1
|
Thia-Michael Reaction: The Route to Promising Covalent Adaptable Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204457. [PMID: 36298037 PMCID: PMC9609322 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the Michael addition has been employed for more than 130 years for the synthesis of a vast diversity of compounds, the reversibility of this reaction when heteronucleophiles are involved has been generally less considered. First applied to medicinal chemistry, the reversible character of the hetero-Michael reactions has recently been explored for the synthesis of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs), in particular the thia-Michael reaction and more recently the aza-Michael reaction. In these cross-linked networks, exchange reactions take place between two Michael adducts by successive dissociation and association steps. In order to understand and precisely control the exchange in these CANs, it is necessary to get an insight into the critical parameters influencing the Michael addition and the dissociation rates of Michael adducts by reconsidering previous studies on these matters. This review presents the progress in the understanding of the thia-Michael reaction over the years as well as the latest developments and plausible future directions to prepare CANs based on this reaction. The potential of aza-Michael reaction for CANs application is highlighted in a specific section with comparison with thia-Michael-based CANs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Berne D, Caillol S, Ladmiral V, Leclerc E. Synthesis of polyester thermosets via internally catalyzed Michael-addition of methylene compounds on a 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylate-derived building block. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Naga N, Yamada K, Moriyama K, Kudoh S, Nagami Y, Nageh H, Nakano T. Synthesis of network polymers by photo-initiated thiol–ene reaction between multi-functional thiol and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
4
|
Mondal S, Yashmin S, Khan AT. Synthesis of vinyl sulfides and thioethers via a hydrothiolation reaction of 4-hydroxydithiocoumarins and arylacetylenes/styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9223-9230. [PMID: 34633026 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of vinyl sulfides (3a-m) and thioethers (7a-k), exclusive Markovnikov products, is reported by a copper(I) iodide catalyzed regioselective hydrothiolation reaction of terminal alkynes/alkenes and 4-hydroxydithiocoumarins. However, anti-Markovnikov hydrothiolation products (5a-f) were obtained in the case of 2-ethynylpyridine, with exclusive Z selectivity in good yields. The important aspects of this protocol are the absence of expensive metal complexes and additives to act as ligands, mild reaction conditions, high regioselectivity, good yields, and shorter reaction times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santa Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Sabina Yashmin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Abu Taleb Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang S, Kim K, Musgrave GM, Sharp M, Sinha J, Stansbury JW, Musgrave CB, Bowman CN. Determining Michael Acceptor Reactivity from Kinetic, Mechanistic, and Computational Analysis for the Base-catalyzed Thiol-Michael Reaction. Polym Chem 2021; 12:3619-3628. [PMID: 34484433 PMCID: PMC8409055 DOI: 10.1039/d1py00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and computational study of the reactivities of seven commonly used Michael acceptors paired with two thiols within the framework of photobase-catalyzed thiol-Michael reactions is reported. The rate coefficients of the propagation (kP), reverse propagation (k-P), chain-transfer (kCT), and overall reaction (koverall) were experimentally determined and compared with the well-accepted electrophilicity parameters of Mayr and Parr, and DFT-calculated energetics. Both Mayr's and Parr's electrophilicity parameters predict the reactivities of these structurally varying vinyl functional groups well, covering a range of overall reaction rate coefficients from 0.5 to 6.2 s-1. To gain insight into the individual steps, the relative energies have been calculated using DFT for each of the stationary points along this step-growth reaction between ethanethiol and the seven alkenes. The free energies of the individual steps reveal the underlying factors that control the reaction barriers for propagation and chain transfer. Both the propagation and chain transfer steps are under kinetic control. These results serve as a useful guide for Michael acceptor selection to design and predict thiol-Michael-based materials with appropriate kinetic and material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Kangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Grant M Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Marcus Sharp
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School of Dental Medicine, Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Drogkaris V, Northrop BH. Byproducts formed During Thiol-Acrylate Reactions Promoted by Nucleophilic Aprotic Amines: Persistent or Reactive? Chempluschem 2020; 85:2466-2474. [PMID: 33201598 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophile-initiated mechanism of thiol-Michael reactions naturally leads to the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. Three aza-Michael compounds representing nucleophile byproducts of thiol-acrylate reactions initiated by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have been synthesized and their reactivity in the presence of thiolate has been investigated. Spectroscopic analysis shows that each nucleophile byproduct reacts with thiolate to produce a desired thiol-acrylate product along with liberated aprotic amines DMAP, MIM, or DBU, thus demonstrating that these byproducts are reactive rather than persistent. Density functional theoretical computations support experimental observations and predict that a β-elimination mechanism is favored for converting each nucleophile byproduct into a desired thiol-acrylate product, though an SN 2 process can be competitive (i. e. within <2.5 kcal/mol) in less polar solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Drogkaris
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mejlsøe S, Kakkar A. Telodendrimers: Promising Architectural Polymers for Drug Delivery. Molecules 2020; 25:E3995. [PMID: 32887285 PMCID: PMC7504730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Architectural complexity has played a key role in enhancing the efficacy of nanocarriers for a variety of applications, including those in the biomedical field. With the continued evolution in designing macromolecules-based nanoparticles for drug delivery, the combination approach of using important features of linear polymers with dendrimers has offered an advantageous and viable platform. Such nanostructures, which are commonly referred to as telodendrimers, are hybrids of linear polymers covalently linked with different dendrimer generations and backbones. There is considerable variety in selection from widely studied linear polymers and dendrimers, which can help tune the overall composition of the resulting hybrid structures. This review highlights the advances in articulating syntheses of these macromolecules, and the contributions these are making in facilitating therapeutic administration. Limited progress has been made in the design and synthesis of these hybrid macromolecules, and it is through an understanding of their physicochemical properties and aqueous self-assembly that one can expect to fully exploit their potential in drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang K, Wang J, Zuo C, Li S, Li S, He D, Peng H, Xie X, Poli R, Xue Z. Facile Fabrication of Polymer Electrolytes via Lithium Salt-Accelerated Thiol-Michael Addition for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Cai Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dan He
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) CNRS, UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinha J, Podgórski M, Tomaschke A, Ferguson VL, Bowman CN. Phototriggered Base Amplification for Thiol-Michael Addition Reactions in Cross-linked Photopolymerizations with Efficient Dark Cure. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana Street 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrew Tomaschke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Virginia L. Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leng J, Alharbi NS, Qin HL. Construction of α-(Hetero)aryl Ethenesulfonyl Fluorides for SuFEx Click Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; 430070 Wuhan Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Njud S. Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research group; Deportment of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; 430070 Wuhan Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
David AHG, García-Cerezo P, Campaña AG, Santoyo-González F, Blanco V. [2]Rotaxane End-Capping Synthesis by Click Michael-Type Addition to the Vinyl Sulfonyl Group. Chemistry 2019; 25:6170-6179. [PMID: 30762912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of the click Michael-type addition reaction to vinyl sulfone or vinyl sulfonate groups in the synthesis of rotaxanes through the threading-and-capping method. This methodology has proven to be efficient and versatile as it allowed the preparation of rotaxanes using template approaches based on different noncovalent interactions (i.e., donor-acceptor π-π interactions or hydrogen bonding) in yields of generally 60-80 % and up to 91 % aided by the mild conditions required (room temperature or 0 °C and a mild base such as Et3 N or 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP)). Furthermore, the use of vinyl sulfonate moieties, which are suitable motifs for coupling-and-decoupling (CAD) chemistry, implies another advantage because it allows the controlled chemical disassembly of the rotaxanes into their components through nucleophilic substitution of the sulfonates resulting from the capping step with a thiol under mild conditions (Cs2 CO3 and room temperature).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H G David
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Cerezo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Frayne SH, Stolz RM, Northrop BH. Dendritic architectures by orthogonal thiol-maleimide “click” and furan-maleimide dynamic covalent chemistries. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7878-7883. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Branched monomers containing a focal thiol and furan-protected maleimides provide a “mix and match” approach to layered dendrimers.
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang S, Sinha J, Podgórski M, Zhang X, Claudino M, Bowman CN. Mechanistic Modeling of the Thiol–Michael Addition Polymerization Kinetics: Structural Effects of the Thiol and Vinyl Monomers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, MCS University, Gliniana St. 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Mauro Claudino
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sinha J, Podgórski M, Huang S, Bowman CN. Multifunctional monomers based on vinyl sulfonates and vinyl sulfonamides for crosslinking thiol-Michael polymerizations: monomer reactivity and mechanical behavior. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3034-3037. [PMID: 29512665 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional vinyl sulfonates and vinyl sulfonamides were conveniently synthesized and assessed in thiol-Michael crosslinking polymerizations. The monomer reactivities, mechanical behavior and hydrolytic properties were analyzed and compared with those of analogous thiol-acrylate polymerizations. Materials with a broad range of mechanical properties and diverse hydrolytic stabilities were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. and Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, MCS University, Gliniana St. 33, Lublin 20-614, Poland
| | - Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wadhwa P, Kharbanda A, Sharma A. Thia-Michael Addition: An Emerging Strategy in Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee India
| | | | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bunton PH, Tullier MP, Meiburg E, Pojman JA. The effect of a crosslinking chemical reaction on pattern formation in viscous fingering of miscible fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:104614. [PMID: 29092415 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viscous fingering can occur in fluid motion whenever a high mobility fluid displaces a low mobility fluid in a Darcy type flow. When the mobility difference is primarily attributable to viscosity (e.g., flow between the two horizontal plates of a Hele-Shaw cell), viscous fingering (VF) occurs, which is sometimes termed the Saffman-Taylor instability. Alternatively, in the presence of differences in density in a gravity field, buoyancy-driven convection can occur. These instabilities have been studied for decades, in part because of their many applications in pollutant dispersal, ocean currents, enhanced petroleum recovery, and so on. More recent interest has emerged regarding the effects of chemical reactions on fingering instabilities. As chemical reactions change the key flow parameters (densities, viscosities, and concentrations), they may have either a destabilizing or stabilizing effect on the flow. Hence, new flow patterns can emerge; moreover, one can then hope to gain some control over flow instabilities through reaction rates, flow rates, and reaction products. We report effects of chemical reactions on VF in a Hele-Shaw cell for a reactive step-growth cross-linking polymerization system. The cross-linked reaction product results in a non-monotonic viscosity profile at the interface, which affects flow stability. Furthermore, three-dimensional internal flows influence the long-term pattern that results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Bunton
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
| | - Michael P Tullier
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Eckart Meiburg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Xi W, Huang S, Long K, Bowman CN. Wavelength-Selective Sequential Polymer Network Formation Controlled with a Two-Color Responsive Initiation System. Macromolecules 2017; 50:5652-5660. [PMID: 29046593 PMCID: PMC5642977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a wavelength-selective polymerization process controlled by visible/UV light, whereby a base is generated for anion-mediated thiol-Michael polymerization reaction upon exposure at one wavelength (400-500 nm), while radicals are subsequently generated for a second stage radical polymerization at a second, independent wavelength (365 nm). Dual wavelength, light controlled sequential polymerization not only provides a relatively soft intermediate polymer that facilitates optimum processing and modification under visible light exposure but also enables a highly cross-linked, rigid final material after the UV-induced second stage radical polymerization. A photobase generator, NPPOC-TMG, and a photo-radical initiator, Irgacure 2959, were selected as the appropriate initiator pair for sequential thiol-Michael polymerization and acrylate homopolymerization. FT-IR and rheological tests were utilized to monitor the dual cure photo-polymerization process, and mechanical performance of the polymer was characterized at each distinct stage by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). By demonstrating complete light control in another sequential polymerization system (thiol-Michael and thiol-ene hybrid polymerization), this initiator pair exhibits great potential to regulate many other coupled anion and radical hybrid polymerizations in both a sequential and controllable manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katelyn Long
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Frayne SH, Murthy RR, Northrop BH. Investigation and Demonstration of Catalyst/Initiator-Driven Selectivity in Thiol-Michael Reactions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7946-7956. [PMID: 28695735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-Michael "click" reactions are essential synthetic tools in the preparation of various materials including polymers, dendrimers, and other macromolecules. Despite increasing efforts to apply thiol-Michael chemistry in a controlled fashion, the selectivity of base- or nucleophile-promoted thiol-Michael reactions in complex mixtures of multiple thiols and/or acceptors remains largely unknown. Herein, we report a thorough fundamental study of the selectivity of thiol-Michael reactions through a series of 270 ternary reactions using 1H NMR spectroscopy to quantify product selectivity. The varying influences of different catalysts/initiators are explored using ternary reactions between two Michael acceptors and a single thiol or between a single Michael acceptor and two thiols using three different catalysts/initiators (triethylamine, DBU, and dimethylphenylphosphine) in chloroform. The results from the ternary reactions provide a platform from which sequential quaternary, one-pot quaternary, and sequential senary thiol-Michael reactions were designed and their selectivities quantified. These results provide insights into the design of selective thiol-Michael reactions that can be used for the synthesis and functionalization of multicomponent polymers and further informs how catalyst/initiator choice influences the reactivity between a given thiol and Michael acceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Frayne
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Raghavendra R Murthy
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moon NG, Mondschein RJ, Long TE. Poly(β-thioesters) containing monodisperse oxamide hard segments using a chemoselective thiol-Michael addition reaction. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective thiol-Michael addition reaction allows access to oxamide-containing segmented copolymers using a one-pot, one-step procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Moon
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Ryan J. Mondschein
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Turgut H, Schmidt AC, Wadhwani P, Welle A, Müller R, Delaittre G. The para-fluoro-thiol ligation in water. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The para-fluoro-thiol ligation is performed for the first time in aqueous medium and shown to be controlled by pH. Solution kinetics in various conditions of pH, temperature, and concentration are reported, together with an application for the modification of a polymeric tissue culture dish with a peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Turgut
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Aaron C. Schmidt
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Parvesh Wadhwani
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Rouven Müller
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sonnenschein MF, Werness JB, Patankar KA, Jin X, Larive MZ. From rigid and flexible foams to elastomers via Michael addition chemistry. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Cruz CM, Ortega-Muñoz M, López-Jaramillo FJ, Hernández-Mateo F, Blanco V, Santoyo-González F. Vinyl Sulfonates: A Click Function for Coupling-and-Decoupling Chemistry and their Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | | | - Fernando Hernández-Mateo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Xi W, Wang C, Podgórski M, Bowman CN. Visible-Light-Initiated Thiol-Michael Addition Polymerizations with Coumarin-Based Photobase Generators: Another Photoclick Reaction Strategy. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:229-233. [PMID: 28018752 PMCID: PMC5176105 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient visible-light-sensitive photobase generator for thiol-Michael addition reactions was synthesized and evaluated. This highly reactive catalyst was designed by protecting a strong base (tetramethyl guanidine, TMG) with a visible-light-responsive group which was a coumarin derivative. The coumarin-coupled TMG was shown to exhibit extraordinary catalytic activity toward initiation of the thiol-Michael reaction, including thiol-Michael addition-based polymerization, upon visible-light irradiation, leading to a stoichiometric reaction of both thiol and vinyl functional groups. Owing to its features, this visible-light photobase generator enables homogeneous network formation in thiol-Michael polymerizations and also has the potential to be exploited in other visible-light-induced, base-catalyzed thiol-click processes such as thiol-isocynate and thiol-epoxy network-forming reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry, MCS University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Z, Feng S, Zhang J. Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Carbosiloxane Dendrimers via Orthogonal Click Chemistry Between Thiol and Ene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:318-22. [PMID: 26676283 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A combination of a thiol-Michael addition reaction and a free radical mediated thiol-ene reaction is employed as a facile and efficient approach to carbosiloxane dendrimer synthesis. For the first time, carbosiloxane dendrimers are constructed rapidly by an orthogonal click strategy without protection/deprotection procedures. The chemoselectivity of these two thiol-ene click reactions leads to a design of a new monomer containing both electron-deficient carbon-carbon double bonds and unconjugated carbon-carbon double bonds. Siloxane bonds are introduced as the linker between these two kinds of carbon-carbon double bonds. Starting from a bifunctional thiol core, the dendrimers are constructed by iterative thiol-ene click reactions under different but both mild reaction conditions. After simple purification steps the fifth dendrimer with 54 peripheral functional groups is obtained with an excellent overall yield in a single day. Furthermore, a strong blue glow is observed when the dendrimer is excited by a UV lamp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arseneault M, Wafer C, Morin JF. Recent advances in click chemistry applied to dendrimer synthesis. Molecules 2015; 20:9263-94. [PMID: 26007183 PMCID: PMC6272213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are monodisperse polymers grown in a fractal manner from a central point. They are poised to become the cornerstone of nanoscale devices in several fields, ranging from biomedicine to light-harvesting. Technical difficulties in obtaining these molecules has slowed their transfer from academia to industry. In 2001, the arrival of the "click chemistry" concept gave the field a major boost. The flagship reaction, a modified Hüisgen cycloaddition, allowed researchers greater freedom in designing and building dendrimers. In the last five years, advances in click chemistry saw a wider use of other click reactions and a notable increase in the complexity of the reported structures. This review covers key developments in the click chemistry field applied to dendrimer synthesis from 2010 to 2015. Even though this is an expert review, basic notions and references have been included to help newcomers to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Arseneault
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caroline Wafer
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Northrop BH, Frayne SH, Choudhary U. Thiol–maleimide “click” chemistry: evaluating the influence of solvent, initiator, and thiol on the reaction mechanism, kinetics, and selectivity. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and kinetics of thiol–maleimide “click” reactions have been modeled computationally under a variety of conditions and further investigated using experimental competition reactions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang C, Chatani S, Podgórski M, Bowman CN. Thiol-Michael addition miniemulsion polymerizations: functional nanoparticles and reactive latex films. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-Michael addition polymerization is successfully implemented in a miniemulsion polymerization system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Shunsuke Chatani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Colorado
- Boulder
- USA
- Faculty of Chemistry
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enciso AE, Ramirez-Crescencio F, Zeiser M, Redón R, Simanek EE. Accelerated synthesis of large generation triazine dendrimers using microwave assisted reactions: a 24 hour challenge. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expedited synthesis of odd generation triazine dendrimers up to generation 9 can be executed in high yields using microwave irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| | - F. Ramirez-Crescencio
- Departamento de Tecnociencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
| | - M. Zeiser
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| | - R. Redón
- Departamento de Tecnociencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
| | - E. E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Li Y, Su H, Feng X, Wang Z, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Fu Q, Cheng SZD, Zhang WB. Thiol-Michael “click” chemistry: another efficient tool for head functionalization of giant surfactants. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Sharma R, Kottari N, Chabre YM, Abbassi L, Shiao TC, Roy R. A highly versatile convergent/divergent “onion peel” synthetic strategy toward potent multivalent glycodendrimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13300-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06191h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Both convergent and divergent strategies for the synthesis of “onion peel” glycodendrimers are reported which resulted in one of the best multivalent ligands known against the virulent factor from a bacterial lectin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Pharmaqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Quebec a Montreal
- Montreal, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Naresh Kottari
- Pharmaqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Quebec a Montreal
- Montreal, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Yoann M. Chabre
- Pharmaqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Quebec a Montreal
- Montreal, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Leïla Abbassi
- Pharmaqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Quebec a Montreal
- Montreal, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Tze Chieh Shiao
- Pharmaqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Quebec a Montreal
- Montreal, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Quebec a Montreal
- Montreal, Canada H3C 3P8
| |
Collapse
|