential orientation of styrene monomers in the vicinity of the SiO2 NP surface. These domino effects highlighted strong interfacial interactions to have an indispensable effect on the viscoelastic performance and thermal motion of SSBR molecular chains, leading to a higher glass transition temperature (T g) by ∼15 K, validating the experimental data. More importantly, our results gave new insights into the fundamental understanding of the fact that the strength of intermolecular interactions induced by PIL at the polymer-particle interface is the key to control the α-relaxation dynamics and T g optimization, desired for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
Abdul Sattar
- Colloid
and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
- R&D
Centre, MRF Limited, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid
and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
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19
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Falco G, Griffiths P, Coutouly C, Fustin CA, Baeza GP. Supramolecular Superparamagnetic Nanocomposites Based on a Magnetite-Filled Unentangled Terpyridine-Functionalized Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Falco
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pablo Griffiths
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Coutouly
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis
Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis
Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guilhem P. Baeza
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
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20
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Zhang X, Wei W, Jin X, Xiong H. Chain Dimension and Dynamics of Polymers in Well-Defined Non-sticky Nanocomposites of Molecular Nanoparticle Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane/Poly(butylene oxide). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Xiong
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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21
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Bailey EJ, Winey KI. Dynamics of polymer segments, polymer chains, and nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposite melts: A review. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Jin X, Wei W, Zhang X, Xiong H. Statistics and Dynamics of Polymer Melt in Neutral Diblock Copolymer Single-Crystal Platelets. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1081-1086. [PMID: 31986052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer single-crystal (SC) platelets of poly(butylene oxide)-b-poly(lactic acid) (PBO-b-PLLA) of a well-defined shape, size, and grafting density have been fabricated and embedded into PBO melt for the study of the statistics and dynamics of the host polymers. The colloidal liquid-crystalline order of SCs above a threshold concentration of ∼2.2 vol % provides a confining environment for the molten PBO. Meanwhile, the peculiar type-A characteristics of PBO allow us to simultaneously probe the dielectric chain dimensions and the hierarchical dynamics of polymers under confinement. We observe negligible changes to the mean-square end-to-end distance of the polymer melt as well as the chain and segment dynamics, even the interlayer distance approaches the length scale comparable to the size of the host polymers. Our results provide direct evidence of the impacts of neutral walls on both the statistics and the dynamics of confined polymer melts, which can be also enlightening for the field of polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Huiming Xiong
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Center for Soft Matter and Interdisciplinary Sciences , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
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23
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Yang J, Melton M, Sun R, Yang W, Cheng S. Decoupling the Polymer Dynamics and the Nanoparticle Network Dynamics of Polymer Nanocomposites through Dielectric Spectroscopy and Rheology. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Matthew Melton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ruikun Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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24
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Wang Z, Liu T, Zhao Y, Lee J, Wei Q, Yan J, Li S, Olszewski M, Yin R, Zhai Y, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of Gradient Copolymer Grafted Particle Brushes by ATRP. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Qiangbing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sipei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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25
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Fabrication of thermo- and pH-sensitive cellulose nanofibrils-reinforced hydrogel with biomass nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 215:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Sattar MA, Gangadharan S, Patnaik A. Design of Dual Hybrid Network Natural Rubber-SiO 2 Elastomers with Tailored Mechanical and Self-Healing Properties. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10939-10949. [PMID: 31460192 PMCID: PMC6648382 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of natural rubber (NR)-silica (SiO2) elastomeric composites with excellent mechanical properties along with better self-healing ability remains a key challenge. Inspired by the energy dissipation and repairability of sacrificial bonds in biomaterials, a strategy for combining covalent and noncovalent sacrificial networks is engineered to construct a dual hybrid network. Here, the approach used to fabricate the composites was self-assembly of NR, bearing proteins and phospholipids on its outer bioshell, with SiO2 via metal-ion-mediated heteroaggregation effected by reversible electrostatic and H-bonds. Further, covalent cross-links were incorporated by a silane coupling agent, bis [3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulfide. The intrinsic self-healing ability of the composite at the molecular level was studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy that unraveled the mechanism of the healing process. The synergistic effect between the molecular interdiffusion of the cross-linked NR chains and the electrostatic and H-bonding interactions imparted an exceptional self-healing characteristic to the liquid-liquid-mixing-prepared NR-SiO2 composites with improved mechanical performance. Specifically, the segmental relaxation dynamics of the healed composite was largely restricted due to increased number of ion-dipole interactions and S-S cross-links at the junction of the cut surface. We envisage that this extraordinary healing property, unreported yet, would be of great importance toward the design of novel NR-SiO2 elastomeric hybrids with superior mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- R & D Centre, MRF Limited, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Shyju Gangadharan
- R & D Centre, MRF Limited, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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27
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Opposite Effects of SiO 2 Nanoparticles on the Local α and Larger-Scale α' Segmental Relaxation Dynamics of PMMA Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060979. [PMID: 31163669 PMCID: PMC6630292 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmental relaxation dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica (PMMA/SiO2) nanocomposites with different compositions (ϕSiO2) near and above the glass transition temperature were investigated by mechanical spectroscopy. At ϕSiO2 ≤ 0.5%, the α peak temperature hardly changes with ϕSiO2, but that of α’ relaxation composed of Rouse and sub-Rouse modes decreases by 15 °C due to the increase of free volume. At ϕSiO2 ≥ 0.7%, both α and α’ relaxations shift to high temperatures because of the steric hindrance introduced by nanoparticle agglomeration. On the other hand, with increasing ϕSiO2, the peak height for α relaxation increases at ϕSiO2 ≤ 0.5% and then decreases at ϕSiO2 ≥ 0.7%, but that for α’ relaxation shows an opposite behavior. This is because at low ϕSiO2, the short-chain segments related to α relaxation can easily bypass the particles, but the longer-chain segments related to α’ relaxation cannot. At high ϕSiO2, the polymer chains were bound to the nanoparticles due to the physical adsorption effect, leading to the decrease of relaxation unit concentration involved in α relaxation. However, the dissociation of those bonds with heating and the concentration heterogeneity of polymer chains result in the increase of peak height for α’ relaxation.
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28
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Dai LJ, Fu CL, Zhu YL, Sun ZY. Heterogeneous dynamics of unentangled chains in polymer nanocomposites. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184903. [PMID: 31091923 DOI: 10.1063/1.5089816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a systematic investigation on the effect of adding nanoparticles on the dynamics of polymer chains by using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. The dynamics is characterized by three aspects: molecular motion, relaxation at different length scales, and dynamical heterogeneity. It is found that the motion of polymer chains slows down and the deviation from Gaussian distribution becomes more pronounced with increasing nanoparticle volume fractions. For polymer nanocomposites with R ≤ Rg, the relaxation at the wave vector q = 7.0 displays multistep decay, consistent with the previous reports in strongly interacting polymer nanocomposites. Moreover, a qualitatively universal law is established that dynamic heterogeneity at whole chain's scale follows a nonmonotonic increase with increasing nanoparticle loadings, where the volume fraction of the maximum dynamic heterogeneity corresponds to the particle loading when the average distance between nanoparticles is equal to the Kuhn length of polymer chains. We show that the decoupling between whole chain's dynamics and segment dynamics is responsible for the nonmonotonic behavior of dynamic heterogeneity of whole chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Cui-Liu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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29
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Zuo B, Wang F, Hao Z, He H, Zhang S, Priestley RD, Wang X. Influence of the Interfacial Effect on Polymer Thin-Film Dynamics Scaled by the Distance of Chain Mobility Suppression by the Substrate. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhiwei Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haolin He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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30
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Trinh GH, Desloir M, Dutertre F, Majesté JC, Dalmas F, Baeza GP. Isostructural softening of the filler network in SBR/silica nanocomposites. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:3122-3132. [PMID: 30806422 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A new formulation of the widely used nanocomposites based on SBR (ca. 250 kg mol-1) and fractal silica fillers is proposed by substituting the usual covering and coupling agents with short chains (4 kg mol-1) of polypropylene glycol (PPG). We study in a systematic way the structural evolution and the changes in the linear and non-linear mechanical properties of two series of samples varying: (i) the silica volume fraction (Φsi = 0, 5, 10 and 15 vol%) in PPG-free samples and (ii) the amount of PPG for a given silica content Φsi = 15 vol%. While the first series is used as a reference, showing expected trends (e.g. the enhancement of the plateau modulus), the second series reveals in contrast, a surprising PPG insensitivity, both in terms of the filler structure (investigated by means of SAXS, SEM and TEM) and properties "at rest" (linear rheology). However, increasing the strain amplitude (both in shear and tensile tests) discloses the great effect of the oligomers, opening possibly the way to a fruitful decorrelation between the low and high deformation performances of tires. Although this study is limited to the investigation of uncrosslinked materials, it will be extended to more operative industrial formulations in due course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Hoang Trinh
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR 5510, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
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31
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Sattar MA, Nair AS, Xavier PJ, Patnaik A. Natural rubber-SiO 2 nanohybrids: interface structures and dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2826-2837. [PMID: 30816894 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous dispersion of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) in natural rubber (NR) is a key challenge for engineering high-performance nanocomposites and elucidation of their structure on a molecular basis. Towards this, the present work devised a novel route for obtaining 3D self-assembled SiO2 NP-NR nanocomposites under aqueous conditions and in the presence of Mg2+, by establishing a molecular bridge that clamped the negatively charged NR and SiO2 colloidal particles with a favoured NR-SiO2 NP hetero-aggregation. The characteristic NR-SiO2 NP hetero-aggregates displayed a decreased heat capacity with increase in the SiO2 mass-fraction, implying a restricted NR chain mobility. Such changes in the interfacial layers were tapped by 29Si NMR, DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations towards a mechanistic understanding of the structure and dynamics of the NR/SiO2 NP hybrid. Simple models were used to illustrate basic ideas; specific electrostatic interactions such as ion-dipole and H-bonding interactions proved to be the driving forces for the organized assembly leading to the NR-SiO2 hetero-aggregate over the NR-NR or SiO2 NP-SiO2 NP homo-aggregate. Molecular dynamics simulation of the aqueous canonical ensemble of the hybrid showed the stable molecular conformation to reveal a SiO2 NP spherical core encapsulated by a hydrophobically interconnected NR polymer layer as the outer shell, as a unique structural model. Specifically, the lipid end of the NR was involved electrostatically while the lysine end (the protein part of NR) H-bonded to the core silica cluster thereby restricting random aggregation. The calculated negative free energy changes for the hetero-aggregate composites via their vibrational and rotational spectra proved the spontaneity of composite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India. and MRF Limited, R & D Centre, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai-600019, India
| | - A Sreekumaran Nair
- MRF Limited, R & D Centre, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai-600019, India
| | - P J Xavier
- MRF Limited, R & D Centre, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai-600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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32
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Bailey EJ, Griffin PJ, Composto RJ, Winey KI. Multiscale Dynamics of Small, Attractive Nanoparticles and Entangled Polymers in Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Bailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Philip J. Griffin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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33
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Bailey EJ, Griffin PJ, Tyagi M, Winey KI. Segmental Diffusion in Attractive Polymer Nanocomposites: A Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Study. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Bailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Philip J. Griffin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Madhusudan Tyagi
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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34
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Chehrazi E, Taheri-Qazvini N. Segmental Dynamics and Cooperativity Length of PMMA/SAN Miscible Blend Intercalated in Organically Modified Nanoclay. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14358-14367. [PMID: 30379548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nanoconfinement on the segmental dynamics of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(styrene- ran-acrylonitrile) (SAN) miscible blend, intercalated into the interlayer spacing of the organically modified nanoclay (OMNC), was investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. We reported an unusual phenomenon in which the weak interfacial interactions between the polymer chains and OMNCs was responsible for increase in segmental mobility at the glass-transition temperature ( Tg). Remarkably, we found a positive correlation between dynamic fragility and thermodynamic fragility, in which both fragilities decreased under nanoconfinement. The cooperative length of segmental motions, or length of cooperatively rearranging regions, ξCRR, decreased from 2.64 nm for the PMMA/SAN blend to 1.86 nm for the PMMA/SAN/OMNC nanocomposite. The segmental mobility of the PMMA/SAN/OMNC model was also studied using the molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results showed the increased segmental mobility of the PMMA/SAN chains in the presence of OMNCs, which is in agreement with the DMA and DSC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Chehrazi
- Department of Polymer Reactions Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , P.O. Box 14155-143 , Iran
- Department of Polymer Engineering , Amirkabir University of Technology , Mahshahr Branch , Mahshahr , P.O. Box 6351713178 , Iran
| | - Nader Taheri-Qazvini
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
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35
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Emamy H, Kumar SK, Starr FW. Diminishing Interfacial Effects with Decreasing Nanoparticle Size in Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:207801. [PMID: 30500219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.207801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular simulations on model polymer nanocomposites at fixed filler loading, we show that interfacial polymer dynamics are affected less with decreasing nanoparticle (NP) size. However, the glass transition temperature T_{g} changes substantially more for an extremely small NP. The reason for this apparent contradiction is that the mean NP spacing decreases with decreasing particle size. Thus, all polymers are effectively interfacial for sufficiently small NPs, resulting in relatively large T_{g} shifts, even though the interfacial effects are smaller. For larger NPs, interfacial relaxations are substantially slower than the matrix for favorable NP-polymer interactions. The minority "bound" polymer dynamically decouples from the polymer matrix, and we only find small changes in T_{g} relative to that of the bulk polymer for large NPs. These results are used to organize a large body of relevant experimental data, and we propose an apparent universal dependence on the ratio of the face-to-face distance between the NPs and the chain radius of gyration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Emamy
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Francis W Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
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36
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Holt AP, Roland CM. Segmental and secondary dynamics of nanoparticle-grafted oligomers. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8604-8611. [PMID: 30318533 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01443d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The local segmental and secondary dynamics of tetramethylene oxide oligomer grafted to silica nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated as a function of grafting density and molecular weight. Grafting slows the segmental (α) dynamics, but gives rise to faster secondary (β) motions. Interestingly, the magnitude of these effects decreases with the extent of grafting (i.e., surface coverage), as well as with oligomer molecular weight. The disparity in dynamical effects reflects the decoupling of the segmental and more local β dynamics, the former is associated with stronger dynamic correlations that extend over a greater spatial range. This results in greater sensitivity to interactions, including tethering of the chains to the NP surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Holt
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6105, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA.
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37
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Ma F, Xu B, Song Y, Zheng Q. Influence of molecular weight on molecular dynamics and dynamic rheology of polypropylene glycol filled with silica. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31972-31978. [PMID: 35547494 PMCID: PMC9085909 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular weight strongly influences the molecular dynamics and rheological responses of nanocomposites, which is far from being well understood. Herein molecular dynamics and rheological behaviors of hydrophilic fumed silica filled unentangled polypropylene glycol (PPG) were investigated as a function of weight averaged molecular weight (M w) of PPG and volume fraction (∅) of silica. It is shown that M w does not affect the glassy layers surrounding the nanoparticles and the segmental dynamics of the mobile PPG phase. On the other hand, the mobile PPG phase in the highly filled nanocomposites exhibits an abnormal "more fragile" to "stronger" transition with increasing M w. The reinforcement and thinning behaviors are stronger in lower-M w nanocomposites with the "more fragile" mobile PPG phase. The results suggest that reinforcement of nanocomposites affects the dynamic fragility of the mobile phase of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furui Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bei Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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38
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Glor EC, Angrand GV, Fakhraai Z. Exploring the broadening and the existence of two glass transitions due to competing interfacial effects in thin, supported polymer films. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:203330. [PMID: 28571332 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we use ellipsometry to characterize the glass transition in ultra-thin films of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) supported on a silicon substrate. P2VP is known to have attractive substrate interactions, which can increase the Tg of ultra-thin films compared to the bulk value. Here, we use an extended temperature range to show that the glass transition can be extremely broad, indicating that a large gradient of the dynamics exists through the film with slow dynamics near the substrate and enhanced dynamics at the free surface. To observe the effect of these two interfaces on the average thin film dynamics, cooling rate-dependent Tg (CR-Tg) measurements were used to indirectly probe the average relaxation times of the films. We demonstrate that ultra-thin films have lower fragility compared to bulk films, and, when cooled at slow cooling rates (<1 K/min), exhibit extreme broadening of the dynamics (<70 nm) and eventually complete decoupling between the free surface and substrate regions to produce films with two distinct Tg's (<16 nm). Tg,high increases with decreasing thickness in a similar manner to what has been observed in previous studies on P2VP, and Tg,low decreases with decreasing film thickness in a similar manner to what has been observed in polymer films with enhanced free surfaces and neutral substrate interactions. These observations indicate that the dynamics in thin films of P2VP can be strongly coupled over a length scale of ∼10-20 nm, resulting in two co-existing layers with two distinct glass transitions when the range of the dynamical gradients become too large to sustain (breadth of the transition > 50 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Glor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gabriel V Angrand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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39
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Pirner D, Dulle M, Förster S. Viscoelastic properties and reinforcement of non-aggregated and aggregated nanocomposites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Hor JL, Wang H, Fakhraai Z, Lee D. Effects of polymer-nanoparticle interactions on the viscosity of unentangled polymers under extreme nanoconfinement during capillary rise infiltration. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2438-2446. [PMID: 29442118 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm02465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We explore the effect of confinement and polymer-nanoparticle interactions on the viscosity of unentangled polymers undergoing capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) in dense packings of nanoparticles. In CaRI, a polymer is thermally induced to wick into the dense packings of nanoparticles, leading to the formation of polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films, a new class of thin film nanocomposites with extremely high concentrations of nanoparticles. To understand the effect of this extreme nanoconfinement, as well as polymer-nanoparticle interactions on the polymer viscosity in CaRI films, we use two polymers that are known to have very different interactions with SiO2 nanoparticles. Using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, we monitor the polymer infiltration process, from which we infer the polymer viscosity based on the Lucas-Washburn model. Our results suggest that physical confinement increases the viscosity by approximately two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, confinement also increases the glass transition temperature of both polymers. Thus, under extreme nanoconfinement, the physical confinement has a more significant impact than the polymer-nanoparticle interactions on the viscosity of unentangled polymers, measured through infiltration dynamics, as well as the glass transition temperature. These findings will provide fundamental frameworks for designing processes to enable the fabrication of CaRI nanocomposite films with a wide range of nanoparticles and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyo Lyn Hor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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41
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Baeza GP. The Reinforcement Effect in Well-Defined Segmented Copolymers: Counting the Topological Constraints at the Mesoscopic Scale. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem P. Baeza
- University of Lyon, INSA-Lyon,, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR5510, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
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42
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Xu H, Song Y, Jia E, Zheng Q. Dynamics heterogeneity in silica-filled nitrile butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yihu Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Erwen Jia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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43
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Fu X, Xie Z, Wei L, Huang C, Luo M, Huang G. Detecting structural orientation in isoprene rubber/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites at different scales during uniaxial deformation. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Zhengtian Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Laiyun Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Cheng Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Mingchao Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Guangsu Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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44
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45
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Kollmetz T, Georgopanos P, Handge UA. Rheology in shear and elongation and dielectric spectroscopy of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Glass transition of poly (methyl methacrylate) filled with nanosilica and core-shell structured silica. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Zhao W, Su Y, Müller AJ, Gao X, Wang D. Direct Relationship Between Interfacial Microstructure and Confined Crystallization in Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Silica Composites: The Study of Polymer Molecular Weight Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yunlan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department; Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastia'n 20018 Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
| | - Xia Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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48
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Zhang W, Douglas JF, Starr FW. Effects of a “bound” substrate layer on the dynamics of supported polymer films. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:044901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4994064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0155, USA
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49
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Roilo D, Patil PN, Brusa RS, Miotello A, Aghion S, Ferragut R, Checchetto R. Polymer rigidification in graphene based nanocomposites: Gas barrier effects and free volume reduction. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Shui Y, Su Y, Kuang X, Zhao W, Cai Y, Wang D. Facile and controllable synthesis of hybrid silica nanoparticles densely grafted with poly(ethylene glycol). POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Shui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Yunlan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; China
| | - Xiao Kuang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; China
| | - Yuanli Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; China
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