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Bermejo J, Colchero J, Palacios-Lidon E. Kelvin Probe Microscopy Investigation of Poly-Octylthiophene Aggregates. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031212. [PMID: 35161156 PMCID: PMC8838950 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers have fundamental relevance as well as novel technological applications in the organic optoelectronics field. Their photophysical and transport properties strongly depend on the molecular arrangement, and nanoscale characterization is needed to fully understand the optoelectronic processes taking place in organic devices. In this work, we study the electrostatic properties of poly-3-octylthiophene isolated structures: disordered low-packed polymer chains and crystalline layered lamellar assemblies. We characterize the electronic ground state using Kelvin probe microscopy. This allows us to resolve a rich variety of surface potential regions that emerge over the different polymer structures. These SP regions are correlated with different molecular aggregates.
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Chou HC, Fang CK, Chung PY, Yu JR, Liao WS, Chen SH, Chen P, Hwang IS, Chen JT, Chen C. Structural and Optical Identification of Planar Side-Chain Stacking P3HT Nanowires. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Chun Chou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kai Fang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ru Yu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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3
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Chou H, Hsu W, Yang Y, Schanze KS, Luo S, Chen C. Real‐Time Spectral Evolution of Interchain Coupling and Assembling during Solvent Vapor Annealing of Dispersed Conjugated Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He‐Chun Chou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Chieh Hsu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yajing Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Shyh‐Chyang Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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4
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Following isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films by UV–vis spectroscopy. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Liu L, Miao X, Shi T, Liu X, Yip HL, Deng W, Cao Y. Conformation modification of terthiophene during the on-surface synthesis of pure polythiophene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18096-18105. [PMID: 32941582 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-surface coupling under ultra-high vacuum is employed as a versatile approach to synthesize pure polythiophene from a 5,5''-dibromo-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (DBTT) precursor and the corresponding temperature-dependent stepwise reaction mechanism is systematically studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). After thermal deposition of the precursor onto a Au(111) surface that is kept at room temperature, a triangle-like pattern and a linear self-assembled pattern are formed with different molecular coverages through BrBrS halogen bonds and BrBr type-I contact bonds, respectively. In the self-assembled nanostructures, the thiophene units adopt trans-conformation. Mild annealing promotes the structural transition of both nanostructures into ordered zigzag organometallic linear chains with all-cis configured thiophene units connected through coordination bonds to the Au adatoms. Such conformational variety is easily recognized by STM, particularly in the case of DBTT-CH3 with the extra -CH3 signals. The covalently coupled products from the DBTT precursor are obtained by further annealing the organometallic intermediate at higher temperatures, which leads to the removal of Au atoms and the formation of ordered polymer chains and disordered polythiophene networks. Further characterization suggests that the reaction mechanism is associated with Ullmann-type coupling to form the ordered chains as well as Ullmann-type and dehydrogenative C-C coupling to fabricate cross-linked polymer networks. Compared with the on-surface synthesis process of DBTT on the Cu(111) surface, it can be confirmed that the Au adatoms are vital to synthesize polythiophene. These findings provide important insight into the reaction mechanism of on-surface synthesized pure polythiophene and on-surface coupling can potentially be applied to synthesize other functional conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinrui Miao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Shi
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. and Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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6
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Jiang K, Xu D, Ma Z, Yang P, Song Y, Zhang W. Quantifying the Mechanical Anisotropy in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanofibers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:108-114. [PMID: 35638666 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Correlating the structure with nanomechanical property of semicrystalline conjugated-polymer crystal is of essential importance for the performance improvement and design of flexible electronic devices. Although it is well-known that the semicrystalline conjugated-polymer crystal exhibits anisotropic structure owing to the π-π and layer stacking of highly coplanar conjugated backbones, the structure-nanomechanical property relationship is missing. Here, we investigated the axial mechanical anisotropy of the P3HT nanofiber by using thermal shape-fluctuation analysis and a three-point bending test based on atomic force microscopy. Our results show that Young's modulus in the layer-stacking direction (EL) is 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than that in the π-conjugated backbone direction (EB). We attribute this mechanical anisotropy to the π-stacking of the P3HT backbone, but the layer stacking will decrease EL, which weakens the mechanical anisotropy. Moreover, we demonstrated that the P3HT nanofiber shows a loading-rate-independent Young's modulus and deformation-dependent resilience in the layer-stacking direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Daren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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7
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A method to describe the shapes of UV–vis absorbance spectra during the aggregation process of conjugated polymer solutions quantitatively. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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McFarland FM, Liu X, Zhang S, Tang K, Kreis NK, Gu X, Guo S. Electric field induced assembly of macroscopic fibers of poly(3-hexylthiophene). POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Tang K, McFarland FM, Travis S, Lim J, Azoulay JD, Guo S. Aggregation of P3HT as a preferred pathway for its chemical doping with F4-TCNQ. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11925-11928. [PMID: 30283920 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05472j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the chemical doping reaction of P3HT with F4-TCNQ, the aggregation of P3HT occurs before the charge transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Frederick M. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Skye Travis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Jasmine Lim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
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10
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Wang D, Russell TP. Advances in Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Polymer Structure and Properties. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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McFarland FM, Bonnette L, Acres EA, Guo S. The Impact of Aggregation on the p-Doping Kinetics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2017; 5:5764-5771. [PMID: 29057077 PMCID: PMC5646835 DOI: 10.1039/c7tc00189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The morphological effects of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on its p-doping kinetics with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) in solution are studied using optical absorption spectroscopy and stopped-flow technique. Two morphological forms, solubilized (s-P3HT) and nanowhiskers (nw-P3HT), are investigated. Both P3HT solubilized and aggregated solutions show similar characteristic near-IR absorption bands for integer charge transfer products with F4-TCNQ. Kinetic analysis on p-doping of s-P3HT with F4-TCNQ indicates that the doping reaction proceeds with a single reaction mechanism that is first order in s-P3HT. The doping kinetics of P3HT aggregate solution shows two distinctive reaction mechanisms. The slow mechanism has a reaction rate constant similar to that of solubilized P3HT solution, so it likely results from s-P3HT components that are present in the aggregate solution. The fast one is assigned to the nw-P3HT component, probably due to more efficient charge delocalization in the aggregated P3HT nanostructures. Additionally, the kinetic trends of the p-doping reactions are better fitted with the consideration of a Gaussian-like distribution of reactivities from P3HT, matching the complexity of polymeric systems originating from molecular weight and morphology variations. This study highlights the importance of considering different morphological forms of conjugated polymers on their charge-transfer reaction kinetics. The knowledge gained here should be fundamentally and practically important for future chemical doping applications in organic electronic device fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick M. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Lindsey Bonnette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | | | - Song Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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Riba-Moliner M, Avarvari N, Amabilino DB, González-Campo A, Gómez A. Distinguishing between Mechanical and Electrostatic Interaction in Single Pass Multi Frequency Electrostatic Force Microscopy Measurements on a Molecular Material. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13593-13599. [PMID: 27977212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-pass electrostatic force microscopy is postulated as one of the most advanced techniques in terms of spatial resolution and fastness in data acquisition for the study of electrostatic phenomena at the nanoscale. However, crosstalk anomalies, in which mechanical interactions combine with tip-sample electrostatic forces, are still a major issue to overcome, specifically in soft and biological samples. In this paper we propose a novel method based on bimodal-atomic force microscopy to distinguish mechanical crosstalk from electrostatic images. The method is based in the comparison of bimodal AFM images with electrostatic ones, where pure mechanical interaction can be discerned from a mixture of mechanical and electrostatic interactions. The proposed method is optimized and demonstrated using a supramolecular charge transfer material. Finally, the method is used as a tool to depict different crosstalk levels in tetrathiafulvalene-based (TTF) assemblies, discerning between electrical and mechanical interactions. This kind of observation is important for obtaining accurate descriptions of charge distribution in samples made from organic and molecular layers and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riba-Moliner
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR 6200, UFR Sciences, CNRS, Université d'Angers , Bât. K, 2 Bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG72RD, United Kingdom
| | - Arántzazu González-Campo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Gómez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) , Campus UAB, 08913 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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