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A Simple Stochastic Reaction Model for Heterogeneous Polymerizations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163269. [PMID: 36015526 PMCID: PMC9414839 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stochastic reaction model (SRM) treats polymerization as a pure probability‐based issue, which is widely applied to simulate various polymerization processes. However, in many studies, active centers were assumed to react with the same probability, which cannot reflect the heterogeneous reaction microenvironment in heterogeneous polymerizations. Recently, we have proposed a simple SRM, in which the reaction probability of an active center is directly determined by the local reaction microenvironment. In this paper, we compared this simple SRM with other SRMs by examining living polymerizations with randomly dispersed and spatially localized initiators. The results confirmed that the reaction microenvironment plays an important role in heterogeneous polymerizations. This simple SRM provides a good choice to simulate various polymerizations.
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Sengupta R, Tikekar MD, Delaney KT, Villet MC, Fredrickson GH. Interfacial reaction-induced roughening in polymer thin films. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2936-2950. [PMID: 35348172 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00150k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive blending of immiscible polymers is an important process for synthesizing polymer blends with superior properties. We use a phase-field model to understand reaction dynamics and morphology evolution by diffusive transport in layered films of incompatible, end-reactive polymers. We thoroughly investigate this phenomenon over a large parameter space of interface shapes, layer thicknesses, reaction rates specified by a Damkohler number (Daf), and Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ), under static conditions with no external fields. For films of the same thickness, the dynamics of the system is not significantly influenced by the length of the film or the initial shape of the interface. The interface between the polymers is observed to roughen, leading to the formation of a spontaneous emulsion. The reaction progresses slower and the interface roughens later for thicker films, and systems with higher χ. Increasing Daf increases the reaction rate and hastens the onset of roughening. The quasi-static interfacial tension decreases with the extent of reaction, but does not become vanishingly small or negative at the onset of roughening. Simulations with reversible reactions and systems where only a fraction of the homopolymers have reactive end groups show that a critical diblock (reaction product) concentration exists, below which interfacial roughening and spontaneous emulsification is not observed. We also demonstrate that thermal fluctuations accelerate the onset of interfacial roughening, and help sustain the system in an emulsified state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sengupta
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Mukul D Tikekar
- DSM Materials Science Center, Royal DSM, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris T Delaney
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | | | - Glenn H Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Improved antibacterial and mechanical performances of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber via interface reaction of oxidized starch. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Preparation of hexagon bowl-like cross-linked polymer microspheres with ordered array and same orientation through direct pyrolysis of soft-core/hard-shell PS particles. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Giustiniani A, Drenckhan W, Poulard C. Interfacial tension of reactive, liquid interfaces and its consequences. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:185-197. [PMID: 28760412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dispersions of immiscible liquids, such as emulsions and polymer blends, are at the core of many industrial applications which makes the understanding of their properties (morphology, stability, etc.) of great interest. A wide range of these properties depend on interfacial phenomena, whose understanding is therefore of particular importance. The behaviour of interfacial tension in emulsions and polymer blends is well-understood - both theoretically and experimentally - in the case of non-reactive stabilization processes using pre-made surfactants. However, this description of the interfacial tension behaviour in reactive systems, where the stabilizing agents are created in-situ (and which is more efficient as a stabilization route for many systems), does not yet find a consensus among the community. In this review, we compare the different theories which have been developed for non-reactive and for reactive systems, and we discuss their ability to capture the behaviour found experimentally. Finally, we address the consequences of the reactive stabilization process both on the global emulsions or polymer blend morphologies and at the interfacial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Giustiniani
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex 91405, France.
| | - Wiebke Drenckhan
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Poulard
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex 91405, France.
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Berezkin AV, Kudryavtsev YV. Effect of Cross-Linking on the Structure and Growth of Polymer Films Prepared by Interfacial Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12279-12290. [PMID: 26471239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial polymerization of tri- and bifunctional monomers (A3B2 polymerization) is investigated by dissipative particle dynamics to reveal an effect of cross-linking on the reaction kinetics and structure of the growing polymer film. Regardless of the comonomer reactivity and miscibility, the kinetics in an initially bilayer melt passes from the reaction to diffusion control. Within the crossover period, branched macromolecules undergo gelation, which drastically changes the scenario of the polymerization process. Comparison with the previously studied linear interfacial polymerization (Berezkin, A. V.; Kudryavtsev, Y. V. Linear Interfacial Polymerization: Theory and Simulations with Dissipative Particle Dynamics J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 141, 194906) shows similar conversion rates but very different product characteristics. Cross-linked polymer films are markedly heterogeneous in density, their average polymerization degree grows with the comonomer miscibility, and end groups are mostly trapped deeply in the film core. Products of linear interfacial polymerization demonstrate opposite trends as they are spontaneously homogenized by a convective flow of macromolecules expelled from the reactive zone to the film periphery, which we call the reactive extrusion effect and which is hampered in branched polymerization. Influence of the comonomer architecture on the polymer film characteristics could be used in various practical applications of interfacial polymerization, such as fabrication of membranes, micro- and nanocapsules and 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Berezkin
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Yaroslav V Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Épinat C, Trouillet-Fonti L, Jéol S, Long DR, Sotta P. Nucleation and Growth of Ordered Copolymer Structures at Reactive Interfaces between PA6 and MA- g-HDPE. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:488-491. [PMID: 35596299 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of the interfacial chemical reaction between PA6 and MA-g-HDPE in static conditions at a macroscopically flat interface. Interface destabilization and the growth of instabilities, somehow similar to myelin figures observed in surfactants put in the presence of water, are observed. For the first time in this system, it is shown that ordered microphase-separated copolymer domains, whose morphologies depend on the architecture of the copolymer, namely, essentially on the relative length of the blocks on each side of the interface, may nucleate and grow at a static interface between reactive polymers. We discuss the stability of the plane interface in the case of nonsymmetrical formed graft copolymers. The density of copolymers in the interface (coverage) can be estimated accurately from the long period of the formed structures. We confirm the predictions of Berezkin et al. This observation is very important since it confirms that nanometric domains are certainly generated during reactive extrusion, in addition to micrometric domains formed by rheological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Épinat
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR5268, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, Saint
Fons Cedex 69192, France
| | - Lise Trouillet-Fonti
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR5268, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, Saint
Fons Cedex 69192, France
| | - Stéphane Jéol
- Solvay R&I, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, Saint Fons Cedex 69192, France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR5268, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, Saint
Fons Cedex 69192, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR5268, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, Saint
Fons Cedex 69192, France
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Berezkin AV, Kudryavtsev YV. Linear interfacial polymerization: Theory and simulations with dissipative particle dynamics. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:194906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4901727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V. Berezkin
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Berezkin AV, Kudryavtsev YV. Hybrid approach combining dissipative particle dynamics and finite-difference diffusion model: Simulation of reactive polymer coupling and interfacial polymerization. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:154102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4824768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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