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Ma Z, Liu G, Hu N, Chen L, Wei J. pH-induced morphological transition of aggregates formed by miktoarm star polymers in dilute solution: a mesoscopic simulation study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:24240-24249. [PMID: 39101066 PMCID: PMC11295911 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of miktoarm star polymers μ-A i (B(D)) j C k in a neutral solution and the pH-responsive behaviors of vesicles and spherical micelles in an acidic solution have been investigated by DPD simulation. The results show that the self-assembled morphologies can be regulated by the lengths of pH-responsive arm B and hydrophilic arm C, leading to the formation of vesicles, discoidal micelles, and spherical micelles in a neutral solution. The dynamic evolution pathways of vesicles and spherical micelles are categorized into three stages: nucleation, coalescence, and growth. Subsequently, the pH-responsive behaviors of vesicles and spherical micelles have been explored by tuning the protonation degree of pH-responsive arm B. The vesicles evolves from nanodisks to nanosheets, then to nanoribbons, as the protonation degree increases, corresponding to a decrease in pH value, while the spherical micelles undergoes a transition into worm-like micelles, nanosheets, and nanoribbons. Notably, the electrostatic interaction leads the counterions to form a regular hexagonal pattern in nanosheets, while an alternative distribution of charged beads has been observed in nanoribbons. Furthermore, the role of the electrostatic interaction in the morphological transition has been elucidated through the analysis of the distribution of positive and negative charges, as well as the electrostatic potential for associates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Ma
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China
| | - Gaiqin Liu
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China
| | - Nan Hu
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China
| | - Jianwei Wei
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing 400054 China
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2
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Blovský T, Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Changes in Ion Concentrations upon the Binding of Short Polyelectrolytes on Phospholipid Bilayers: Computer Study Addressing Interesting Physiological Consequences. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173634. [PMID: 36080710 PMCID: PMC9459791 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This computer study was inspired by the experimental observation of Y. Qian et al. published in ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2018 that the short positively charged β-peptide chains and their oligomeric analogues efficiently suppress severe medical problems caused by antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria despite them not penetrating the bacterial membrane. Our coarse-grained molecular dynamics (dissipative particle dynamics) simulations confirm the tentative explanation of the authors of the experimental study that the potent antimicrobial activity is a result of the entropically driven release of divalent ions (mainly magnesium ions essential for the proper biological function of bacteria) into bulk solution upon the electrostatic binding of β-peptides to the bacterial membrane. The study shows that in solutions containing cations Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and anions Cl−, the divalent cations preferentially concentrate close to the membrane and neutralize the negative charge. Upon the addition of positively charged oligomer chains (models of β-peptides and their analogues), the oligomers electrostatically bind to the membrane replacing divalent ions, which are released into bulk solvent. Our simulations indicate that the entropy of small ions (which controls the behavior of synthetic polyelectrolyte solutions) plays an important role in this and also in other similar biologically important systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Blovský
- The Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šindelka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Rozvojová 135/1, Suchdol, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- The Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- The Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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3
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Díaz J, Soltau M, Lísal M, Carbone P, Pagonabarraga I. Adsorption of amphiphilic grafted polymers as polymer corrosion inhibitors: insights from mesoscopic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11992-12001. [PMID: 35532223 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00504b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The homogeneous covering of amphiphillic polymer molecules onto metallic surfaces is of great importance for corrosion inhibitor applications. Lyophillic side chains grafted onto a lyophobic backbone act as anchors that allow the molecule to absorb at the metallic surface preventing the exposure with the solvent. Coarse-grained simulations are used to study the sorption and conformation behaviour of amphiphillic grafted polymers for corrosion inhibition. The backbone insolubility is found to play a key role in the sorption and conformation behaviour in the dilute limit. For finite concentrations, moderate backbone solubility and moderate molecule concentrations achieve optimal surface coverage, while highly a lyophobic backbone leads to bulk-like structures as a consequence of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Díaz
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime - Avenue Forel 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | | | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Úst nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime - Avenue Forel 2, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland. .,Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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4
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Javan Nikkhah S, Cazade PA, McManus JJ, Thompson D. Design Rules for Antibody Delivery by Self-Assembled Block-Copolyelectrolyte Nanocapsules. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sousa Javan Nikkhah
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pierre A. Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jennifer J. McManus
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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5
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Procházka K, Limpouchová Z, Štěpánek M, Šindelka K, Lísal M. DPD Modelling of the Self- and Co-Assembly of Polymers and Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Media: Impact on Polymer Science. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:404. [PMID: 35160394 PMCID: PMC8838752 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article is addressed to a broad community of polymer scientists. We outline and analyse the fundamentals of the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation method from the point of view of polymer physics and review the articles on polymer systems published in approximately the last two decades, focusing on their impact on macromolecular science. Special attention is devoted to polymer and polyelectrolyte self- and co-assembly and self-organisation and to the problems connected with the implementation of explicit electrostatics in DPD numerical machinery. Critical analysis of the results of a number of successful DPD studies of complex polymer systems published recently documents the importance and suitability of this coarse-grained method for studying polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (M.Š.)
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (M.Š.)
| | - Miroslav Štěpánek
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.L.); (M.Š.)
| | - Karel Šindelka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (M.L.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632, 400 96 Ústí n. Labem, Czech Republic
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6
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Miao Z, Chen Z, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhou J. Dual-responsive zwitterion-modified nanopores:a mesoscopic simulation study. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2740-2749. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, dissipative particle dynamics simulation was carried out to investigate the intelligent switching effect of nanopores grafted by the zwitterionic polymer brushes poly(carboxybetaine) with excellent antifouling property. The...
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7
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Sgouros AP, Knippenberg S, Guillaume M, Theodorou DN. Multiscale simulations of polyzwitterions in aqueous bulk solutions and brush array configurations. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10873-10890. [PMID: 34807216 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers are very promising candidates for antifouling materials that exhibit high chemical stability as compared to polyethylene glycol-based systems. A number of simulation and experimental studies have emerged over recent years for the investigation of sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic polymers. Investigating the structural and thermodynamic properties of such polymers requires access to broad time and length regimes, thus necessitating the development of multiscale simulation strategies. The present article advocates a mesoscopic dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model capable of addressing a wide range of time and length scales. The mesoscopic force field was developed hand-in-hand with atomistic simulations based on the OPLS force field through a bottom-up parameterization procedure that matches the atomistically calculated strand-length, strand-angle and pair distribution functions. The DPD model is validated against atomistic simulations conducted in this work, and against relevant atomistic simulation studies, theoretical predictions and experimental correlations from the literature. Properties examined include the conformations of SPE polymers in dilute bulk aqueous solution, the density profile and thickness of brush arrays as functions of the grafting density and chain length. In addition, we compute the potential of mean force of an approaching hydrophilic or hydrophobic foulant via umbrella sampling as a function of its position relative to the poly-zwitterion-covered surface. The aforementioned observables lead to important insights regarding the conformational tendencies of grafted polyzwitterions and their antifouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis P Sgouros
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Stefan Knippenberg
- Solid State Battery Applicability Laboratory, Solvay SA, 310 Rue de Ransbeek, B-1120 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Guillaume
- Solid State Battery Applicability Laboratory, Solvay SA, 310 Rue de Ransbeek, B-1120 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Doros N Theodorou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
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8
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Chiangraeng N, Keyen U, Yoshida N, Nimmanpipug P. Temperature-responsive morphology formation of a PS- b-PI copolymer: a dissipative particle dynamics simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6248-6258. [PMID: 34124726 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00152c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly responsiveness to stimuli of polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI) diblock copolymer materials is explored by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. A concerted relationship between the parameters achieved from atomistic and DPD simulations is obtained for this molecular recognition as clearly pronounced in a phase transition. Effects of temperature, model size and composition on the morphological formation were systematically investigated for the diblock copolymeric system. Structural changes resulting in the evolution of rheology as well as an equilibrium ordered structure were analyzed in terms of order parameters and radial distribution functions. From our models, various morphologies were observed including discrete clusters (sphere-liked morphology), connected clusters (gyroid-liked morphology), hexagonally packed cylinders (HEX), connected cylinders, irregular cylinders, perfect lamellae, perforated lamellae and defected lamellae. Based on this finding, a bottom-up multi-scale simulation of the PS-b-PI diblock copolymer provides a link between equilibrium copolymeric morphologies and the crucial parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthiti Chiangraeng
- Computational Simulation Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ukrit Keyen
- Computational Simulation Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Norio Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Piyarat Nimmanpipug
- Computational Simulation Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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9
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Wang J, Liu L, Yan G, Li Y, Gao Y, Tian Y, Jiang L. Ionic Transport and Robust Switching Properties of the Confined Self-Assembled Block Copolymer/Homopolymer in Asymmetric Nanochannels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14507-14517. [PMID: 33733727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of block copolymers in a confined space has been proven to be a facile and robust strategy for fabricating assembled structures with various potential applications. Herein, we employed a new pH-responsive polymer self-assembly method to regulate ion transport inside artificial nanochannels. The track-etched asymmetric nanochannels were functionalized with PS22k-b-P4VP17k/hPS4k blend polymers, and the ionic conductance and rectification properties of the proposed system were investigated. The pH-actuated changes in the surface charge and wettability resulted in the selective pH-gated ionic transport behavior. The designed system showed a good switching property to the pH stimulus and could recover during the repetitive experiments. The gating ability of the polymer-nanochannel system increased with increasing the weight of the homopolymer, and the proposed platform demonstrated robust stability and reusability. Numerical and the dissipative particle dynamics simulations were implemented to emulate the pH-dependent self-assembling behavior of diblock copolymers in a confined space, which were consistent with the experimental observations. As an example of the self-assembly of polymers in nanoconfinements, this work provides a facile and robust strategy for the regulation of ion transport in synthetic nanochannels. Meanwhile, this work can be further extended to design artificial smart nanogates for various applications such as mass delivery and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Liu
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilong Yan
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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10
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Solubilization of Charged Porphyrins in Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes: A Computer Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:502. [PMID: 33562022 PMCID: PMC7915837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using coarse-grained dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) with explicit electrostatics, we performed (i) an extensive series of simulations of the electrostatic co-assembly of asymmetric oppositely charged copolymers composed of one (either positively or negatively charged) polyelectrolyte (PE) block A and one water-soluble block B and (ii) studied the solubilization of positively charged porphyrin derivatives (P+) in the interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) cores of co-assembled nanoparticles. We studied the stoichiometric mixtures of 137 A10+B25 and 137 A10-B25 chains with moderately hydrophobic A blocks (DPD interaction parameter aAS=35) and hydrophilic B blocks (aBS=25) with 10 to 120 P+ added (aPS=39). The P+ interactions with other components were set to match literature information on their limited solubility and aggregation behavior. The study shows that the moderately soluble P+ molecules easily solubilize in IPEC cores, where they partly replace PE+ and electrostatically crosslink PE- blocks. As the large P+ rings are apt to aggregate, P+ molecules aggregate in IPEC cores. The aggregation, which starts at very low loadings, is promoted by increasing the number of P+ in the mixture. The positively charged copolymers repelled from the central part of IPEC core partially concentrate at the core-shell interface and partially escape into bulk solvent depending on the amount of P+ in the mixture and on their association number, AS. If AS is lower than the ensemble average ⟨AS⟩n, the copolymer chains released from IPEC preferentially concentrate at the core-shell interface, thus increasing AS, which approaches ⟨AS⟩n. If AS>⟨AS⟩n, they escape into the bulk solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Rozvojová 1, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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11
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Ahmadian I, Peters AJ. Phase behavior of AB/CD diblock copolymer blends via coarse-grained simulation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3069-3081. [PMID: 32134101 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram of equimolar blends of AB and CD diblock copolymers has been studied using dissipative particle dynamics. All unlike blocks interacted with the same χ, except for the B-C interaction, for which χBC < 0 in order to prevent macrophase separation. The BC interaction was able to prevent macrophase separation except for low volume fractions of B and C (φBC⪅ 0.1) and relatively equal fractions of A and D. For high φBC (φBC⪆ 0.92), a disordered state was obtained. For all microphase separated states the shapes/morphologies were described by the ratios of the eigenvalues of the radius of gyration tensor and their sphericity. These were used to classify the domains as forming sphere, cylinders, lamellae, or branched/gyroidal structures. For φBC < 0.5 the BC domains acted as an interfacial region which compatibilized the A and D domains, while for φBC > 0.5 the BC domain filled in the space between A and D domains. Several interesting structures were formed including a novel connected/branched spheres morphology, hierarchical lamellae, concentric spheres/cylinders, and a combination of cylinders/lamellae. Comparisons are made with the linear diblock and linear triblock phase diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ahmadian
- Louisiana Tech University, Institute for Micromanufacturing, P.O. Box 10137, Ruston, LA 71272, USA.
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Sevinis Ozbulut EB, Seven S, Bilge K, Akkas T, Tas CE, Yildiz B, Atilgan C, Menceloglu YZ, Unal S. Blends of highly branched and linear poly(arylene ether sulfone)s: Multiscale effect of the degree of branching on the morphology and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Computer study of the solubilization of polymer chains in polyelectrolyte complex cores of polymeric nanoparticles in aqueous media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29876-29888. [PMID: 30468444 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation and structure of nanoparticles containing non-polar polymer chains solubilized in interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPC) cores and the partitioning of non-polar chains between bulk solvent and IPC cores were studied by coarse-grained computer simulations. The choice of the model system was inspired by experimental results published by van der Burgh et al. (Langmuir, 2004, 20, 1073-1084). The dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations reproduced the structure and basic features of co-assembled nanoparticles described by experimentalists well at the semi-quantitative coarse-grained level and revealed new properties of co-assembled particles. The simulated co-assemblies were used as reference systems for the solubilization studies. Their results show that non-polar polymers (electrically neutral and compatible with core-forming chains) solubilize easily in IPC cores. They intermix with polyelectrolyte blocks in cores and do not hinder, but, on the contrary, they slightly promote the electrostatic co-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Structure and solvation thermodynamics of asymmetric poly (acrylic acid)-b-polystyrene polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelle in water: Effect of charge density and chemical composition. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Seaton MA. DL_MESO_DPD: development and use of mesoscale modelling software. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1524143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Fanova A, Šindelka K, Uchman M, Limpouchová Z, Filippov SK, Pispas S, Procházka K, Štěpánek M. Coassembly of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with Dodecyl and Carboxyl Terminal Groups with Cationic Surfactant: Critical Comparison of Experimental and Simulation Data. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Fanova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šindelka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mariusz Uchman
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sergey K. Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical & Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Štěpánek
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Svoboda M, Lísal M, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Effect of preferential solvation of polymer chains on vapor-pressure osmometry results: Computer simulation study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2018.1423726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n. Lab, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n. Lab, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Mesoscopic Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Wang Z, Deng X, Ding J, Zhou W, Zheng X, Tang G. Mechanisms of drug release in pH-sensitive micelles for tumour targeted drug delivery system: A review. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:253-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Posel Z, Svoboda M, Limpouchová Z, Lísal M, Procházka K. Adsorption of amphiphilic graft copolymers in solvents selective for the grafts on a lyophobic surface: a coarse-grained simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6533-6547. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sorption of graft copolymers on surfaces attractive only for the backbone and its effect on the conformational behavior of adsorbed/desorbed chains in solvents good for the grafts and poor for the backbone was studied by coarse-grained computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University
- Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscale Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Svoboda
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscale Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Department of Molecular and Mesoscale Modelling, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS, v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University
- Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
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20
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Tan H, Yu C, Lu Z, Zhou Y, Yan D. A dissipative particle dynamics simulation study on phase diagrams for the self-assembly of amphiphilic hyperbranched multiarm copolymers in various solvents. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:6178-6188. [PMID: 28798969 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic hyperbranched multiarm copolymers (HMCs) has shown great potential for preparing all kinds of delicate supramolecular structures in all scales and dimensions in solution. However, theoretical studies on the influencing factors for the self-assembly of HMCs have been greatly lagging behind. The phase diagram of HMCs in selective solvents is very necessary but has not been disclosed up to now. Here, the self-assembly of HMCs with different hydrophilic fractions in various solvents was studied systematically by using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Three morphological phase diagrams are constructed and a rich variety of morphologies, ranging from spherical micelles, worm-like micelles, membranes, vesicles, vesosomes, small micellar aggregates (SMAs), and aggregates of spherical and worm-like micelles to helical micelles, are obtained. In addition, both the self-assembly mechanisms and the dynamic processes for the formation of these self-assemblies have been systematically investigated. The simulation results are consistent with available experimental observations. Besides, several novel structures, like aggregates of spherical and worm-like micelles, vesosomes and helical micelles, are firstly discovered for HMC self-assembly. We believe the current work will extend the knowledge on the self-assembly of HMCs, especially on the control of supramolecular structures and on fabricating novel self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
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21
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Lísal M, Šindelka K, Suchá L, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Dissipative particle dynamics simulations of polyelectrolyte self-assemblies. Methods with explicit electrostatics. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238217010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Peters AJ, Lodge TP. Chain Exchange Kinetics of Asymmetric B1AB2 Linear Triblock and AB1B2 Branched Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Peters
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Conformational behavior of polymer chains of different architectures in strongly endothermic solvent mixtures: specific solvation effects. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Borreguero JM, Pincus PA, Sumpter BG, Goswami M. Dynamics of Charged Species in Ionic-Neutral Block Copolymer and Surfactant Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2017. [PMID: 28636369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-property relationships of ionic block copolymer (BCP) surfactant complexes are critical toward the progress of favorable engineering design of efficient charge-transport materials. In this article, molecular dynamics simulations are used to understand the dynamics of charged-neutral BCP and surfactant complexes. The dynamics are examined for two different systems: charged-neutral double-hydrophilic and hydrophobic-hydrophilic block copolymers with oppositely charged surfactant moieties. The dynamics of the surfactant head, tails, and charges are studied for five different BCP volume fractions. We observe that the dynamics of the different species solely depend on the balance between electrostatic and entropic interactions between the charged species and the neutral monomers. The favorable hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions and the unfavorable hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions determine the mobilities of the monomers. The dynamical properties of the charge species influence complex formation. Structural relaxations exhibit length-scale dependent behavior, with slower relaxation at the radius of gyration length-scale and faster relaxation at the segmental length-scale, consistent with previous results. The dynamical analysis correlates ion-exchange kinetics to the self-assembly behavior of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Borreguero
- Neutron Data Analysis & Visualization, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Philip A Pincus
- Department of Material Science, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Monojoy Goswami
- Center for Nanophase Material Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.,Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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25
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Štěpánek M, Procházka K. Stabilization of coated inorganic nanoparticles by amphiphilic copolymers in aqueous media. Dissipative particle dynamics study. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Rud O, Richter T, Borisov O, Holm C, Košovan P. A self-consistent mean-field model for polyelectrolyte gels. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3264-3274. [PMID: 28247898 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to modeling polyelectrolyte gels, exploiting the analogy between star-branched polymers and polymer networks as a computationally inexpensive yet reliable alternative to full-scale simulations. In the numerical mean-field model of a star-like polymer we modify the boundary conditions to represent an infinite network. We validate the predictions of our new model against a coarse-grained simulation model. We also validate it against a phenomenological analytical model which has been previously shown to agree with simulations in a limited range of parameters. The mean-field model explicitly considers local density gradients and agrees with the simulation results in a broad range of parameters, beyond that of the analytical model. Finally, we use the mean-field model for predictions of the swelling behaviour of weak polyelectrolyte gels under different pH conditions. We demonstrate that the local density gradients are important and that the ionization of the weak polyelectrolyte gel is significantly suppressed. Under the studied conditions the effective pKA is about one unit higher than that of the free monomer. This shift in the effective pKA stems from the different pH values inside and outside the gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Rud
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. and Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Tobias Richter
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. and Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254 CNRS UPPA, Pau, France and Saint-Petersburg National University of Informational Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, Kronverkskiy pr., 49 A, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Košovan
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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27
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Posel Z, Svoboda M, Colina CM, Lísal M. Flow and aggregation of rod-like proteins in slit and cylindrical pores coated with polymer brushes: an insight from dissipative particle dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1634-1645. [PMID: 28133676 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use a meso-scale dissipative particle dynamics method to simulate the flow and aggregation of rod-like protein solutions through pores grafted with a solvent-sensitive polymer brush. The coated pores can control protein permeability and aggregation by a stretch-to-collapse conformational transition of the brush polymers in response to changes in the solvent quality. The protein solutions mimic aqueous glycoprotein solutions and proteins are represented as rod-like objects formed by coarse-grain beads. The model further employs two types of beads to represent the existence of cystein-like terminal groups in real glycoproteins and mimic the aggregation of real glycoproteins in aqueous solutions. We vary the solvent quality with respect to the brush chains and study the flow and aggregation of rod-like proteins in the slit and cylindrical pores as the brush polymers undergo the stretch-to-collapse transition. The results show that stretched brush chains close the pore, hamper proteins' flow and promote proteins' aggregation. The collapsed brush chains open the pores for proteins' flow and suppress their aggregation. Therefore, we observe more than a ten-fold reduction in the permeation rate of proteins in both pore geometries. Finally, due to pore confinement, larger proteins' aggregates are formed in the slit pore than in the cylindrical pore, while more pronounced orientation of proteins in the flow direction is seen in the cylindrical pore than in the slit pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic. and Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Svoboda
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Coray M Colina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
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28
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Prhashanna A, Dormidontova EE. Tadpole and Mixed Linear/Tadpole Micelles of Diblock Copolymers: Thermodynamics and Chain Exchange Kinetics. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammu Prhashanna
- Polymer Program, Institute
of Materials Science and Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Elena E. Dormidontova
- Polymer Program, Institute
of Materials Science and Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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29
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Borreguero JM, Pincus PA, Sumpter BG, Goswami M. Unraveling the Agglomeration Mechanism in Charged Block Copolymer and Surfactant Complexes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip A. Pincus
- Department
of Material Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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30
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Yu C, Ma L, Li K, Li S, Liu Y, Liu L, Zhou Y, Yan D. Computer Simulation Studies on the pH-Responsive Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Carboxy-Terminated Polyester Dendrimers in Aqueous Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:388-399. [PMID: 28001081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the pH-responsive self-assembly of an amphiphilic carboxyl-terminated polyester dendrimer, H20-COOH, in aqueous solution using the dissipative particle dynamics method. The electrostatic interactions were described by introducing the explicit interaction between the smeared charges on ionized polymer beads and the counterions. The results show that the self-assemblies could change from unimolecular micelles, microphase-separated small micelles, wormlike micelles, sheetlike micelles, and small vesicles to large vesicles with the decrease in the degree of ionization (α) of carboxylic acid groups. In addition, the detailed self-assembly mechanisms and the molecular packing models have also been disclosed for each self-assembly stages. Interestingly, the wormlike micelles are found to change from linear to branched when α decreases from 0.182 to 0.109. The current work might serve as a comprehensive understanding on the effect of carboxylic acid groups on the self-assembly behaviors of dendritic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Yu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shanlong Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Center for Membrane and Water Science and Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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31
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Hu J, Zhang C, Li X, Han J, Ji F. Architectural evolution of phase domains in shape memory polyurethanes by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The MDI phase in SMPUs develops a framework with netpoints evolving from spheres, to linked-spheres, linked-cylinders, and then to linked-bi-crossing-cylinders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Base
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Base
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Applied Mathematics
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Base
| | - Fenglong Ji
- School of Textiles and Clothing
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen
- China
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32
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Procházka K, Šindelka K, Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Lísal M. Self-assembly and co-assembly of block polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions. Dissipative particle dynamics with explicit electrostatics. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1225130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šindelka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of Aerosols, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n.L., Czech Republic
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33
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Ghelichi M, Qazvini NT. Self-organization of hydrophobic-capped triblock copolymers with a polyelectrolyte midblock: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4611-4620. [PMID: 27116478 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a Langevin dynamics simulation study of micellar organization and hydrogel formation in the solutions of coarse-grained ABA copolymer chains. Polymer chains are modeled as bead-spring chains of Lennard-Jones particles by explicit treatment of ionic species in implicit solvent. The studied copolymer is composed of a polyelectrolyte midblock flanked by two hydrophobic endblocks. We explore the self-assembly of copolymer solutions at a fixed polymer concentration and temperature upon systematic variation of the midblock charge fraction, valency of neutralizing counterions, and the stiffness and length of hydrophobic endblocks. Minimization of the surface energy, conformational entropy of the midblock chains, electrostatic repulsion of midblock charges, and the translational entropy of counterions are found to play central roles in controlling the self-organization features of copolymer solutions. Flower-like micelles with A-blocks forming the core of spherical aggregates and B-blocks constituting the micelle corona are established for the neutral midblocks. Increasing the charge content of B chains lowers the fraction of loop conformations and yields a spanning hydrogel network with midblocks bridging the hydrophobic clusters. Counterion valence is shown to exert a strong effect on the micelle size and network structure. The increase in the rigidity of terminal A-blocks increases the fraction of bridging chains and results in the formation of a hydrogel network with bundle-like hydrophobic domains. Longer endblocks are shown to increase the hydrophobic cluster size and enhance the bridged midblock fraction. The qualitative agreement between the experimental and theoretical studies is also discussed. The comprehensive molecular picture provides a framework for the future studies of stimuli-responsive copolymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghelichi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Nader Taheri Qazvini
- Polymer Division, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran and Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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34
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Ramezani M, Shamsara J. Application of DPD in the design of polymeric nano-micelles as drug carriers. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 66:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Wang X, Lísal M, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Computer Study of Chromatographic Separation Process: A Monte Carlo Study of H-Shaped and Linear Homopolymers in Good Solvent. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory
of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135/1, 165 02 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České
Mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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36
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Lee MT, Vishnyakov A, Neimark AV. Coarse-grained model of water diffusion and proton conductivity in hydrated polyelectrolyte membrane. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:014902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4938271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, USA
| | - Aleksey Vishnyakov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, USA
| | - Alexander V. Neimark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, USA
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37
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Lísal M, Procházka K. The electrostatic co-assembly in non-stoichiometric aqueous mixtures of copolymers composed of one neutral water-soluble and one polyelectrolyte (either positively or negatively charged) block: a dissipative particle dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16137-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrostatic co-assembly in non-stoichiometric aqueous mixtures of diblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University in Prague
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University in Prague
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
- Department of Physics
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University in Prague
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
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38
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Lísal M, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. The self-assembly of copolymers with one hydrophobic and one polyelectrolyte block in aqueous media: a dissipative particle dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16127-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reversible self-assembly of copolymers with one hydrophobic and one polyelectrolyte block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS
- v. v. i
- 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University in Prague
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University in Prague
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
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39
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Rodríguez-Hidalgo MDR, Soto-Figueroa C, Vicente L. Identification of micellar stability zones and structural inversion process of thermoresponsive polymeric micelles by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Mao R, Lee MT, Vishnyakov A, Neimark AV. Modeling Aggregation of Ionic Surfactants Using a Smeared Charge Approximation in Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11673-83. [PMID: 26241704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations, we explore the specifics of micellization in the solutions of anionic and cationic surfactants and their mixtures. Anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are chosen as characteristic examples. Coarse-grained models of the surfactants are constructed and parameterized using a combination of atomistic molecular simulation and infinite dilution activity coefficient calibration. Electrostatic interactions of charged beads are treated using a smeared charge approximation: the surfactant heads and dissociated counterions are modeled as beads with charges distributed around the bead center in an implicit dielectric medium. The proposed models semiquantitatively describe self-assembly in solutions of SDS and CTAB at various surfactant concentrations and molarities of added electrolyte. In particular, the model predicts a decline in the free surfactant concentration with the increase of the total surfactant loading, as well as characteristic aggregation transitions in single-component surfactant solutions caused by the addition of salt. The calculated values of the critical micelle concentration reasonably agree with experimental observations. Modeling of catanionic SDS-CTAB mixtures show consecutive transitions to worm-like micelles and then to vesicles caused by the addition of CTAB to micellar solution of SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfang Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ming-Tsung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Aleksey Vishnyakov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Alexander V Neimark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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41
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Lee MT, Vishnyakov A, Neimark AV. Modeling Proton Dissociation and Transfer Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4395-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Lee
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
| | - Aleksey Vishnyakov
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
| | - Alexander V. Neimark
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
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42
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Meneses-Juárez E, Márquez-Beltrán C, Rivas-Silva JF, Pal U, González-Melchor M. The structure and interaction mechanism of a polyelectrolyte complex: a dissipative particle dynamics study. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5889-5897. [PMID: 26112168 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of complex formation of two oppositely charged linear polyelectrolytes dispersed in a solvent is investigated by using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation. In the polyelectrolyte solution, the size of the cationic polyelectrolyte remains constant while the size of the anionic chain increases. We analyze the influence of the anionic polyelectrolyte size and salt effect (ionic strength) on the conformational changes of the chains during complex formation. The behavior of the radial distribution function, the end-to-end distance and the radius of gyration of each polyelectrolyte is examined. These results showed that the effectiveness of complex formation is strongly influenced by the process of counterion release from the polyelectrolyte chains. The radius of gyration of the complex is estimated using the Fox-Flory equation for a wormlike polymer in a theta solvent. The addition of salts in the medium accelerates the complex formation process, affecting its radius of gyration. Depending on the ratio of chain lengths a compact complex or a loosely bound elongated structure can be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Meneses-Juárez
- Instituto de Física "Luis Rivera Terrazas", Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
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43
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Dag A, Zhao J, Stenzel MH. Origami with ABC Triblock Terpolymers Based on Glycopolymers: Creation of Virus-Like Morphologies. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:579-583. [PMID: 35596289 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphologies, that resemble viruses, were created using a single ABC triblock terpolymer poly(2-acryloylethyl-α-d-mannopyranoside)-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PAcManA70-b-PBA369-b-PVP370). Morphologies ranging from flower-like micelles, cylindrical micelles, raspberry-like morphologies to nanocaterpillars were obtained by adjusting the pH value during the self-assembly process. The resulting nanoparticles had an abundance of mannose on the surface, which were recognized by the mannose receptors of RAW264.7, a macrophage cell line that can be used as a model for virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydan Dag
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry and School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jiacheng Zhao
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry and School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry and School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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44
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Yeh PD, Alexeev A. Mesoscale modelling of environmentally responsive hydrogels: emerging applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10083-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in mesoscale computational modeling, focusing on dissipative particle dynamics, used to probe stimuli-sensitive behavior of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Yeh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
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45
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Sethuraman V, Nguyen BH, Ganesan V. Coarse-graining in simulations of multicomponent polymer systems. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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46
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Hart KE, Abbott LJ, Lísal M, Colina CM. Morphology and molecular bridging in comb- and star-shaped diblock copolymers. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:204902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4902051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E. Hart
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Lauren J. Abbott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Coray M. Colina
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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47
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Narayanan Nair AK, Uyaver S, Sun S. Conformational transitions of a weak polyampholyte. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134905. [PMID: 25296835 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Narayanan Nair
- Computational Transport Phenomena Laboratory, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahin Uyaver
- Istanbul Commerce University, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Shuyu Sun
- Computational Transport Phenomena Laboratory, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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48
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Šindelka K, Limpouchová Z, Lísal M, Procházka K. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study of Electrostatic Self-Assembly in Aqueous Mixtures of Copolymers Containing One Neutral Water-Soluble Block and One Either Positively or Negatively Charged Polyelectrolyte Block. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šindelka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128
40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128
40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Physics of Aerosols, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135/1, 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České
Mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128
40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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49
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Li NK, Fuss WH, Yingling YG. An Implicit Solvent Ionic Strength (ISIS) Method to Model Polyelectrolyte Systems with Dissipative Particle Dynamics. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan K. Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; North Carolina State University; 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - William H. Fuss
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; North Carolina State University; 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Yaroslava G. Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; North Carolina State University; 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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50
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Characterization of poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers and blends of their homopolymers by liquid chromatography at critical conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6311-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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