1
|
Lin H, Yang X, Liu SY, Jäkle F. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of the Dewar Isomer of 1,2-Azaborinine, a B-N Isostere of Benzene. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:21-27. [PMID: 38095183 PMCID: PMC10842419 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The successful polymerization of the Dewar isomer of an azaborinine heterocycle is reported. Controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization was accomplished with Grubbs and Hoveya-Grubbs second generation catalysts (G2, HG2), as well as a Z-selective Ru catalyst (HGM2001). The structure of the polymers containing 4-membered B-N heterocycles was verified by GPC and multinuclear and 2D NMR. Differences in stereochemistry of polymers derived from G2/HG2 versus the Z-selective catalyst HGM2001 were substantiated by 2D NOESY, FT-IR, and Raman analyses. The incorporation of B-N heterocycles into these polymer structures is promising as a route to functional polymers that contain polar side groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huina Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University - Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02135, United States
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02135, United States
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University - Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen CH, Lai GQ, Luh TY. Aggregation-Enhanced Excimer Emission of Tetraarylethene Linkers in Ladderphanes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan 407
| | - Guo-Qiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dawood KM, Nomura K. Recent Developments in Z‐Selective Olefin Metathesis Reactions by Molybdenum, Tungsten, Ruthenium, and Vanadium Catalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M. Dawood
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt Tel. & Fax
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang C, Jung K, Ahn S, Choi TL. Controlled Cyclopolymerization of 1,5-Hexadiynes to Give Narrow Band Gap Conjugated Polyacetylenes Containing Highly Strained Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17140-17146. [PMID: 32915557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, cyclopolymerization of α,ω-diyne derivatives has been an effective method to synthesize various soluble polyacetylenes containing five- to seven-membered rings in the backbone. However, cyclopolymerization to form four-membered carbocycles was considered impossible due to their exceptionally high ring strain (∼30 kcal/mol). Herein, we demonstrate the successful cyclopolymerization of rationally designed 1,5-hexadiyne derivatives to afford various polyacetylenes containing highly strained cyclobutenes in each repeat unit. After screening, Ru catalysts containing bulky diisopropylphenyl groups promoted challenging four-membered ring cyclization efficiently from various monomers, enabling the synthesis of high molecular weight (up to 40 kDa) polyacetylenes in a controlled manner. Furthermore, living polymerization allowed for block copolymer synthesis by combining with ring-opening metathesis polymerization as well as block copolymerization of two different 1,5-hexadiyne monomers to give a fully conjugated polyacetylene. These new polymers unexpectedly showed much narrower band gaps than conventional substituted polyacetylenes by >0.2 eV. Interestingly, computational studies showed much smaller bond length alternation in the conjugated backbone containing cyclobutenes, resulting in highly delocalized π electrons along the polymer chain and lower band gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luh TY, Lin WY, Lai G. Determination of the Orientation of Pendants on Rigid-Rod Polymers. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1808-1818. [PMID: 32314531 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bis-norbornene and bis-cyclobutene with different kinds of linkers have been extensively used for the synthesis of double stranded ladderphanes under ruthenium- or molybdenum-catalyzed ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) conditions. The key to the success relies on the selective formation of comb-like polynorbornenes or polycycloubtenes, where pendants are all aligned towards similar direction. This minireview summarizes various methods (chemical methods, spectroscopic means, and nonlinear optical measurements) for determining the comb-like conformations of pendants on these rigid-rod polymers. The approach is based on the proximal relationship between adjacent pendants. Interactions between these adjacent pendants would enable a change in chemical reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material, Technology of Ministry of Eduction,\, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peng JJ, Panda B, Satyanarayana K, Yang HR, Huang SL, Huang MJ, Chen CH, Lai G, Lai YY, Luh TY. Stereospecific Synthesis of Poly(methylene-E-vinylene) by Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Substituted Cyclopropene Using Grubbs Catalysts. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ke YZ, Huang SL, Lai G, Luh TY. Selective ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclobutenes. Unsymmetrical ladderphane containing polycyclobutene and polynorbornene strands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:44-51. [PMID: 30680037 PMCID: PMC6334803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At 0 °C in THF in the presence of Grubbs first generation catalyst, cyclobutene derivatives undergo ROMP readily, whereas norbornene derivatives remain intact. When the substrate contains both cyclobutene and norbornene moieties, the conditions using THF as the solvent at 0 °C offer a useful protocol for the selective ROMP of cyclobutene to give norbornene-appended polycyclobutene. Unsymmetrical ladderphane having polycyclobutene and polynorbornene as two strands is obtained by further ROMP of the norbornene appended polycyclobutene in the presence of Grubbs first generation catalyst in DCM at ambient temperature. Methanolysis of this unsymmetrical ladderphane gives polycyclobutene methyl ester and insoluble polynorbornene-amide-alcohol. The latter is converted into the corresponding soluble acetate. Both polymers are well characterized by spectroscopic means. No norbornene moiety is found to be incorporated into polycyclobutene strand at all. The double bonds in the polycyclobutene strand are mainly in cis configuration (ca 70%), whereas the E/Z ratio for polynorbornene strand is 8:1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Ke
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lai G, Luh TY. Polynorbornene-based Template for Polymer Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Wei J, Trout W, Simon YC, Granados-Focil S. Ring opening metathesis polymerization of triazole-bearing cyclobutenes: Diblock copolymer synthesis and evaluation of the effect of side group size on polymerization kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - William Trout
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; 118 College Drive, #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Sergio Granados-Focil
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiang Y, Burrill DJ, Bullard KK, Albrecht BJ, Tragesser LE, McCaffrey J, Lambrecht DS, Pentzer E. Polymerization of silyl ketenes using alkoxide initiators: a combined computational and experimental study. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The atomic composition and chemical structure of polymers is fundamental to dictating properties and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Xiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John McCaffrey
- Department of Chemistry
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Daniel S. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- Pittsburgh Quantum Institute
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
13
|
Chen CH, Satyanarayana K, Liu YH, Huang SL, Lim TS, Luh TY. Excimer formation in a confined space: photophysics of ladderphanes with tetraarylethylene linkers. Chemistry 2015; 21:800-7. [PMID: 25345595 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Communication between chromophores is vital for both natural and non-natural photophysical processes. Spatial confinements offer unique conditions to scrutinize such interactions. Polynorbornene- and polycyclobutene-based ladderphanes are ideal model compounds in which all tetraarylethylene (TAE) linkers are aligned coherently. The spans for each of the monomeric units in these ladderphanes are 4.5-5.5 Å. Monomers do not exhibit emission, because bond rotation in TAE can quench the excited-state energy. However, polymers emit at 493 nm (Φ=0.015) with large Stokes shift under ambient conditions and exhibit dual emission at 450 and 493 nm at 150 K. When the temperature is lowered, the emission intensity at 450 nm increases, whereas that at 493 nm decreases. At 100 K, both monomers and polymers emit only at 450 nm. This shorter-wavelength emission arises from the intrinsic emission of TAE chromophore, and the emission at 493 nm could be attributed to the excimer emission in the confined space of ladderphanes. The fast kinetics suggest diffusion-controlled formation of the excimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 (Taiwan); Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407 (Taiwan)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin NT, Satyanarayana K, Chen CH, Tsai YF, Yu SSF, Chan SI, Luh TY. Controlling the Orientation of Pendants in Two-Dimensional Comb-Like Polymers by Varying Stiffness of Polymeric Backbones. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5007655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ti Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Steve Sheng-Fa Yu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Sunney I. Chan
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|