1
|
Williams-Pavlantos K, Mokarizadeh AH, Curole BJ, Grayson SM, Tsige M, Wesdemiotis C. Elucidation of Dithiol-yne Comb Polymer Architectures by Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1665. [PMID: 38932016 PMCID: PMC11207239 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers have a wide range of applications depending on their composition, size, and architecture. Varying any of these three characteristics can greatly impact the resulting chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. While many techniques are available to determine polymer composition and size, determining the exact polymer architecture is more challenging. Herein, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) methods are utilized to derive crucial architectural information about dithiol-yne comb polymers. Based on their unique fragmentation products and IM drift times, dithiol-yne oligomers with distinct architectures were successfully differentiated and characterized. Additionally, experimental collision cross-sections (Ω) derived via IM-MS were compared to theoretically extracted Ω values from molecular dynamics simulated structures to deduce the architectural motif of these comb oligomers. Overall, this work demonstrates the benefits of combining various mass spectrometry techniques in order to gain a complete understanding of a complex polymer mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdol Hadi Mokarizadeh
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (A.H.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Brennan J. Curole
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (A.H.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA;
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (A.H.M.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weng Z, Song L, Qi Y, Li J, Cao Q, Liu C, Zhang S, Wang J, Jian X. Natural magnolol derivatives as platform chemicals for bio-based phthalonitrile thermoset: Achieving high performances without an external curing agent. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
4
|
Harris RA, Picache JA, Tomlinson ID, Zlibut E, Ellis BM, May JC, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Mass spectrometry and ion mobility study of poly(ethylene glycol)-based polyurethane oligomers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8662. [PMID: 31731326 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Commercial-grade polymer synthesis is performed via melt polymerization, which leads to polydispersion. The work reported herein provides a synthetic strategy to produce mono-dispersive polyurethane oligomers and an analytical strategy to distinguish these oligomers, providing chemists with the tools necessary to synthesize and identify specific polymer structures that exhibit a desired property. METHODS Three isomeric poly(ethylene glycol)-polyurethane (PEG-PUR) oligomers were synthesized and analyzed via flow-injection ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Each polymer oligomer was injected and run independently via flow injection at 100 μL•min-1 and analyzed in positive ion mode on a drift tube quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) instrument. Mobility measurements were determined using a single-field approach. For tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments, the sodium-adducted singly charged precursor ion was isolated in the quadrupole and subjected to a range of collision energies. RESULTS In MS experiments, both +1 and +2 sodium-adducted species were observed for each oligomer at m/z 837.4 and 430.2, respectively. When isolated and fragmented via MS/MS, the +1 precursor yielded distinct product ions for each of the three isomeric oligomers. Fragmentation generally occurred at urethane linkages via 1,3- and 1,5-H shift mechanisms. IM was also used to distinguish the three isomers, with greater IM separation observed for the +2 versus the +1 species. CONCLUSIONS Mono-disperse PEG-PUR oligomers were synthesized and analyzed. Although the polymeric oligomers analyzed in this study are quite small and structurally simple, this work serves as a model system for the synthesis and structural characterization of larger, more complex block copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jaqueline A Picache
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ian D Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Emanuel Zlibut
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Berkley M Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Z, Liu Y, Peng W, Lu Z, Liang B, Liu Y, Li C, Hu J, Zeng K, Yang G. New model phthalonitrile resin system based on self‐promoted curing reaction for exploring the mechanism of radical promoted‐polymerization effect. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghuai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Synthesis and characterization of polycarbodiimides by MALDI-TOF MS and NMR spectroscopy: kinetic and mechanism study. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Yuan P, Ji S, Hu J, Hu X, Zeng K, Yang G. Systematic study on highly efficient Thermal Synergistic Polymerization effect between alicyclic imide moiety and phthalonitrile: Scope, Properties and Mechanism. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Gies AP, Stefanov Z, Rau NJ, Chakraborty D, Boopalachandran P, Chauvel JP. Iron(III)-Catalyzed Chain Growth Reactions of Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Gies
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Zdravko Stefanov
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Nathan J. Rau
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Debashis Chakraborty
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Praveenkumar Boopalachandran
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - J. Paul Chauvel
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| |
Collapse
|