1
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De Bon F, Fantin M, Pereira VA, Lourenço Bernardino TJ, Serra AC, Matyjaszewski K, Coelho JFJ. Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Driven by Alternating Current. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406484. [PMID: 38647172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) and pulsed electrolysis are gaining traction in electro(organic) synthesis due to their advantageous characteristics. We employed AC electrolysis in electrochemically mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (eATRP) to facilitate the regeneration of the activator CuI complex on Cu0 electrodes. Additionally, Cu0 served as a slow supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA ATRP), enabling the activation of alkyl halides and the regeneration of the CuI activator through a comproportionation reaction. We harnessed the distinct properties of Cu0 dual regeneration, both chemical and electrochemical, by employing sinusoidal, triangular, and square-wave AC electrolysis alongside some of the most active ATRP catalysts available. Compared to linear waveform (DC electrolysis) or SARA ATRP (without electrolysis), pulsed and AC electrolysis facilitated slightly faster and more controlled polymerizations of acrylates. The same AC electrolysis conditions could successfully polymerize eleven different monomers across different mediums, from water to bulk. Moreover, it proved effective across a spectrum of catalyst activity, from low-activity Cu/2,2-bipyridine to highly active Cu complexes with substituted tripodal amine ligands. Chain extension experiments confirmed the high chain-end fidelity of the produced polymers, yielding functional and high molecular-weight block copolymers. SEM analysis indicated the robustness of the Cu0 electrodes, sustaining at least 15 consecutive polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa A Pereira
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa J Lourenço Bernardino
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armenio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), ARISE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
- IPN, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Kim K, Nguyen D, Strong J, Dadashi-Silab S, Sun M, Dau H, Keyes A, Yin R, Harth E, Matyjaszewski K. Block Copolymers of Polyolefins with Polyacrylates: Analyzing and Improving the Blocking Efficiencies Using MILRad/ATRP Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300675. [PMID: 38163327 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite their industrial ubiquity, polyolefin-polyacrylate block copolymers are challenging to synthesize due to the distinct polymerization pathways necessary for respective blocks. This study utilizes MILRad, metal-organic insertion light-initiated radical polymerization, to synthesize polyolefin-b-poly(methyl acrylate) copolymer by combining palladium-catalyzed insertion-coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Brookhart-type Pd complexes used for the living polymerization of olefins are homolytically cleaved by blue-light irradiation, generating polyolefin-based macroradicals, which are trapped with functional nitroxide derivatives forming ATRP macroinitiators. ATRP in the presence of Cu(0), that is, supplemental activators and reducing agents , is used to polymerize methyl acrylate. An increase in the functionalization efficiency of up to 71% is demonstrated in this study by modifying the light source and optimizing the radical trapping condition. Regardless of the radical trapping efficiency, essentially quantitative chain extension of polyolefin-Br macroinitiator with acrylates is consistently demonstrated, indicating successful second block formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khidong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jacobo Strong
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | | | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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3
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Sánchez-Morán H, Kaar JL, Schwartz DK. Supra-biological performance of immobilized enzymes enabled by chaperone-like specific non-covalent interactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2299. [PMID: 38485940 PMCID: PMC10940687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Designing complex synthetic materials for enzyme immobilization could unlock the utility of biocatalysis in extreme environments. Inspired by biology, we investigate the use of random copolymer brushes as dynamic immobilization supports that enable supra-biological catalytic performance of immobilized enzymes. This is demonstrated by immobilizing Bacillus subtilis Lipase A on brushes doped with aromatic moieties, which can interact with the lipase through multiple non-covalent interactions. Incorporation of aromatic groups leads to a 50 °C increase in the optimal temperature of lipase, as well as a 50-fold enhancement in enzyme activity. Single-molecule FRET studies reveal that these supports act as biomimetic chaperones by promoting enzyme refolding and stabilizing the enzyme's folded and catalytically active state. This effect is diminished when aromatic residues are mutated out, suggesting the importance of π-stacking and π-cation interactions for stabilization. Our results underscore how unexplored enzyme-support interactions may enable uncharted opportunities for using enzymes in industrial biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Sánchez-Morán
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Campus Box 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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4
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Kröckert KW, Garg F, Heck J, Heinz MV, Lange J, Schmidt R, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. ATRP catalysts of tetradentate guanidine ligands - do guanidine donors induce a faster atom transfer? Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38258473 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tripodal tetradentate N donor ligands stabilise the most active ATRP catalyst systems. Here, we set out to synthesise the new guanidine ligand TMG-4NMe2uns-penp, inspired by p-substituted tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) ligands. The impact of changing pyridine against guanidine donors was examined through solid state and solution experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In the solid state, the molecular structures of copper complexes based on the ligands TMG-4NMe2uns-penp, TMG-uns-penp and TMG3tren were discussed concerning the influence of a NMe2 substituent at the pyridines and the guanidine donors. In solution, the TMG-4NMe2uns-penp system was investigated by several methods, including UV/Vis, EPR and NMR spectroscopy indicating similar properties to that of the highly active TPMANMe2 system. The redox potentials were determined and related to the catalytic activity. Besides the expected trends between these and the ligand structures, there is evidence that guanidine donors in tripodal ligand systems lead to a better deactivation and possibly a faster exchange within the ATRP equilibrium than TPMA systems. Supported by DFT calculations, it derives from an easier cleavable Cu-Br bond of the copper(II) deactivator species. The high activity was stated by a controlled initiator for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin W Kröckert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Garg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joshua Heck
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michel V Heinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Justin Lange
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Regina Schmidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Wu D, Li W, Zhang T. Surface-Initiated Zerovalent Metal-Mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization (SI-Mt 0CRP) for Brush Engineering. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2329-2340. [PMID: 37616063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe surface-tethered polymer brush has become a powerful approach to tailoring the chemical and physical properties of surfaces and interfaces and revealed broad application prospects in widespread fields such as self-cleaning, surface lubrication, and antibiofouling. Access to these diverse functional polymer brushes is highly dependent on versatile and powerful surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) strategies. However, conventional SI-CRP typically requires oxygen exclusion, large amounts of catalysts and monomer solution, and a long reaction time, making it time-consuming and sophisticated. When using a two-plate system consisting of an initiator-bearing substrate and a metal plate, we and our collaborators introduced surface-initiated zerovalent metal-mediated controlled radical polymerization (SI-Mt0CRP). In the SI-Mt0CRP setup, a metal(0) plate (Cu, Fe, Zn, or Sn) is placed proximately to an initiator-functionalized substrate and forms a confined polymerization system which considerably simplifies the synthesis of a wide range of polymer brushes with high grafting densities over large areas (up to the meter scale).In comparison to classical SI-ATRP (catalyzed by metal salts), SI-Mt0CRP demonstrates oxygen tolerance, high controllability, good retention of chain-end functionality, and facile recyclability of the metal catalysts (i.e., metal foil/plate). Taking advantage of the confined geometry of the SI-Mt0CRP setup, polymer brushes with various conformations and architectures are easily accessible while consuming only microliter volumes of monomer solution and without complicated operations under ambient conditions. Owing to these attractive characteristics, SI-Mt0CRP has become a versatile technique for functionalizing materials for targeted applications, ranging from the areas of surface science to materials science and nanotechnology.In this Account, we summarize the recent advances of SI-Mt0CRP catalyzed by zerovalent metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Zn, and Sn) and highlight the intrinsic advantages of the featured experimental setup, compared with the "classical" SI-CRP in which metal salt, powder, or wire is applied. We further discuss the synthetic features and proposed mechanism of SI-Mt0CRP while emphasizing the various external technologies' (including "on water" reaction, galvanic replacement, lithography, and capillary microfluidic) integrated polymerization systems. We also describe structural polymer brushes, including block copolymers, patterned and gradient structures, and arrayed and binary polymer brushes. Finally, we introduce the diverse polymer brushes that have been prepared using these techniques, with a focus on targeted and emerging applications. We anticipate that the discussion presented in this Account will promote a better understanding of the SI-Mt0CRP technique and advance the future development of practical surface brushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wang J, Liu J, Li L, Kong J, Zhang X. Mn-MOF catalyzed multi-site atom transfer radical polymerization electrochemical sensing of miRNA-21. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:317. [PMID: 37488331 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A green electrochemical biosensor was developed based on metal-organic framework (MOF)-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for quantifying miRNA-21, used as the proof-of-concept analyte. Unlike conventional ATRP, Mn-PCN-222 (PCN, porous coordination network) could be used as an alternative for green catalyst to substitute traditional catalysts. First, poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) was fixed on the surface of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, and then the Mn-PCN-222 was linked to ITO electrode via electrostatic binding with PDDA. Next, aminated ssDNA (NH2-DNA) was used to modify the electrode further by amide reaction with Mn-PCN-222. Then, the recognition and hybridization of NH2-DNA with miRNA-21 prompt the generation of DNA-RNA complexes, which further hybridize with Fc-DNA@β-CD-Br15 and permit the initiator to be immobilized on the electrode surface. Accordingly, β-CD-Br15 could initiate the polymerization of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylates (FcMMA) under the catalysis of MOF to complete the ATRP reaction. FcMMA presented a distinct electrochemical signal at ~ 0.33 V. Taking advantage of the unique multi-site properties of β-CD-Br15 and the efficient catalytic reaction induced by Mn-PCN-222, ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-21 was achieved with a detection limit of 0.4 fM. The proposed electrochemical biosensor has been applied to the detection of miRNA-21 in serum samples. Therefore, the proposed strategy exhibited potential in early clinical biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingliang Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, People's Republic of China
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7
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Sánchez-Morán H, Gonçalves LRB, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Framework for Optimizing Polymeric Supports for Immobilized Biocatalysts by Computational Analysis of Enzyme Surface Hydrophobicity. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Sánchez-Morán
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza, Ceará CEP 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L. Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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8
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Kapil K, Jazani AM, Szczepaniak G, Murata H, Olszewski M, Matyjaszewski K. Fully Oxygen-Tolerant Visible-Light-Induced ATRP of Acrylates in Water: Toward Synthesis of Protein-Polymer Hybrids. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2017-2026. [PMID: 36938511 PMCID: PMC10019465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, photoinduced ATRP techniques have been developed to harness the energy of light to generate radicals. Most of these methods require the use of UV light to initiate polymerization. However, UV light has several disadvantages: it can degrade proteins, damage DNA, cause undesirable side reactions, and has low penetration depth in reaction media. Recently, we demonstrated green-light-induced ATRP with dual catalysis, where eosin Y (EYH2) was used as an organic photoredox catalyst in conjunction with a copper complex. This dual catalysis proved to be highly efficient, allowing rapid and well-controlled aqueous polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate without the need for deoxygenation. Herein, we expanded this system to synthesize polyacrylates under biologically relevant conditions using CuII/Me6TREN (Me6TREN = tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine) and EYH2 at ppm levels. Water-soluble oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether acrylate (average M n = 480, OEOA480) was polymerized in open reaction vessels under green light irradiation (520 nm). Despite continuous oxygen diffusion, high monomer conversions were achieved within 40 min, yielding polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (1.17 ≤ D̵ ≤ 1.23) for a wide targeted DP range (50-800). In situ chain extension and block copolymerization confirmed the preserved chain end functionality. In addition, polymerization was triggered/halted by turning on/off a green light, showing temporal control. The optimized conditions also enabled controlled polymerization of various hydrophilic acrylate monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate), and zwitterionic carboxy betaine acrylate. Notably, the method allowed the synthesis of well-defined acrylate-based protein-polymer hybrids using a straightforward reaction setup without rigorous deoxygenation.
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Zaborniak I, Pieńkowska N, Chmielarz P, Bartosz G, Dziedzic A, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Nitroxide-containing amphiphilic polymers prepared by simplified electrochemically mediated ATRP as candidates for therapeutic antioxidants. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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10
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Recent Advances in the Application of ATRP in the Synthesis of Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051234. [PMID: 36904474 PMCID: PMC10007417 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) have enabled the precise design and preparation of nanostructured polymeric materials for a variety of biomedical applications. This paper briefly summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of bio-therapeutics for drug delivery based on linear and branched block copolymers and bioconjugates using ATRP, which have been tested in drug delivery systems (DDSs) over the past decade. An important trend is the rapid development of a number of smart DDSs that can release bioactive materials in response to certain external stimuli, either physical (e.g., light, ultrasound, or temperature) or chemical factors (e.g., changes in pH values and/or environmental redox potential). The use of ATRPs in the synthesis of polymeric bioconjugates containing drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as systems applied in combination therapies, has also received considerable attention.
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11
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Wu D, Yin X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li D, Yang F, Wang L, Chen Y, Wang J, Yang H, Liu X, Liu F, Zhang T. Tinware-Inspired Aerobic Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization (SI-Sn 0CRP) for Biocompatible Surface Engineering. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:71-76. [PMID: 36576724 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface anchored polymer brushes prepared by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) have raised considerable interest in biomaterials and bioengineering. However, undesired residues of noxious transition metal catalysts critically restrain their widespread biomedical applications. Herein, we present a robust and biocompatible surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization catalyzed by a Sn(0) sheet (SI-Sn0CRP) under ambient conditions. Through this approach, microliter volumes of vinyl monomers with diverse functions (heterocyclic, ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic) could be efficiently converted to homogeneous polymer brushes. The excellent controllability of SI-Sn0CRP strategy is further demonstrated by the exquisite fabrication of predetermined block and patterned polymer brushes through chain extension and photolithography, respectively. Additionally, in virtue of intrinsic biocompatibility of Sn, the resultant polymer brushes present transcendent affinity toward blood and cell, in marked contrast to those of copper-based approaches. This strategy could provide an avenue for the controllable fabrication of biocompatible polymer brushes toward biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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12
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PVDF-Based Fluoropolymer Modifications via Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7798967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Graft modifications of PVDF fluoropolymers have been identified as the efficient route to improve the properties and expand the applications. Taking advantage of C-F and C-Cl bonds in the repeat units, atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP) were widely used for graft modification. Recently, photoinduced ATRP has shown good spatial and temporal control over the polymerization process in contrast to thermal activation mode. This minireview highlights the progress in PVDF-based fluoropolymer modifications by using photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated ATRP and organocatalyzed ATRP. The challenges and opportunities are proposed with the aim at advancing the development of synthesis and applications of fluoropolymer.
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13
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Martinez MR, Schild D, De Luca Bossa F, Matyjaszewski K. Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates by Iron ATRP. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dirk Schild
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ferdinando De Luca Bossa
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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14
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Theodorou A, Gounaris D, Voutyritsa E, Andrikopoulos N, Baltzaki CIM, Anastasaki A, Velonia K. Rapid Oxygen-Tolerant Synthesis of Protein-Polymer Bioconjugates via Aqueous Copper-Mediated Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4241-4253. [PMID: 36067415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates usually requires extensive and costly deoxygenation procedures, thus limiting their availability and potential applications. In this work, we report the ultrafast synthesis of polymer-protein bioconjugates in the absence of any external deoxygenation via an aqueous copper-mediated methodology. Within 10 min and in the absence of any external stimulus such as light (which may limit the monomer scope and/or disrupt the secondary structure of the protein), a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers could be successfully grafted from a BSA macroinitiator, yielding well-defined polymer-protein bioconjugates at quantitative yields. Our approach is compatible with a wide range of monomer classes such as (meth) acrylates, styrene, and acrylamides as well as multiple macroinitiators including BSA, BSA nanoparticles, and beta-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Notably, the synthesis of challenging protein-polymer-polymer triblock copolymers was also demonstrated, thus significantly expanding the scope of our strategy. Importantly, both lower and higher scale polymerizations (from 0.2 to 35 mL) were possible without compromising the overall efficiency and the final yields. This simple methodology paves the way for a plethora of applications in aqueous solutions without the need of external stimuli or tedious deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Theodorou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Dimitris Gounaris
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Errika Voutyritsa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Nicholas Andrikopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | | | | | - Kelly Velonia
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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15
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Guérinot A, Cossy J, G.-Simonian N. SO2-Extrusive 1,4-(Het)Aryl Migration: Synthesis of α-Aryl Amides and Related Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract(Het)aryl migration has emerged as a key synthetic tool and has particularly been exploited for the synthesis of α-aryl amides. This method overcomes the existing α-arylation methods, which are not always compatible with the introduction of (het)aryl groups possessing bulky or electrophilic substituents. This review focuses on SO2-extrusive (het)aryl migration in the frame of α-aryl amide synthesis. Anion- and radical-mediated transformations are reported, including the synthesis of polycyclic compounds through cascade reactions.1 Introduction2 Anionic Aryl Migration3 Radical Aryl Migration4 Conclusion
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16
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Kröckert KW, Garg F, Heinz MV, Lange J, Simões PP, Schmidt R, Bienemann O, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. Understanding the structure-activity relationship and performance of highly active novel ATRP catalysts. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13272-13287. [PMID: 35983714 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper bromide complexes based on a series of substituted guanidine-quinolinyl and -pyridinyl ligands are reported. The ligand systems were chosen based on the large variation with regard to their flexibility in the backbone, different guanidine moieties and influence by electron density donating groups. Relationships between the molecular structures and spectroscopic and electronic properties are described. Beside the expected increase in activity by substituting the 4-position (NMe2vs. H), we showed that a higher flexibility, such as TMG vs. DMEG moiety, leads to a better stabilsiation of the copper(II) complex. Due to the correlation of the potentials and KATRP values, the catalyst based on the ligand TMGm4NMe2py is the most active copper complex for ATRP with a bidentate ligand system. The combination of the strong donating abilities of dimethylamine pyridinyl, the donor properties of the TMG substituent, and the improved flexibility due to the methylene bridging unit leads to high activity. With all NMe2-substituted systems standard ATRP experiments were conducted and with more active NMe2-substituted pyridinyl systems, ICAR ATRP experiments of styrene were conducted. Low dispersities and ideal molar masses have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin W Kröckert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Garg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michel V Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Justin Lange
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Patricia P Simões
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Regina Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Olga Bienemann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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18
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Zaborniak I, Sroka M, Chmielarz P. Lemonade as a rich source of antioxidants: Polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate in lemon extract. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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De Bon F, Lorandi F, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC, Matyjaszewski K, Isse AA. Dual electrochemical and chemical control in atom transfer radical polymerization with copper electrodes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6008-6018. [PMID: 35685801 PMCID: PMC9132085 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), Cu0 acts as a supplemental activator and reducing agent (SARA ATRP) by activating alkyl halides and (re)generating the CuI activator through a comproportionation reaction, respectively. Cu0 is also an unexplored, exciting metal that can act as a cathode in electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP). Contrary to conventional inert electrodes, a Cu cathode can trigger a dual catalyst regeneration, simultaneously driven by electrochemistry and comproportionation, if a free ligand is present in solution. The dual regeneration explored herein allowed for introducing the concept of pulsed galvanostatic electrolysis (PGE) in eATRP. During a PGE, the process alternates between a period of constant current electrolysis and a period with no applied current in which polymerization continues via SARA ATRP. The introduction of no electrolysis periods without compromising the overall polymerization rate and control is very attractive, if large current densities are needed. Moreover, it permits a drastic charge saving, which is of unique value for a future scale-up, as electrochemistry coupled to SARA ATRP saves energy, and shortens the equipment usage. The use of a Cu cathode in eATRP allows exploiting the synergistic effect between electrochemical and chemical stimuli to halt or accelerate polymerizations, reduce energy consumption and achieve control in challenging systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 I-35131 Padova Italy .,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Ave 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Armenio C Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 I-35131 Padova Italy
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20
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Xu S, Zhang W, Wang C, Peng W, Shi G, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, He Y, Qiao X, Pang X. Mechanically induced atom transfer radical polymerization with high efficiency via piezoelectric heterostructures. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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22
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Yin X, Wu D, Yang H, Wang J, Zhang X, Li H, Zheng T, Wang L, Zhang T. Galvanic-Replacement-Assisted Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Functional Polymer Brush Engineering. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:296-302. [PMID: 35575363 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a facile and robust strategy, namely, galvanic-replacement-assisted surface-initiated Cu(0)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (gr-SI-Cu0ATRP, or gr-SI-Cu0CRP) for polymer brush engineering under ambient conditions. In gr-SI-Cu0ATRP, highly active and nanostructured Cu(0) surfaces are obtained by a simple galvanic replacement on zinc/aluminum surfaces in dilute Cu2+ solution. Polymer brush growth rate is extremely high (up to ∼904 nm in 30 min polymerization); meanwhile, both nano Cu(0) surfaces and Cu2+ solution can be reused multiple times without losing grafting efficiency. We also demonstrate that the gr-SI-Cu0ATRP is advantageous for polymer brush engineering on arbitrary substrates, including flexible (polyethylene terephthalate), curved (polycarbonate), and porous (anodic aluminum oxide), and endow the substrates with various functionalities, for example, anti-icing, antifogging, and ion selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tianyue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Kearns MM, Morley CN, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Sponza AD, Chakma P, De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Chiu M, Anastasaki A, Konkolewicz D. A general model for the ideal chain length distributions of polymers made with reversible deactivation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A general model is developed for the distribution of polymers made with reversible deactivation. The model is applied to a range of experimental systems including RAFT, cationic and ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Colleen N. Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro D. Sponza
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | | | - Melanie Chiu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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24
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Flejszar M, Chmielarz P, Gießl M, Wolski K, Smenda J, Zapotoczny S, Cölfen H. A new opportunity for the preparation of PEEK-based bone implant materials: From SARA ATRP to photo-ATRP. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Soly S, Mistry B, Murthy CN. Photo‐mediated metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization: recent advances in organocatalysts and perfection towards polymer synthesis. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soly
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - Bhavita Mistry
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - CN Murthy
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
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26
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Britten CN, Lason K, Walters KB. Facile Synthesis of Tertiary Amine Pendant Polymers by Cu 0-Mediated ATRP under Aqueous Conditions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin N. Britten
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Kristen Lason
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Keisha B. Walters
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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27
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Albers RF, Magrini T, Romio M, Leite ER, Libanori R, Studart AR, Benetti EM. Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Polymer-Brush Gradients within Elastomeric Supports by Cu 0-Mediated Surface-Initiated ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1099-1106. [PMID: 35549080 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cu0-mediated surface-initiated ATRP (Cu0 SI-ATRP) emerges as a versatile, oxygen-tolerant process to functionalize three-dimensional (3D), microporous supports forming single and multiple polymer-brush gradients with a fully tunable composition. When polymerization mixtures are dispensed on a Cu0-coated plate, this acts as oxygen scavenger and source of active catalyst. In the presence of an ATRP initiator-bearing microporous elastomer placed in contact with the metallic plate, the reaction solution infiltrates by capillarity through the support, simultaneously triggering the controlled growth of polymer brushes. The polymer grafting process proceeds with kinetics that are determined by the progressive infiltration of the reaction solution within the microporous support and by the continuous diffusion of catalyst regenerated at the Cu0 surface. The combination of these effects enables the accessible generation of 3D polymer-brush gradients extending across the microporous scaffolds used as supports, finally providing materials with a continuous variation of interfacial composition and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Faggion Albers
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tommaso Magrini
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Romio
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Edson R. Leite
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Libanori
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André R. Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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28
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Kim D, Do J, Kim K, Kim Y, Lee H, Seo B, Lee W, Jeon HB, Cho HY, Paik HJ. Branch-Controlled ATRP Via Sulfoxide Chemistry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Juhyuk Do
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yeonji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Bongkuk Seo
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Advanced Industrial Chemistry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Hong Y. Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hyun-jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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29
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Sun M, Lorandi F, Yuan R, Dadashi-Silab S, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Assemblies of Polyacrylonitrile-Derived Photoactive Polymers as Blue and Green Light Photo-Cocatalysts for Cu-Catalyzed ATRP in Water and Organic Solvents. Front Chem 2021; 9:734076. [PMID: 34476232 PMCID: PMC8407075 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.734076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescent nanosized quasi-spherical polymeric assemblies prepared by the hydrothermal reaction of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ht-PLPPAN, were demonstrated to have the ability to photo-induce atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) catalyzed by low, parts per million concentrations of CuII complex with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA). Such photo induced ATRP reactions of acrylate and methacrylate monomers were performed in water or organic solvents, using ht-PLPPAN as the photo-cocatalyst under blue or green light irradiation. Mechanistic studies indicate that ht-PLPPAN helps to sustain the polymerization by facilitating the activation of alkyl bromide species by two modes: 1) green or blue light-driven photoreduction of the CuII catalyst to the activating CuI form, and 2) direct activation of dormant alkyl bromide species which occurs only under blue light. The photoreduction of the CuII complex by ht-PLPPAN was confirmed by linear sweep voltammetry performed under illumination. Analysis of the polymerization kinetics in aqueous media indicated even though CuI complexes comprised only 1-1.4% of all Cu species at equilibrium, they exhibited high activation rate constant and activated the alkyl bromide initiators five to six orders of magnitude faster than ht-PLPPAN.
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30
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Long W, Ouyang H, Hu X, Liu M, Zhang X, Feng Y, Wei Y. State-of-art review on preparation, surface functionalization and biomedical applications of cellulose nanocrystals-based materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:591-615. [PMID: 34271046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a class of sustainable nanomaterials that are obtained from plants and microorganisms. These naturally derived nanomaterials are of abundant hydroxyl groups, well biocompatibility, low cost and biodegradable potential, making them suitable and promising candidates for various applications, especially in biomedical fields. In this review, the recent advances and development on the preparation, surface functionalization and biomedical applications of CNCs-based materials have been summarized and outlined. The main context of this paper could be divided into the following three parts. In the first part, the preparation strategies based on physical, chemical, enzymatic and combination techniques for preparation of CNCs have been summarized. The surface functionalization methods for synthesis CNCs-based materials with designed properties and functions were outlined in the following section. Finally, the current state about applications of CNCs-based materials for tissue engineering, medical hydrogels, biosensors, fluorescent imaging and intracellular delivery of biological agents have been highlighted. Moreover, current issues and future directions about the above aspects have also pointed out and discussed. We believe this review will attract great research attention of scientists from materials, chemistry, biomedicine and other disciplines. It will also provide some important insights on the future development of CNCs-based materials especially in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Meiying Liu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yulin Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polyer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhang Y, Jiang D, Fang Z, Zhu N, Sun N, He W, Liu C, Zhao L, Guo K. Photomediated core modification of organic photoredox catalysts in radical addition: mechanism and applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9432-9441. [PMID: 34349917 PMCID: PMC8279010 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrophenazines and their analogues have been widely used as strong reducing photoredox catalysts in radical chemistry, such as organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). However, when dihydrophenazines were employed as organic photoredox catalysts (OPCs) to mediate O-ATRP, the initiator efficiency was nonquantitative due to cross-coupling between dihydrophenazines and radical species. Here, a new kind of core modification for dihydrophenazines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines was developed through this cross-coupling process. Mechanistic studies suggested that the radical species would be more likely to couple with OPC' radical cations rather than the ground-state OPC. Core modification of OPCs could stabilize the radical ions in an oxidative quenching catalytic cycle. Significantly, core modifications of OPCs could lower the energy of light required for photoexcitation. Compared with their noncore-modified counterparts, all the core-modified dihydrophenazines and phenoxazines exhibited efficient performance in controlling O-ATRP for the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) with higher initiator efficiencies under the irradiation of simulated sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Naixian Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
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Zaborniak I, Macior A, Chmielarz P, Smenda J, Wolski K. Hydrophobic modification of fir wood surface via low ppm ATRP strategy. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pavan P, Lorandi F, De Bon F, Gennaro A, Isse AA. Enhancement of the Rate of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Organic Solvents by Addition of Water: An Electrochemical Study. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pavan
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Present address: Centre for Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE) Department of Chemical Engineering University of Coimbra Rua Silvio Lima, Polo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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Andersen C, Zverina L, Ehtiati K, Thormann E, Mordhorst H, Pamp SJ, Madsen NJ, Daugaard AE. Antimicrobial PDMS Surfaces Prepared through Fast and Oxygen-Tolerant SI-SARA-ATRP, Using Na 2SO 3 as a Reducing Agent. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14551-14558. [PMID: 34124478 PMCID: PMC8190881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is an attractive, versatile, and convenient material for use in biomedical devices that are in direct contact with the user. A crucial component in such a device is its surface in terms of antimicrobial properties preventing infection. Moreover, due to its inherent hydrophobicity, PDMS is rather prone to microbial colonization. Thus, developing an antimicrobial PDMS surface in a simple, large-scale, and applicable manner is an essential step in fully exploiting PDMS in the biomedical device industry. Current chemical modification methods for PDMS surfaces are limited; therefore, we present herein a new method for introducing an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator onto the PDMS surface via the base-catalyzed grafting of [(chloromethyl)phenylethyl]trimethoxysilane to the PDMS. The initiator surface was grafted with poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) brushes via a surface-initiated supplemental activator and reducing agent ATRP (SI-SARA-ATRP). The use of sodium sulfite as a novel reducing agent in SI-SARA-ATRP allowed for polymerization during complete exposure to air. Moreover, a fast and linear growth was observed for the polymer over time, leading to a 400 nm thick polymer layer in a 120 min reaction time. Furthermore, the grafted PDMAEMA was quaternized, using various alkylhalides, in order to study the effect on surface antimicrobial properties. It was shown that antimicrobial activity not only depended highly on the charge density but also on the amphiphilicity of the surface. The fast reaction rate, high oxygen tolerance, increased antimicrobial activity, and the overall robustness and simplicity of the presented method collectively move PDMS closer to its full-scale exploitation in biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Andersen
- Danish
Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Libor Zverina
- Danish
Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Koosha Ehtiati
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mordhorst
- National
Food Institute, Technical University of
Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sünje J. Pamp
- National
Food Institute, Technical University of
Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Danish
Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Tawade BV, Apata IE, Pradhan N, Karim A, Raghavan D. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polymer-Grafted Low-K and High-K Nanoparticles for Dielectric and Electronic Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:2942. [PMID: 34063362 PMCID: PMC8157189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) or hairy nanoparticles (HNPs) by tethering of polymer chains to the surface of nanoparticles is an important technique to obtain nanostructured hybrid materials that have been widely used in the formulation of advanced polymer nanocomposites. Ceramic-based polymer nanocomposites integrate key attributes of polymer and ceramic nanomaterial to improve the dielectric properties such as breakdown strength, energy density and dielectric loss. This review describes the "grafting from" and "grafting to" approaches commonly adopted to graft polymer chains on NPs pertaining to nano-dielectrics. The article also covers various surface initiated controlled radical polymerization techniques, along with templated approaches for grafting of polymer chains onto SiO2, TiO2, BaTiO3, and Al2O3 nanomaterials. As a look towards applications, an outlook on high-performance polymer nanocomposite capacitors for the design of high energy density pulsed power thin-film capacitors is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhausaheb V. Tawade
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (B.V.T.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Ikeoluwa E. Apata
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (B.V.T.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Nihar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA;
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Dharmaraj Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (B.V.T.); (I.E.A.)
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Szczepaniak G, Fu L, Jafari H, Kapil K, Matyjaszewski K. Making ATRP More Practical: Oxygen Tolerance. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1779-1790. [PMID: 33751886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a well-known technique for the controlled polymerization of vinyl monomers under mild conditions. However, as with any other radical polymerization, ATRP typically requires rigorous oxygen exclusion, making it time-consuming and challenging to use by nonexperts. In this Account, we discuss various approaches to achieving oxygen tolerance in ATRP, presenting the overall progress in the field.Copper-mediated ATRP, which we first discovered in the late 1990s, uses a CuI/L activator that reversibly reacts with the dormant C(sp3)-X polymer chain end, forming a X-CuII/L deactivator and a propagating radical. Oxygen interferes with activation and chain propagation by quenching the radicals and oxidizing the activator. At ATRP equilibrium, the activator is present at a much higher concentration than the propagating radicals. Thus, oxidation of the activator is the dominant inhibition pathway. In conventional ATRP, this reaction is irreversible, so oxygen must be strictly excluded to achieve good results.Over the last two decades, our group has developed several ATRP techniques based on the concept of regenerating the activator. When the oxidized activator is continuously converted back to its active reduced form, then the catalytic system itself can act as an oxygen scavenger. Regeneration can be accomplished by reducing agents and photo-, electro-, and mechanochemical stimuli. This family of methods offers a degree of oxygen tolerance, but most of them can tolerate only a limited amount of oxygen and do not allow polymerization in an open vessel.More recently, we discovered that enzymes can be used in auxiliary catalytic systems that directly deoxygenate the reaction medium and protect the polymerization process. We developed a method that uses glucose oxidase (GOx), glucose, and sodium pyruvate to very effectively scavenge oxygen and enable open-vessel ATRP. By adding a second enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HPR), we managed to extend the role of the auxiliary enzymatic system to generating carbon-based radicals and changed ATRP from an oxygen-sensitive to an oxygen-fueled reaction.While performing control experiments for the enzymatic methods, we noticed that using sodium pyruvate under UV irradiation triggers polymerization without the presence of GOx. This serendipitous discovery allowed us to develop the first oxygen-proof, small-molecule-based, photoinduced ATRP system. It has oxygen tolerance similar to that of the enzymatic methods, exhibits superior compatibility with both aqueous media and organic solvents, and avoids problems associated with purifying polymers from enzymes. The system was able to rapidly polymerize N-isopropylacrylamide, a challenging monomer, with a high degree of control.These contributions have substantially simplified the use of ATRP, making it more practical and accessible to everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hossein Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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38
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Isse AA, Gennaro A. Electrochemistry for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2203-2222. [PMID: 33750023 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is the most powerful and most employed technology of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) to produce polymers with well-defined architecture, that is, composition, topology, and functionality. Several hundreds of papers are published every year on ATRP processes, mainly based on empiric experimental procedures. Electrochemistry powerfully entered in the field of ATRP about 10 years ago, providing important contributions both to the further development of the process and to a better understanding of its mechanism. Five main issues took advantage of electrochemistry and/or its synergism with ATRP: i) understanding the mechanism of ATRP activation; ii) determination of thermodynamic parameters; iii) determination of activation and deactivation rate constants; iv) the SARA ATRP vs SET-LRP dispute: the role of Cu0 ; v) electrochemically-mediated ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
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39
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Grishin DF, Grishin ID. Modern trends in controlled synthesis of functional polymers: fundamental aspects and practical applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Major trends in controlled radical polymerization (CRP) or reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), the most efficient method of synthesis of well-defined homo- and copolymers with specified parameters and properties, are critically analyzed. Recent advances associated with the three classical versions of CRP: nitroxide mediated polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the prospects for the application of photoinitiation and photocatalysis in CRP. This approach, which has been intensively explored recently, brings synthetic methods of polymer chemistry closer to the light-induced processes of macromolecular synthesis occurring in living organisms. Examples are given of practical application of CRP techniques to obtain industrially valuable, high-tech polymeric products.
The bibliography includes 429 references.
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Wei Q, Sun M, Lorandi F, Yin R, Yan J, Liu T, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Cu-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Liquid Metal Micro/Nanodroplets. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangbing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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41
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Liu J, Wang T, Luo Z, Zhou Y. In silico
mechanically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization: A detailed kinetic study. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Tian‐Tian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
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42
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Yin R, Wang Z, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Tuning dispersity of linear polymers and polymeric brushes grown from nanoparticles by atom transfer radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular weight distribution imposes considerable influence on the properties of polymers, making it an important parameter, impacting morphology and structural behavior of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Aklujkar PS, Rao AR. Developments in the Components of Metal‐Free Photoinitiated Organocatalyzed‐Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O‐ATRP). ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritish. S. Aklujkar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga East Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Adarsh. R. Rao
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga East Mumbai 400019 India
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44
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Jin J, Guo J, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Kinetic features of
iron‐based
electrochemically mediated
ATRP
revealed by Monte Carlo simulation. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Jun‐Kang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
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45
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Fung AKK, Coote ML. A mechanistic perspective on atom transfer radical polymerization. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred KK Fung
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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Szczepaniak G, Łagodzińska M, Dadashi-Silab S, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Fully oxygen-tolerant atom transfer radical polymerization triggered by sodium pyruvate. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8809-8816. [PMID: 34123134 PMCID: PMC8163335 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) is one of the most robust reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) systems. However, the limited oxygen tolerance of conventional ATRP impedes its practical use in an ambient atmosphere. In this work, we developed a fully oxygen-tolerant PICAR (photoinduced initiators for continuous activator regeneration) ATRP process occurring in both water and organic solvents in an open reaction vessel. Continuous regeneration of the oxidized form of the copper catalyst with sodium pyruvate through UV excitation allowed the chemical removal of oxygen from the reaction mixture while maintaining a well-controlled polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) or methyl acrylate (MA) monomers. The polymerizations of NIPAM were conducted with 250 ppm (with respect to the monomer) or lower concentrations of CuBr2 and a tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine ligand. The polymers were synthesized to nearly quantitative monomer conversions (>99%), high molecular weights (M n > 270 000), and low dispersities (1.16 < Đ < 1.44) in less than 30 min under biologically relevant conditions. The reported method provided a well-controlled ATRP (Đ = 1.16) of MA in dimethyl sulfoxide despite oxygen diffusion from the atmosphere into the reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Matylda Łagodzińska
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX13QZ UK
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
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Wang Y, Nguyen M, Gildersleeve AJ. Macromolecular Engineering by Applying Concurrent Reactions with ATRP. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1706. [PMID: 32751403 PMCID: PMC7463969 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern polymeric material design often involves precise tailoring of molecular/supramolecular structures which is also called macromolecular engineering. The available tools for molecular structure tailoring are controlled/living polymerization methods, click chemistry, supramolecular polymerization, self-assembly, among others. When polymeric materials with complex molecular architectures are targeted, it usually takes several steps of reactions to obtain the aimed product. Concurrent polymerization methods, i.e., two or more reaction mechanisms, steps, or procedures take place simultaneously instead of sequentially, can significantly reduce the complexity of the reaction procedure or provide special molecular architectures that would be otherwise very difficult to synthesize. Atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP, has been widely applied in concurrent polymerization reactions and resulted in improved efficiency in macromolecular engineering. This perspective summarizes reported studies employing concurrent polymerization methods with ATRP as one of the reaction components and highlights future research directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA;
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Mary Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA;
| | - Amanda J. Gildersleeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA;
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48
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Enciso AE, Lorandi F, Mehmood A, Fantin M, Szczepaniak G, Janesko BG, Matyjaszewski K. p
‐Substituted Tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amines as Ligands for Highly Active ATRP Catalysts: Facile Synthesis and Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Christian University 2800 South University Drive Fort Worth TX 76129 USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Benjamin G. Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Christian University 2800 South University Drive Fort Worth TX 76129 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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49
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Enciso AE, Lorandi F, Mehmood A, Fantin M, Szczepaniak G, Janesko BG, Matyjaszewski K. p-Substituted Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines as Ligands for Highly Active ATRP Catalysts: Facile Synthesis and Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14910-14920. [PMID: 32416006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient two-step synthesis of p-substituted tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) ligands to form Cu complexes with the highest activity to date in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is presented. In the divergent synthesis, p-Cl substituents in tris(4-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA3Cl ) were replaced in one step and high yield by electron-donating cyclic amines (pyrrolidine (TPMAPYR ), piperidine (TPMAPIP ), and morpholine (TPMAMOR )) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The [CuII (TPMANR2 )Br]+ complexes exhibited larger energy gaps between frontier molecular orbitals and >0.2 V more negative reduction potentials than [CuII (TPMA)Br]+ , indicating >3 orders of magnitude higher ATRP activity. [CuI (TPMAPYR )]+ exhibited the highest reported activity for Br-capped acrylate chain ends in DMF, and moderate activity toward C-F bonds at room temperature. ATRP of n-butyl acrylate using only 10-25 part per million loadings of [CuII (TPMANR2 )Br]+ exhibited excellent control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 South University Drive, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 South University Drive, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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50
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Dadashi-Silab S, Lee IH, Anastasaki A, Lorandi F, Narupai B, Dolinski ND, Allegrezza ML, Fantin M, Konkolewicz D, Hawker CJ, Matyjaszewski K. Investigating Temporal Control in Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Benjaporn Narupai
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Allegrezza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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