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Deng Z, Gillies ER. Emerging Trends in the Chemistry of End-to-End Depolymerization. JACS AU 2023; 3:2436-2450. [PMID: 37772181 PMCID: PMC10523501 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage of their backbone or activation of a terminal functional group, sometimes referred to as "self-immolative" polymers, have been attracting increasing attention. They are of growing interest in the context of enhancing polymer degradability but also in polymer recycling as they allow monomers to be regenerated in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Furthermore, they are highly promising for applications as smart materials due to their ability to provide an amplified response to a specific signal, as a single sensing event is translated into the generation of many small molecules through a cascade of reactions. From a chemistry perspective, end-to-end depolymerization relies on the principles of self-immolative linkers and polymer ceiling temperature (Tc). In this article, we will introduce the key chemical concepts and foundations of the field and then provide our perspective on recent exciting developments. For example, over the past few years, new depolymerizable backbones, including polyacetals, polydisulfides, polyesters, polythioesters, and polyalkenamers, have been developed, while modern approaches to depolymerize conventional backbones such as polymethacrylates have also been introduced. Progress has also been made on the topological evolution of depolymerizable systems, including the introduction of fully depolymerizable block copolymers, hyperbranched polymers, and polymer networks. Furthermore, precision sequence-defined oligomers have been synthesized and studied for data storage and encryption. Finally, our perspectives on future opportunities and challenges in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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Zhang C, Kermaniyan S, Smith SA, Gillies ER, Such GK. Acid-Responsive Poly(glyoxylate) Self-Immolative Star Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3892-3900. [PMID: 34410113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-immolative polymers have significant potential for applications such as drug or gene delivery. However, to realize this potential, such materials need to be customized to respond to specific variations in biological conditions. In this work, we investigated the design of new star-shaped self-immolative poly(ethyl glyoxylate)s (PEtGs) and their incorporation into responsive nanoparticles. PEtGs are a subclass of stimulus-responsive self-immolative polymers, which can be combined with different stimuli-responsive functionalities. Two different tetrathiol initiators were used for the polymerization in combination with a variety of potential pH-responsive end-caps, yielding a library of star PEtG polymers which were responsive to pH. Characterization of the depolymerization behavior of the polymers showed that the depolymerization rate was controlled by the end caps rather than the architecture of the polymer. A selection of the star polymers were modified with amines to allow introduction of charge-shifting properties. It was shown that pH-responsive nanoparticles could be prepared from these modified polymers and they demonstrated pH-dependent particle disruption. The pH responsiveness of these particles was studied by dynamic light scattering and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Zhang
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Kermaniyan
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel A Smith
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Georgina K Such
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 Victoria, Australia
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Hewitt DRO, Grubbs RB. Amine-Catalyzed Chain Polymerization of Ethyl Glyoxylate from Alcohol and Thiol Initiators. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:370-374. [PMID: 35549067 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyacetals have significant potential as degradable polymers, but aldehyde polymerizations are generally difficult to control. Here we show that polymerization of ethyl glyoxylate can be initiated from alcohols or thiols by activation with triethylamine to afford poly(ethyl glyoxylate) with controllable molecular weights and relatively low dispersities (Đ = 1.3-1.4), as evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Stabilization against depolymerization by chain-capping with benzyl chloroformate was found to proceed without side reactions observed from chain-capping with tolyl isocyanate. The use of the stronger base DBU leads to competing side reactions that limit polymer molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. O. Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Robert B. Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Yardley RE, Kenaree AR, Gillies ER. Triggering Depolymerization: Progress and Opportunities for Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sirianni QEA, Rabiee Kenaree A, Gillies ER. Polyglyoxylamides: Tuning Structure and Properties of Self-Immolative Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton E. A. Sirianni
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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Rabiee Kenaree A, Gillies ER. Controlled Polymerization of Ethyl Glyoxylate Using Alkyllithium and Alkoxide Initiators. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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8
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Wang F, Diesendruck CE. Polyphthalaldehyde: Synthesis, Derivatives, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
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Schwartz JM, Phillips O, Engler A, Sutlief A, Lee J, Kohl PA. Stable, High-Molecular-Weight Poly(phthalaldehyde). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Schwartz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Oluwadamilola Phillips
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Anthony Engler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Alexandra Sutlief
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Jihyun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Paul A. Kohl
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332-0100
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Yamamoto T, Tezuka Y. Cyclic polymers revealing topology effects upon self-assemblies, dynamics and responses. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7458-7468. [PMID: 26264187 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01557j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A variety of single- and multicyclic polymers having programmed chemical structures with guaranteed purity have now become obtainable owing to a number of synthetic breakthroughs achieved in recent years. Accordingly, a broadening range of studies has been undertaken to gain updated insights on fundamental polymer properties of cyclic polymers in either solution or bulk, in either static or dynamic states, and in self-assemblies, leading to unusual properties and functions of polymer materials based on their cyclic topologies. In this article, we review recent studies aiming to achieve distinctive properties and functions by cyclic polymers unattainable by their linear or branched counterparts. We focus, in particular, on selected examples of unprecedented topology effects of cyclic polymers upon self-assemblies, dynamics and responses, to highlight current progress in Topological Polymer Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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Abstract
Self-healing is a natural process common to all living organisms which provides increased longevity and the ability to adapt to changes in the environment. Inspired by this fitness-enhancing functionality, which was tuned by billions of years of evolution, scientists and engineers have been incorporating self-healing capabilities into synthetic materials. By mimicking mechanically triggered chemistry as well as the storage and delivery of liquid reagents, new materials have been developed with extended longevity that are capable of restoring mechanical integrity and additional functions after being damaged. This Review describes the fundamental steps in this new field of science, which combines chemistry, physics, materials science, and mechanical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel)
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Scott R White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 (USA).
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DiLauro AM, Lewis GG, Phillips ST. Self-Immolative Poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) and its Applications in Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Macroscopic Plastics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6200-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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DiLauro AM, Lewis GG, Phillips ST. Self-Immolative Poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) and its Applications in Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Macroscopic Plastics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kaitz JA, Moore JS. Copolymerization of o-Phthalaldehyde and Ethyl Glyoxylate: Cyclic Macromolecules with Alternating Sequence and Tunable Thermal Properties. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5013557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Kaitz
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology. University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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