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Gardeniers M, Mani M, de Boer E, Hermida-Merino D, Graf R, Rastogi S, Harings JAW. Hydration, Refinement, and Dissolution of the Crystalline Phase in Polyamide 6 Polymorphs for Ultimate Thermomechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2022; 55:5080-5093. [PMID: 35784656 PMCID: PMC9245196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Timescales of polyamide
6 melt-shaping technologies, relative to
the dynamics of conformational rearrangements upon crystallization,
challenge the formation of the most thermodynamically favorable chain
packing and thus optimum performance. In this publication, we make
use of the mediation of hydrogen bonding by water molecules in the
superheated state of water, i.e., above 100 °C in a closed environment,
in the structural refinement of polyamide 6 for enhanced thermomechanical
performance. The paper addresses dissolution and (re)crystallization
of different polyamide 6 polymorphs in the superheated state of water
by time-resolved simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering
and solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy and the effect on mechanical
properties. The experiments reveal that upon heating in the superheated
state of water, the pseudo-hexagonal phase dissolves at relatively
low temperature and instantly crystallizes in a defected monoclinic
phase that successively refines to a perfected monoclinic structure.
The dissolution temperature of the pseudo-hexagonal phase of polyamide
6 is found to be dependent on the degree of crystal perfection originating
from conformational disorder and misalignment of hydrogen bonding
in the lattice, retrospectively, to the Brill transition temperature.
The perfected monoclinic phase below the dissolution temperature can
be preserved upon cooling but is plasticized by hydration of the amide
moieties in the crystalline phase. The removal of water from the hydrated
crystals, in the proximity of Brill transition temperature, strengthening
the hydrogen bonding, occurs. Retrospectively, the most thermodynamically
stable crystallographic phase is preserved and renders an increase
in mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the product.
The insight obtained on the influence of superheated water on the
structural refinement of imperfected crystallographic states assists
in polyamide 6 postprocessing strategies for enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gardeniers
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohanraj Mani
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ele de Boer
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), DUBBLE-CRG, FR-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jules A. W. Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tao L, Liu K, Li T, Xiao R. Structure and properties of bio‐based polyamide 109 treated with superheated water. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Taotao Li
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Ru Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
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Rahman MA, Lok M, Lesser AJ. Superheated Water and Ethanol As Green Additives to Process Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO). Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Arifur Rahman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew Lok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alan J. Lesser
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Zhao J, Koo O, Pan D, Wu Y, Morkhade D, Rana S, Saha P, Marin A. The Impact of Disintegrant Type, Surfactant, and API Properties on the Processability and Performance of Roller Compacted Formulations of Acetaminophen and Aspirin. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1387-1395. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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He M, Wang Z, Wang R, Zhang L, Jia Q. Preparation of Bio-Based Polyamide Elastomer by Using Green Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E257. [PMID: 30974535 PMCID: PMC6432398 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of three green plasticizers H₂O, glycerol, and soybean oil, on the properties of bio-based BDIS polyamides. The BDIS polyamides synthesized from the following biomass monomers: 1,4-butanediamine (BD), 1,10-decanediamine (DD), itaconic acid (IA), and sebacic acid (SA). It is interesting to note that the amorphous BDIS (IA-80%) polyamide was changed from the glassy state to the rubbery state after water soaking and induced crystallization at the same time. The H₂O-plasticized non-crosslinked BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides can be very useful for the preparation of physical water gel. The glycerol- and soybean oil-plasticized BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides displayed excellent toughness. The plasticized BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides were characterized by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao He
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid, SD 57701, USA.
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingxiu Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Fuchs C, Busse K, Flieger AK, Kressler J. Polymer Crystallization on the Surface of Water or Aqueous Salt Solution. Chem Eng Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Peng J, Walsh PJ, Sabo RC, Turng LS, Clemons CM. Water-assisted compounding of cellulose nanocrystals into polyamide 6 for use as a nucleating agent for microcellular foaming. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ma P, Deshmukh YS, Wilsens CH, Ryan Hansen M, Graf R, Rastogi S. Self-assembling process of Oxalamide compounds and their nucleation efficiency in bio-degradable Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13280. [PMID: 26290334 PMCID: PMC4642526 DOI: 10.1038/srep13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key requirements in semi-crystalline polyesters, synthetic or bio-based, is the control on crystallization rate and crystallinity. One of the limiting factors in the commercialization of the bio-based polyesters, for example polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized by bacteria for energy storage purposes, is the slow crystallization rate. In this study, we show that by tailoring the molecular structure of oxalamide compounds, it is possible to dissolve these compounds in molten poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), having a hydroxyvalerate co-monomer content of less than 2 mol%. Upon cooling the polymer melt, the homogeneously dispersed oxalamide compound crystallizes just below the melting temperature of the polymer. The phase-separated compound reduces the nucleation barrier of the polymer, thus enhancing the crystallization rate, nucleation density and crystallinity. The findings reported in this study provide a generic route for the molecular design of oxalamide-based compounds that can be used for enhancing nucleation efficiency of semi-crystalline bio-based polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piming Ma
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Carolus H.R.M. Wilsens
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Science, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Science, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, England (UK)
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Fuchs C, Hussain H, Amado E, Busse K, Kressler J. Self-Organization of Poly(ethylene oxide) on the Surface of Aqueous Salt Solutions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:211-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fuchs
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Hazrat Hussain
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad; PK-45320 Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Elkin Amado
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Karsten Busse
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Joerg Kressler
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Department of Chemistry; D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
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Wilsens CHRM, Deshmukh YS, Noordover BAJ, Rastogi S. Influence of the 2,5-Furandicarboxamide Moiety on Hydrogen Bonding in Aliphatic–Aromatic Poly(ester amide)s. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501310f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H. R. M. Wilsens
- Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer
Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A. J. Noordover
- Laboratory
of Polymer Materials, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech
2, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Dutch Polymer
Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU Loughborough, U.K
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Miloskovska E, Hansen MR, Friedrich C, Hristova-Bogaerds D, van Duin M, de With G. In Situ Silica Nanoparticle Formation in a Rubber Matrix Monitored via Real-Time SAXS and Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Miloskovska
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer
Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55021 Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cornelius Friedrich
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denka Hristova-Bogaerds
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Duin
- LANXESS Elastomers R&D, P.O. Box 185, 6160 AD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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