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Abdelrahim M, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Li W, Xing Q, Bradley M, Geng J. Light-mediated intracellular polymerization. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1984-2025. [PMID: 38514838 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of synthetic intracellular polymers offers groundbreaking possibilities in cellular biology and medical research, allowing for novel experiments in drug delivery, bioimaging and targeted cancer therapies. These macromolecules, composed of biocompatible monomers, are pivotal in manipulating cellular functions and pathways due to their bioavailability, cytocompatibility and distinct chemical properties. This protocol details two innovative methods for intracellular polymerization. The first one uses 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure 2959) as a photoinitiator for free radical polymerization under UV light (365 nm, 5 mW/cm2). The second method employs photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization with visible light (470 nm, 100 mW/cm2). We further elaborate on isolating these intracellular polymers by streptavidin/biotin interaction or immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography for polymers tagged with biotin or histidine. The entire process, from polymerization to isolation, takes ~48 h. Moreover, the intracellular polymers thus generated demonstrate significant potential in enhancing actin polymerization, in bioimaging applications and as a novel avenue in cancer treatment strategies. The protocol extends to animal models, providing a comprehensive approach from cellular to systemic applications. Users are advised to have a basic understanding of organic synthesis and cell biology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelrahim
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weishuo Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Xing
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mark Bradley
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Jin Geng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Chung KY, Uddin A, Page ZA. Record release of tetramethylguanidine using a green light activated photocage for rapid synthesis of soft materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10736-10743. [PMID: 37829029 PMCID: PMC10566505 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocages have enabled spatiotemporally governed organic materials synthesis with applications ranging from tissue engineering to soft robotics. However, the reliance on high energy UV light to drive an often inefficient uncaging process limits their utility. These hurdles are particularly evident for more reactive cargo, such as strong organobases, despite their attractive potential to catalyze a range of chemical transformations. Herein, two metal-free boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) photocages bearing tetramethylguanidine (TMG) cargo are shown to induce rapid and efficient polymerizations upon exposure to a low intensity green LED. A suite of spectroscopic characterization tools were employed to identify the underlying uncaging and polymerization mechanisms, while also determining reaction quantum efficiencies. The results are directly compared to state-of-the-art TMG-bearing ortho-nitrobenzyl and coumainylmethyl photocages, finding that the present BODIPY derivatives enable step-growth polymerizations that are >10× faster than the next best performing photocage. As a final demonstration, the inherent multifunctionality of the present BODIPY platform in releasing radicals from one half of the molecule and TMG from the other is leveraged to prepare polymers with starkly disparate physical properties. The present findings are anticipated to enable new applications of photocages in both small-molecule photochemistry for medicine and advanced manufacturing of next generation soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-You Chung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Ain Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
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3
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Yu S, Reddy O, Abaci A, Ai Y, Li Y, Chen H, Guvendiren M, Belfield KD, Zhang Y. Novel BODIPY-Based Photobase Generators for Photoinduced Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45281-45289. [PMID: 37708358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Photobase generators (PBGs) are compounds that utilize light-sensitive chemical-protecting groups to offer spatiotemporal control of releasing organic bases upon targeted light irradiation. PBGs can be implemented as an external control to initiate anionic polymerizations such as thiol-ene Michael addition reactions. However, there are limitations for common PBGs, including a short absorption wavelength and weak base release that lead to poor efficiency in photopolymerization. Therefore, there is a great need for visible-light-triggered PBGs that are capable of releasing strong bases efficiently. Here, we report two novel BODIPY-based visible-light-sensitive PBGs for light-induced activation of the thiol-ene Michael "click" reaction and polymerization. These PBGs were designed by connecting the BODIPY-based light-sensitive protecting group with tetramethylguanidine (TMG), a strong base. Moreover, we exploited the heavy atom effect to increase the efficiency of releasing TMG and the polymerization rate. These BODIPY-based PBGs exhibit extraordinary activity toward thiol-ene Michael addition-based polymerization, and they can be used in surface coating and polymer network formation of different thiol and vinyl monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Yu
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Ojasvita Reddy
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Alperen Abaci
- . . Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 161 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yanmei Li
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- . . Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 161 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Jiang S, Huang H. Mechanism-Guided Design of Chain-Growth Click Polymerization Based on a Thiol-Michael Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217895. [PMID: 36734515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of chain-growth click polymerization is challenging yet desirable in modern polymer chemistry. In this work, we reported a novel chain-growth click polymerization based on the thiol-Michael reaction. This polymerization could be performed efficiently under ambient conditions and spatiotemporally regulated by ultraviolet light, allowing the synthesis of sulfur-containing polymers in excellent yields and high molecular weights. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the thiolate addition to the Michael acceptor is the rate-determining step, and introducing the phenyl group could facilitate the chain-growth process. This polymerization is a new type of chain-growth click polymerization, which will provide a unique approach to creating functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqiu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hanchu Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Ley C, Siedel A, Bertaux T, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X. Photochemical Processes of Superbase Generation in Xanthone Carboxylic Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214784. [PMID: 36533332 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photobase generators are species that allow the photocatalysis of various reactions, such as thiol-Michael, thiol-isocyanate, and ring-opening polymerization reactions. However, existing compounds have complex syntheses and low quantum yields. To overcome these problems, photobase generators based on the photodecarboxylation reaction were developed. We synthesized and studied the photochemistry and photophysics of two xanthone photobase, their carboxylic acid precursors, and their photoproducts to understand the photobase generation mechanism. We determined accurate quantum yields of triplet states and photobase generation. The effect of the intermediate radical preceding the base release was demonstrated. We characterized the photophysics of the photobase by femtosecond spectroscopy and showed that the photodecarboxylation process occurred from the second excited triplet state with a rate constant of 2.2×109 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ley
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Antoine Siedel
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Tony Bertaux
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
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6
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Dumur F. The Future of Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization for Photocrosslinking Applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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7
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Thiol-divinylbenzene: a thiol-ene system with high storage stability. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Valle M, Ximenis M, Lopez de Pariza X, Chan JMW, Sardon H. Spotting Trends in Organocatalyzed and Other Organomediated (De)polymerizations and Polymer Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203043. [PMID: 35700152 PMCID: PMC9545893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis has evolved into an effective complement to metal‐ or enzyme‐based catalysis in polymerization, polymer functionalization, and depolymerization. The ease of removal and greater sustainability of organocatalysts relative to transition‐metal‐based ones has spurred development in specialty applications, e.g., medical devices, drug delivery, optoelectronics. Despite this, the use of organocatalysis and other organomediated reactions in polymer chemistry is still rapidly developing, and we envisage their rapidly growing application in nascent areas such as controlled radical polymerization, additive manufacturing, and chemical recycling in the coming years. In this Review, we describe ten trending areas where we anticipate paradigm shifts resulting from novel organocatalysts and other transition‐metal‐free conditions. We highlight opportunities and challenges and detail how new discoveries could lead to previously inaccessible functional materials and a potentially circular plastics economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valle
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Marta Ximenis
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
- University of the Balearic Islands UIB Department of Chemistry Cra. Valldemossa, Km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Julian M. W. Chan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals Energy and Environment (ISCE2) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Singapore
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
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Visible‐Light‐Mediated Synthesis of 1‐Oxa‐4‐aza‐spiro Oxazolines by Spiroannulation of Quinones with Vinyl Azides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Sardon H, Valle M, Lopez de Pariza X, Ximenis M, Chan JM. Spotting Trends in Organocatalyzed and Other Organomediated (De)polymerizations and Polymer Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Sardon
- University of Basque Country POLYMAT Paseo Manuel Lardizabal n 3 20018 San Sebastian SPAIN
| | - María Valle
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco POLYMAT SPAIN
| | | | - Marta Ximenis
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco POLYMAT SPAIN
| | - Julian M.W. Chan
- Agency for Science Technology and Research Institue of Chemical and Engineering Science SINGAPORE
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11
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Foster JC, Cook AW, Monk NT, Jones BH, Appelhans LN, Redline EM, Leguizamon SC. Continuous Additive Manufacturing using Olefin Metathesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200770. [PMID: 35274480 PMCID: PMC9108613 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of chemistry is reported to implement selective dual-wavelength olefin metathesis polymerization for continuous additive manufacturing (AM). A resin formulation based on dicyclopentadiene is produced using a latent olefin metathesis catalyst, various photosensitizers (PSs) and photobase generators (PBGs) to achieve efficient initiation at one wavelength (e.g., blue light) and fast catalyst decomposition and polymerization deactivation at a second (e.g., UV-light). This process enables 2D stereolithographic (SLA) printing, either using photomasks or patterned, collimated light. Importantly, the same process is readily adapted for 3D continuous AM, with printing rates of 36 mm h-1 for patterned light and up to 180 mm h-1 using un-patterned, high intensity light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W. Cook
- Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
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13
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Lu H, Huang P, Wu T, Chen C, Shi J, Xu M, Qiu L, Ding Y, Zhu J. PDLC with controllable microstructure using wavelength-selective two-stage polymerization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Zhang C, Jiang K, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xue Z. Lithium Salt-Induced In-Situ Polymerizations Enable Double Network Polymer Electrolytes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100853. [PMID: 35218088 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Structural design is an intriguing strategy to improve the physical and electrochemical performance of polymer electrolytes (PEs) for lithium-ion batteries. However, the complex synthetic process and introduction of non-electrolyte composition severely limit the development and practical application of PEs. Here we report a facile method for the fabrication of a double network polymer electrolyte (DN-PE) through combining the lithium salt-accelerated thiol-Michael addition and lithium salt-catalyzed radical polymerization. By adjusting the reaction temperature, the double network with the crosslinking structure could be in-situ formed step by step at room temperature and 80 °C. Notably, using lithium salt as the accelerator and catalyst avoids the addition of extra species and the related side reactions in the electrolyte system. Compared with single network polymer electrolyte (SN-PE), DN-PE has a distinctly improved mechanical strength and a better interfacial compatibility with the electrode, which leads to a stable cycling of the symmetric Li|DN-PE|Li cell over 1000 h at a current density of 0.05 mA cm-2 . In addition, the Li|DN-PE|LiFePO4 cell shows a high discharge specific capacity of 150.3 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and coulomb efficiency of 99%. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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15
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18
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Wang F, Zhuo Y, He Z, Xiao S, He J, Zhang Z. Dynamic Anti-Icing Surfaces (DAIS). ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101163. [PMID: 34499428 PMCID: PMC8564445 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in surface icephobicity in the recent years. The mainstream standpoint of the reported antiicing surfaces yet only considers the ice-substrate interface and its adjacent regions being of static nature. In reality, the local structures and the overall properties of ice-substrate interfaces evolve with time, temperature and various external stimuli. Understanding the dynamic properties of the icing interface is crucial for shedding new light on the design of new anti-icing surfaces to meet challenges of harsh conditions including extremely low temperature and/or long working time. This article surveys the state-of-the-art anti-icing surfaces and dissects their dynamic changes of the chemical/physical states at icing interface. According to the focused critical ice-substrate contacting locations, namely the most important ice-substrate interface and the adjacent regions in the substrate and in the ice, the available anti-icing surfaces are for the first time re-assessed by taking the dynamic evolution into account. Subsequently, the recent works in the preparation of dynamic anti-icing surfaces (DAIS) that consider time-evolving properties, with their potentials in practical applications, and the challenges confronted are summarized and discussed, aiming for providing a thorough review of the promising concept of DAIS for guiding the future icephobic materials designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- NTNU Nanomechanical LabDepartment of Structural EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim7491Norway
| | - Yizhi Zhuo
- NTNU Nanomechanical LabDepartment of Structural EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim7491Norway
| | - Zhiwei He
- College of Materials and Environmental EngineeringHangzhou Dianzi UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Senbo Xiao
- NTNU Nanomechanical LabDepartment of Structural EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim7491Norway
| | - Jianying He
- NTNU Nanomechanical LabDepartment of Structural EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim7491Norway
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- NTNU Nanomechanical LabDepartment of Structural EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim7491Norway
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21
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Huang S, Kim K, Musgrave GM, Sharp M, Sinha J, Stansbury JW, Musgrave CB, Bowman CN. Determining Michael Acceptor Reactivity from Kinetic, Mechanistic, and Computational Analysis for the Base-catalyzed Thiol-Michael Reaction. Polym Chem 2021; 12:3619-3628. [PMID: 34484433 PMCID: PMC8409055 DOI: 10.1039/d1py00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and computational study of the reactivities of seven commonly used Michael acceptors paired with two thiols within the framework of photobase-catalyzed thiol-Michael reactions is reported. The rate coefficients of the propagation (kP), reverse propagation (k-P), chain-transfer (kCT), and overall reaction (koverall) were experimentally determined and compared with the well-accepted electrophilicity parameters of Mayr and Parr, and DFT-calculated energetics. Both Mayr's and Parr's electrophilicity parameters predict the reactivities of these structurally varying vinyl functional groups well, covering a range of overall reaction rate coefficients from 0.5 to 6.2 s-1. To gain insight into the individual steps, the relative energies have been calculated using DFT for each of the stationary points along this step-growth reaction between ethanethiol and the seven alkenes. The free energies of the individual steps reveal the underlying factors that control the reaction barriers for propagation and chain transfer. Both the propagation and chain transfer steps are under kinetic control. These results serve as a useful guide for Michael acceptor selection to design and predict thiol-Michael-based materials with appropriate kinetic and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Kangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Grant M Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Marcus Sharp
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School of Dental Medicine, Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Fairbanks BD, Macdougall LJ, Mavila S, Sinha J, Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6915-6990. [PMID: 33835796 PMCID: PMC9883840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Coorado 80045, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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23
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Fernandes RJ, Remón P, Moro AJ, Seco A, Ferreira ASD, Pischel U, Basílio N. Toward Light-Controlled Supramolecular Peptide Dimerization. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8472-8478. [PMID: 34060851 PMCID: PMC9161448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective photodeprotection of the NVoc-modified FGG tripeptide yields the transformation of its 1:1 receptor-ligand complex with cucurbit[8]uril into a homoternary FGG2@CB8 assembly. The resulting light-induced dimerization of the model peptide provides a tool for the implementation of stimuli-responsive supramolecular chemistry in biologically relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Fernandes
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patricia Remón
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Artur J Moro
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - André Seco
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana S D Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Nuno Basílio
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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24
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Giacoletto N, Dumur F. Recent Advances in bis-Chalcone-Based Photoinitiators of Polymerization: From Mechanistic Investigations to Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:3192. [PMID: 34073491 PMCID: PMC8199041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, photopolymerization has become an active research field, and the ongoing efforts to develop new photoinitiating systems are supported by the different applications in which this polymerization technique is involved-including dentistry, 3D and 4D printing, adhesives, and laser writing. In the search for new structures, bis-chalcones that combine two chalcones' moieties within a unique structure were determined as being promising photosensitizers to initiate both the free-radical polymerization of acrylates and the cationic polymerization of epoxides. In this review, an overview of the different bis-chalcones reported to date is provided. Parallel to the mechanistic investigations aiming at elucidating the polymerization mechanisms, bis-chalcones-based photoinitiating systems were used for different applications, which are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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25
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Sutherland BP, Kabra M, Kloxin CJ. Expanding the Thiol-X Toolbox: Photoinitiation and Materials Application of the Acid-Catalyzed Thiol-ene (ACT) Reaction. Polym Chem 2021; 12:1562-1570. [PMID: 33815572 PMCID: PMC8011277 DOI: 10.1039/d0py01593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The acid-catalyzed thiol-ene reaction (ACT) is a unique thiol-X conjugation strategy that produces S,X-acetal conjugates. Unlike the well-known radical-mediated thiol-ene and anion-mediated thiol-Michael reactions that produce static thioether bonds, acetals provide unique function for various fields such as drug delivery and protecting group chemistries; however, this reaction is relatively underutilized for creating new and unique materials owing to the unexplored reactivity over a broad set of substrates and potential side reactions. Solution-phase studies using a range of thiol and alkene substrates were conducted to evaluate the ACT reaction as a conjugation strategy. Substrates that efficiently undergo cationic polymerizations, such as those containing vinyl functional groups, were found to be highly reactive to thiols in the presence of catalytic amounts of acid. Additionally, sequential initiation of three separate thiol-X reactions (thiol-Michael, ACT, and thiol-ene) was achieved in a one-pot scheme simply by the addition of the appropriate catalyst demonstrating substrate selectivity. Furthermore, photoinitiation of the ACT reaction was achieved for the first time under 470 nm blue light using a novel photochromic photoacid. Finally, using multifunctional monomers, solid-state polymer networks were formed using the ACT reaction producing acetal crosslinks. The presence of S,X-acetal bonds results in an increased glass transition temperature of 20 °C as compared with the same polymeric film polymerized through the radical thiol-ene mechanism. This investigation demonstrates the broad impact of the ACT reaction and expands upon the diverse thiol-X library of conjugation strategies towards the development of novel materials systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Sutherland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Mukund Kabra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christopher J Kloxin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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26
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Arslan M, Ceylan O, Arslan R, Tasdelen MA. Facile UV-induced covalent modification and crosslinking of styrene-isoprene-styrene copolymer via Paterno-Büchi [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8585-8593. [PMID: 35423409 PMCID: PMC8695305 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical functionalization or modification of polymers to alter or improve the physical and mechanical properties constitutes an important field in macromolecular research. Fabrication of polymeric materials via structural tailoring of commercial or commodity polymers that are produced in vast quantities especially possess unique advantages in material applications. In the present study, we report on benign chemical modification of unsaturated styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) copolymer using available backbone alkene groups. Covalent attachment of aldehyde functional substrates onto reactive isoprene double bond residues was conveniently carried out using UV-induced Paterno–Büchi [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Model organic compounds with different structures were utilized in high efficiency chemical modification of parent polymer chains via oxetane ring formation. Functionalization studies were confirmed via1H NMR, FT-IR and SEC analyses. The methodology was extended to covalent crosslinking of polymer chains to obtain organogels with tailorable crosslinking degrees and physical characteristics. Considering the outstanding elastic properties of unsaturated rubbers and their high commercial availability, abundant reactive double bonds in backbone chains of these polymers offer easy to implement structural modification via proposed Paterno–Büchi photocycloaddition. Paterno–Büchi reaction is reported as a convenient chemical reaction tool to modify unsaturated copolymer elastomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arslan
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ceylan
- Central Research Laboratory, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Rabia Arslan
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University 77100 Yalova Turkey
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27
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Sinha J, Soars S, Bowman CN. Enamine Organocatalysts for the Thiol-Michael Addition Reaction and Cross-Linking Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shafer Soars
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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28
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Roig A, Ramis X, De la Flor S, Serra À. Dual-cured thermosets from glycydil methacrylate obtained by epoxy-amine reaction and methacrylate homopolymerization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Navaruckiene A, Bridziuviene D, Raudoniene V, Rainosalo E, Ostrauskaite J. Influence of Vanillin Acrylate-Based Resin Composition on Resin Photocuring Kinetics and Antimicrobial Properties of the Resulting Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:653. [PMID: 33572575 PMCID: PMC7866989 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the influence of vanillin acrylate-based resin composition on photocuring kinetics and antimicrobial properties of the resulting polymers was performed in order to find efficient photocurable systems for optical 3D printing of bio-based polymers with tunable rigidity, as well as with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Two vanillin derivatives, vanillin diacrylate and vanillin dimethacrylate, were tested in photocurable systems using phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide as a photoinitiator. The influence of vanillin acrylate monomer, amount of photoinitiator, presence and amount of dithiol, and presence of solvent on photocuring kinetics was investigated by real-time photoreometry. Polymers of different rigidity were obtained by changing the photocurable resin composition. The photocuring kinetics of the selected vanillin acrylate-based resins was comparable with that of commercial petroleum-based acrylate resins for optical 3D printing. Polymers based on both vanillin acrylates showed a significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Vanillin diacrylate-based polymer films also demonstrated an antifungal activity in direct contact with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Vanillin diacrylate-based dual curing systems were selected as the most promising for optical 3D printing of bio-based polymers with antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aukse Navaruckiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Danguole Bridziuviene
- Biodeterioration Research Laboratory, Nature Research Center, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.B.); (V.R.)
| | - Vita Raudoniene
- Biodeterioration Research Laboratory, Nature Research Center, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.B.); (V.R.)
| | - Egidija Rainosalo
- Chemistry and Bioeconomy Team, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Talonpojankatu 2, FI-67100 Kokkola, Finland;
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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30
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Goodrich SL, Hill MR, Olson RA, Sumerlin BS. Photo-liberated amines for N-carboxyanhydride (PLANCA) ring-opening polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00781e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-liberated amines for N-carboxyanhydride (PLANCA) ring-opening polymerization affords narrow molecular weights, chain-end retention, and the formation of block copolypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia L. Goodrich
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Megan R. Hill
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Rebecca A. Olson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
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31
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Hafeez S, Nebhani L. TEMPO driven thiol–ene reaction for the preparation of polymer functionalized silicon wafers. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00561h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TEMPO driven thiol–ene reaction was utilized to prepare silicon (Si) wafers modified with a variety of polymer brushes, such as poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), polystyrene, poly(isobornyl acrylate), poly(acrylic acid), and functionalized cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Hafeez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- Hauz Khas
- India
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- Hauz Khas
- India
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32
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Drogkaris V, Northrop BH. Byproducts formed During Thiol-Acrylate Reactions Promoted by Nucleophilic Aprotic Amines: Persistent or Reactive? Chempluschem 2020; 85:2466-2474. [PMID: 33201598 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophile-initiated mechanism of thiol-Michael reactions naturally leads to the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. Three aza-Michael compounds representing nucleophile byproducts of thiol-acrylate reactions initiated by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have been synthesized and their reactivity in the presence of thiolate has been investigated. Spectroscopic analysis shows that each nucleophile byproduct reacts with thiolate to produce a desired thiol-acrylate product along with liberated aprotic amines DMAP, MIM, or DBU, thus demonstrating that these byproducts are reactive rather than persistent. Density functional theoretical computations support experimental observations and predict that a β-elimination mechanism is favored for converting each nucleophile byproduct into a desired thiol-acrylate product, though an SN 2 process can be competitive (i. e. within <2.5 kcal/mol) in less polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Drogkaris
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
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33
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Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Gesteuerte Reaktionsorthogonalität in der Polymer‐ und Materialwissenschaft. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
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34
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Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Mediating Reaction Orthogonality in Polymer and Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1748-1781. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
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35
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Jiang K, Wang J, Zuo C, Li S, Li S, He D, Peng H, Xie X, Poli R, Xue Z. Facile Fabrication of Polymer Electrolytes via Lithium Salt-Accelerated Thiol-Michael Addition for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Cai Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dan He
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) CNRS, UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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36
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Brown JS, Ruttinger AW, Vaidya AJ, Alabi CA, Clancy P. Decomplexation as a rate limitation in the thiol-Michael addition of N-acrylamides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6364-6377. [PMID: 32760955 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-Michael addition is a popular, selective, high-yield "click" reaction utilized for applications ranging from small-molecule synthesis to polymer or surface modification. Here, we combined experimental and quantum mechanical modeling approaches using density functional theory (DFT) to examine the thiol-Michael reaction of N-allyl-N-acrylamide monomers used to prepare sequence-defined oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs). Experimentally, the reaction was evaluated with two fluorous tagged thiols and several monomers at room temperature (22 °C and 40 °C). Using the Eyring equation, the activation energies (enthalpies) were calculated, observing a wide range of energy barriers ranging from 28 kJ mol-1 to 108 kJ mol-1 within the same alkene class. Computationally, DFT coupled with the Nudged Elastic Band method was used to calculate the entire reaction coordinate of each monomer reaction using the B97-D3 functional and a hybrid implicit-explicit methanol solvation approach. The thiol-Michael reaction is traditionally rate-limited by the propagation or chain-transfer steps. However, our test case with N-acrylamides and fluorous thiols revealed experimental and computational data produced satisfactory agreement only when we considered a previously unconsidered step that we termed "product decomplexation", which occurs as the product physically dissociates from other co-reactants after chain transfer. Five monomers were investigated to support this finding, capturing a range of functional groups varying in alkyl chain length (methyl to hexyl) and aromaticity (benzyl and ethylenephenyl). Increased substrate alkyl chain length increased activation energy, explained by the inductive effect. Aromatic ring-stacking configurations significantly impacted the activation energy and contributed to improved molecular packing density. Hydrogen-bonding between reactants increased the activation energy emphasizing the rate-limitation of the product decomplexation. Our findings begin to describe a new structure-kinetic relationship for thiol-Michael acceptors to enable further design of reactive monomers for synthetic polymers and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Brown
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Andrew W Ruttinger
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Akash J Vaidya
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Paulette Clancy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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37
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Sinha J, Podgórski M, Tomaschke A, Ferguson VL, Bowman CN. Phototriggered Base Amplification for Thiol-Michael Addition Reactions in Cross-linked Photopolymerizations with Efficient Dark Cure. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana Street 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrew Tomaschke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Virginia L. Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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38
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Kim K, Sinha J, Gao G, Childress KK, Sartor SM, Salazar AM, Huang S, Musgrave CB, Stansbury JW. High-Efficiency Radical Photopolymerization Enhanced by Autonomous Dark Cure. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin Kim
- Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Guangzhe Gao
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kimberly K. Childress
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven M. Sartor
- Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Austyn M. Salazar
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sijia Huang
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Charles B. Musgrave
- Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Konuray O, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra À. The Use of Click-Type Reactions in the Preparation of Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1084. [PMID: 32397509 PMCID: PMC7285069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as an effective polymerization method to obtain thermosets with enhanced properties for advanced applications. In this article, commonly used click reactions have been reviewed, highlighting their advantages in obtaining homogeneous polymer networks. The basic concepts necessary to understand network formation via click reactions, together with their main characteristics, are explained comprehensively. Some of the advanced applications of thermosets obtained by this methodology are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Konuray
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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40
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Yeo H, Khan A. Photoinduced Proton-Transfer Polymerization: A Practical Synthetic Tool for Soft Lithography Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3479-3488. [PMID: 32040308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton-transfer photopolymerization through the thiol-epoxy "click" reaction is shown to be a versatile new method for the fabrication of micro- and nanosized polymeric patterns. In this approach, complexation of a guanidine base, diazabicycloundecene (DBU), with benzoylphenylpropionic acid (ketoprofen) generates a photolabile salt. Under illumination at a wavelength of 365 nm, the salt undergoes a photodecarboxylation reaction to release DBU as a base. The base-catalyzed ring opening reaction then creates cross-linked poly(β-hydroxyl thio-ether) patterns. The surface chemistry of these patterns can be altered through alkylation of the thio-ether linkages. For example, a reaction with bromoacetic acid produces a hitherto unknown sulfonium/carboxylate-based zwitterionic motif that endows antibiofouling capacity to the micropatterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunki Yeo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 02841 Seoul , South Korea
| | - Anzar Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Korea University , 02841 Seoul , South Korea
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41
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Hafeez S, Khatri V, Kashyap HK, Nebhani L. Computational and experimental approach to evaluate the effect of initiator concentration, solvents, and enes on the TEMPO driven thiol–ene reaction. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02882g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanism and reaction kinetics of the TEMPO initiated thiol–ene reaction between benzyl mercaptan and variable enes in the presence of varying initiator concentration and varying solvents has been studied experimentally and computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Hafeez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Vikas Khatri
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Hemant K. Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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42
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Aubert S, Bezagu M, Spivey AC, Arseniyadis S. Spatial and temporal control of chemical processes. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Konuray O, García A, Morancho JM, Fernández-Francos X, Serra À, Ferrando F, García-Alvarez M, Ramis X. Hard epoxy thermosets obtained via two sequential epoxy-amine condensations. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Zivic N, Kuroishi PK, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Dove AP, Sardon H. Recent Advances and Challenges in the Design of Organic Photoacid and Photobase Generators for Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10410-10422. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zivic
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Paula K. Kuroishi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR7273 13397 Marseille France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR7273 13397 Marseille France
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
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45
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Zivic N, Kuroishi PK, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Dove AP, Sardon H. Organische Photosäuren‐ und Photobasenbildner für Polymerisationen: Jüngste Fortschritte und Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zivic
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spanien
| | - Paula K. Kuroishi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL Großbritannien
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR7273 13397 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR7273 13397 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT Großbritannien
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUJose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spanien
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46
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Faggi E, Aguilera J, Sáez R, Pujol F, Marquet J, Hernando J, Sebastián RM. Wavelength-Tunable Light-Induced Polymerization of Cyanoacrylates Using Photogenerated Amines. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Faggi
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Aguilera
- CUANTUM
Medical
Cosmetics S.L., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén Sáez
- CUANTUM
Medical
Cosmetics S.L., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ferran Pujol
- CUANTUM
Medical
Cosmetics S.L., 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Marquet
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rosa María Sebastián
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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47
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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48
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5170-5189. [PMID: 30066456 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The application of photochemistry to polymer and material science has led to the development of complex yet efficient systems for polymerization, polymer post-functionalization, and advanced materials production. Using light to activate chemical reaction pathways in these systems not only leads to exquisite control over reaction dynamics, but also allows complex synthetic protocols to be easily achieved. Compared to polymerization systems mediated by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical means, photoinduced polymerization systems can potentially offer more versatile methods for macromolecular synthesis. We highlight the utility of light as an energy source for mediating photopolymerization, and present some promising examples of systems which are advancing materials production through their exploitation of photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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49
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Lin JT, Liu HW, Chen KT, Cheng DC. Modeling the Optimal Conditions for Improved Efficacy and Crosslink Depth of Photo-Initiated Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E217. [PMID: 30960200 PMCID: PMC6419268 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal conditions for maximum efficacy of photoinitiated polymerization are theoretically presented. Analytic formulas are shown for the crosslink time, crosslink depth, and efficacy function. The roles of photoinitiator (PI) concentration, diffusion depth, and light intensity on the polymerization spatial and temporal profiles are presented for both uniform and non-uniform cases. For the type I mechanism, higher intensity may accelerate the polymer action process, but it suffers a lower steady-state efficacy. This may be overcome by a controlled re-supply of PI concentration during the light exposure. In challenging the conventional Beer⁻Lambert law (BLL), a generalized, time-dependent BLL (a Lin-law) is derived. This study, for the first time, presents analytic formulas for curing depth and crosslink time without the assumption of thin-film or spatial average. Various optimal conditions are developed for maximum efficacy based on a numerically-fit A-factor. Experimental data are analyzed for the role of PI concentration and light intensity on the gelation (crosslink) time and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Teng Lin
- New Vision Inc., 10F, No. 55, Sect.3, Xinbei Blvd, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Hsia-Wei Liu
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Ti Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Da-Chuan Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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50
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Xu S, Yeow J, Boyer C. Exploiting Wavelength Orthogonality for Successive Photoinduced Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly and Photo-Crosslinking. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1376-1382. [PMID: 35651246 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile benchtop process for the synthesis of cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles by exploiting wavelength-selective photochemistry to perform orthogonal photoinduced polymerization-induced self-assembly (Photo-PISA) and photo-crosslinking processes. We first established that the water-soluble photocatalyst, zinc meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetrachloride (ZnTMPyP) could activate the aqueous PET-RAFT dispersion polymerization of hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA). This photo-PISA process could be conducted under low energy red light (λmax = 595 nm, 10.2 mW/cm2) and without deoxygenation due to the action of the singlet oxygen quencher, biotin (vitamin B7), which allowed for the synthesis of a range of nanoparticle morphologies (spheres, worms, and vesicles) directly in 96-well plates. To perform wavelength selective nanoparticle cross-linking, we added the photoresponsive monomer, 7-[4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin] methacrylamide (TCMAm) as a comonomer without inhibiting the evolution of the nanoparticle morphology. Importantly, under red light, exclusive activation of the photo-PISA process occurs, with no evidence of TCMAm dimerization under these conditions. Subsequent switching to a UV source (λmax = 365 nm, 10.2 mW/cm2) resulted in rapid cross-linking of the polymer chains, allowing for retention of the nanoparticle morphology in organic solvents. This facile synthesis of cross-linked spheres, worms, and vesicles demonstrates the utility of orthogonal light-mediated chemistry for performing decoupled wavelength selective chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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