1
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Stenspil SG, Laursen BW. Photophysics of fluorescent nanoparticles based on organic dyes - challenges and design principles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8625-8638. [PMID: 38873083 PMCID: PMC11168078 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles have become attractive for bioanalysis and imaging, due to their high brightness and photostability. Many different optical materials have been applied in fluorescent nanoparticles with a broad range of properties and characteristics. One appealing approach is the incorporation of molecular organic fluorophores in nanoparticles with the intention of transferring their known attractive solution-state properties directly to the nanoparticles. However, as molecular dyes are packed closely together in the nanoparticles their interactions most often result in fluorescence quenching and change in spectral properties making this approach challenging. In this perspective we will first discuss the origins of quenching and spectral shifts observed in dye based nanoparticles. On this background, we will then describe various designs of dye based NPs and how they address the challenges of dye-dye interactions and quenching. Our aim is to provide a general framework for understanding the supramolecular mechanisms that determine the photophysics of dye based nanoparticles. This framework of molecular photophysics and its relation to the internal structure of dye based nanoparticles can hopefully serve to assist rational design and optimization of new and improved dye based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine G Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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2
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Gill N, Srivastava I, Tropp J. Rational Design of NIR-II Emitting Conjugated Polymer Derived Nanoparticles for Image-Guided Cancer Interventions. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401297. [PMID: 38822530 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the reduced absorption, light scattering, and tissue autofluorescence in the NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) region, significant efforts are underway to explore diverse material platforms for in vivo fluorescence imaging, particularly for cancer diagnostics and image-guided interventions. Of the reported imaging agents, nanoparticles derived from conjugated polymers (CPNs) offer unique advantages to alternative materials including biocompatibility, remarkable absorption cross-sections, exceptional photostability, and tunable emission behavior independent of cell labeling functionalities. Herein, the current state of NIR-II emitting CPNs are summarized and structure-function-property relationships are highlighted that can be used to elevate the performance of next-generation CPNs. Methods for particle processing and incorporating cancer targeting modalities are discussed, as well as detailed characterization methods to improve interlaboratory comparisons of novel materials. Contemporary methods to specifically apply CPNs for cancer diagnostics and therapies are then highlighted. This review not only summarizes the current state of the field, but offers future directions and provides clarity to the advantages of CPNs over other classes of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Indrajit Srivastava
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Joshua Tropp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Texas Center for Comparative Cancer Research (TC3R), Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
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3
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Sickinger A, Mecking S. Origin of the Anisotropy and Structure of Ellipsoidal Poly(fluorene) Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sickinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Z. Durham
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, USA
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5
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Park J. Functional Fibers, Composites and Textiles Utilizing Photothermal and Joule Heating. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E189. [PMID: 31936785 PMCID: PMC7022820 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the mechanism of adjusting the thermal environment surrounding the human body via textiles. Recently highlighted technologies for thermal management are based on the photothermal conversion principle and Joule heating for wearable electronics. Recent innovations in this technology are described, with a focus on reports in the last three years and are categorized into three subjects: (1) thermal management technologies of a passive type using light irradiation of the outside environment (photothermal heating), (2) those of an active type employing external electrical circuits (Joule heating), and (3) biomimetic structures. Fibers and textiles from the design of fibers and textiles perspective are also discussed with suggestions for future directions to maximize thermal storage and to minimize heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Energy-Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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6
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Ji DW, Hu YC, Zheng H, Zhao CY, Chen QA, Dong VM. A regioselectivity switch in Pd-catalyzed hydroallylation of alkynes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6311-6315. [PMID: 31341584 PMCID: PMC6598511 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By exploiting the reactivity of a vinyl-Pd species, we control the regioselectivity in hydroallylation of alkynes under Pd-hydride catalysis. A monophosphine ligand and carboxylic acid combination promotes 1,5-dienes through a pathway involving isomerization of alkynes to allenes. In contrast, a bisphosphine ligand and copper cocatalyst favor 1,4-dienes via a mechanism that involves transmetalation. Our study highlights how to access different isomers by diverting a common organometallic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Cheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China .
| | - Hao Zheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Chao-Yang Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China .
| | - Vy M Dong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , USA
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7
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Mane SR, Hsiao IL, Takamiya M, Le D, Straehle U, Barner-Kowollik C, Weiss C, Delaittre G. Intrinsically Fluorescent, Stealth Polypyrazoline Nanoparticles with Large Stokes Shift for In Vivo Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801571. [PMID: 30079605 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in super-resolution microscopy and fluorescence bioimaging allow exploring previously inaccessible biological processes. To this end, there is a need for novel fluorescent probes with specific features in size, photophysical properties, colloidal and optical stabilities, as well as biocompatibility and ability to evade the reticuloendothelial system. Herein, novel fluorescent nanoparticles are introduced based on an inherently fluorescent polypyrazoline (PPy) core and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell, which address all aforementioned challenges. Synthesis of the PPy-PEG amphiphilic block copolymer by phototriggered step-growth polymerization is investigated by NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The corresponding nanoparticles are characterized for their luminescent properties and hydrodynamic size in various aqueous environments (e.g., cell culture media). PPy nanoparticles particularly exhibit a large Stokes shift (Δλ = 160 nm or Δν > 7000 cm-1 ) with visible light excitation and strong colloidal stability. While clearance by macrophages and endothelial cells is minimal, PPy displays good biocompatibility. Finally, PPy nanoparticles prove to be long circulating when injected in zebrafish embryos, as observed by in vivo time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. In summary, PPy nanoparticles are highly promising to be further developed as fluorescent nanodelivery systems with low toxicity and exquisite retention in the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivshankar R Mane
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dao Le
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Straehle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Chen Y, Abdellatif MM, Nomura K. Olefin metathesis polymerization: Some recent developments in the precise polymerizations for synthesis of advanced materials (by ROMP, ADMET). Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Ruiz Perez JD, Mecking S. Anisotropic Polymer Nanoparticles with Tunable Emission Wavelengths by Intersegmental Chain Packing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6147-6151. [PMID: 28403516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Ruiz Perez
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science; Department of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science; Department of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
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10
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Ruiz Perez JD, Mecking S. Anisotropic Polymer Nanoparticles with Tunable Emission Wavelengths by Intersegmental Chain Packing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Ruiz Perez
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science; Department of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science; Department of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
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11
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Alimohammadi F, Wang C, Durham OZ, Norton HR, Bowman CN, Shipp DA. Radical mediated thiol-ene/yne dispersion polymerizations. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Wu F, Feng Y, Chi Y. Yellow electrochemiluminescence emission from hydrophilic poly[(9,9-di-(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluorene-2,7-vinylene)- co -(1-methoxy-4-(2-ethylhe-xyloxy)-2,5-phenylenevinylene)] (PFV) conjugated polymer dots capped with Triton X-100 in aqueous solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Ciftci S, Kuehne AJC. Monodisperse Conjugated Polymer Particles via Heck Coupling—A Kinetic Study to Unravel Particle Formation in Step-Growth Dispersion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ciftci
- DWI − Leibniz Institute
for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, NRW, Germany
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- DWI − Leibniz Institute
for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, NRW, Germany
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14
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Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization for Precise Synthesis of Defect-Free Conjugated Polymers with Well-Defined Chain Ends. Catalysts 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/catal5020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Lee Y, Hanif S, Theato P, Zentel R, Lim J, Char K. Facile Synthesis of Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles by Covalent Modification-Nanoprecipitation of Amine-Reactive Ester Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1089-95. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Lee
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids; The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
| | - Sadaf Hanif
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Jeewoo Lim
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids; The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids; The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
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16
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de O. Romera C, Cardoso PB, Meier MAR, Sayer C, Araújo PHH. Acyclic triene metathesis (ATMET) miniemulsion polymerization of linseed oil produces polymer nanoparticles with comparable molecular weight to that of bulk reactions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian de O. Romera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Priscilla B. Cardoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Pedro H. H. Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
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17
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Ye F, Sun W, Zhang Y, Wu C, Zhang X, Yu J, Rong Y, Zhang M, Chiu DT. Single-chain semiconducting polymer dots. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:499-505. [PMID: 25521606 PMCID: PMC4295807 DOI: 10.1021/la5038684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation and validation of single-chain semiconducting polymer dots (sPdots), which were generated using a method based on surface immobilization, washing, and cleavage. The sPdots have an ultrasmall size of ∼3.0 nm as determined by atomic force microscopy, a size that is consistent with the anticipated diameter calculated from the molecular weight of the single-chain semiconducting polymer. sPdots should find use in biology and medicine as a new class of fluorescent probes. The FRET assay this work presents is a simple and rapid test to ensure methods developed for preparing sPdot indeed produced single-chain Pdots as designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmao Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yu Rong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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18
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Bhattacharyya S, Patra A. Interactions of π-conjugated polymers with inorganic nanocrystals. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Yoon J, Kwag J, Shin TJ, Park J, Lee YM, Lee Y, Park J, Heo J, Joo C, Park TJ, Yoo PJ, Kim S, Park J. Nanoparticles of conjugated polymers prepared from phase-separated films of phospholipids and polymers for biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4559-4564. [PMID: 24789764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation in films of phospholipids and conjugated polymers results in nanoassemblies because of a difference in the physicochemical properties between the hydrophobic polymers and the polar lipid heads, together with the comparable polymer side-chain lengths to lipid tail lengths, thus producing nanoparticles of conjugated polymers upon disassembly in aqueous media by the penetration of water into polar regions of the lipid heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungju Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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20
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Abdellatif MM, Yorsaeng S, Inagaki A, Nomura K. Synthesis of Well-Defined Oligo(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene)s by Combined Olefin Metathesis and Wittig-type Coupling: Effect of Conjugation Repeat Units and End Groups Toward Optical Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sakkawet Yorsaeng
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Metropolitan University; 1-1 Minami Osawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Metropolitan University; 1-1 Minami Osawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Metropolitan University; 1-1 Minami Osawa Hachioji Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Advanced Catalytic Transformation for Carbon Utilization (ACT-C); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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21
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Cardoso PB, Musyanovych A, Landfester K, Sayer C, Araújo PHH, Meier MAR. ADMET reactions in miniemulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla B. Cardoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringCTCFederal University of Santa CatarinaCP 47688040‐900Florianópolis SC Brazil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128Mainz Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz‐Haber‐Weg 676131Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anna Musyanovych
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128Mainz Germany
| | | | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringCTCFederal University of Santa CatarinaCP 47688040‐900Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Pedro H. H. Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringCTCFederal University of Santa CatarinaCP 47688040‐900Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz‐Haber‐Weg 676131Karlsruhe Germany
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22
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Ethirajan A, D'Olieslaeger L, Vandenbergh J, Lutsen L, D'Olieslaeger M, Vanderzande D, Junkers T. Synthesis of MDMO-PPV Nanoparticles Via In Situ Sulfinyl Precursor Route Polymerization in Miniemulsion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Atallah
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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24
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Abdellatif MM, Nomura K. Precise Synthesis of End-Functionalized Oligo(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene)s with Controlled Repeat Units via Combined Olefin Metathesis and Wittig-Type Coupling. Org Lett 2013; 15:1618-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400397p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mehawed Abdellatif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan, and Advanced Catalytic Transformation for Carbon Utilization (ACT-C), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan, and Advanced Catalytic Transformation for Carbon Utilization (ACT-C), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Wu C, Chiu DT. Highly fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots for biology and medicine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3086-109. [PMID: 23307291 PMCID: PMC5616106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding characteristics as fluorescent probes. These nanoparticles, which primarily consist of π-conjugated polymers and are called polymer dots (Pdots) when they exhibit small particle size and high brightness, have demonstrated utility in a wide range of applications such as fluorescence imaging and biosensing. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the photophysical properties of Pdots which speak to the merits of these entities as fluorescent labels. This review also highlights the surface functionalization and biomolecular conjugation of Pdots, and their applications in cellular labeling, in vivo imaging, single-particle tracking, biosensing, and drug delivery. We discuss the relationship between the physical properties and performance, and evaluate the merits and limitations of the Pdot probes for certain imaging tasks and fluorescence assays. We also tackle the current challenges of Pdots and share our perspective on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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26
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Wu C, Chiu DT. Stark fluoreszierende halbleitende Polymerpunkte für Biologie und Medizin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Le D, Montembault V, Pascual S, Collette F, Héroguez V, Fontaine L. Synthesis of 1,4-polybutadiene-g-poly(ethylene oxide) via the macromonomer approach by ROMP. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Feng L, Zhu C, Yuan H, Liu L, Lv F, Wang S. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles: preparation, properties, functionalization and biological applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6620-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60036j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Negele C, Haase J, Leitenstorfer A, Mecking S. Polyfluorene Nanoparticles and Quantum Dot Hybrids via Miniemulsion Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1343-1346. [PMID: 35607169 DOI: 10.1021/mz300427d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation of 2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-7-bromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene in aqueous miniemulsion with only two equivalents of NaOH as a base yields colloidally stable nanoparticles of polyfluorene with Mn ca. 2 × 104 g mol-1 and particle sizes of 40-85 nm, depending on the surfactant concentration. Polymerization in the presence of CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots affords hybrid nanoparticles of nonaggregated quantum dots, in particular nanoparticles composed of a single quantum dot embedded in a polyfluorene shell. Microphotoluminescence spectroscopy on single hybrid particles reveals an enhanced photostability of the quantum dots and indicates an efficient Förster energy transfer from the polyfluorene shell to the quantum dot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Negele
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457
Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Haase
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457
Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alfred Leitenstorfer
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457
Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair
of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457
Konstanz, Germany
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30
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Huber J, Jung C, Mecking S. Nanoparticles of Low Optical Band Gap Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3013459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Huber
- Chair of
Chemical Materials Science, Department of
Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christoph Jung
- Chair of
Chemical Materials Science, Department of
Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of
Chemical Materials Science, Department of
Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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31
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Schütze F, Stempfle B, Jüngst C, Wöll D, Zumbusch A, Mecking S. Fluorescent conjugated block copolymer nanoparticles by controlled mixing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2104-6. [PMID: 22246316 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the formation of stable fluorescent nanoparticles from controlled mixing of a THF solution of poly(fluorene ethynylene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) in a microfluidic laminar flow crossjunction by spatially resolved fluorescence spectroscopy reveals the time scale of particle formation as well as incorporation of small molecule guests and the role of solvent mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Schütze
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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32
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De SK, Bhattacharjee M. Synthesis of high molecular weight polymer nanoparticles by [Cp2
ZrCl2
] catalyzed emulsion polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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33
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Kuwabara S, Yamamoto N, Veeresha Sharma PM, Takamizu K, Fujiki M, Geerts Y, Nomura K. Precise Synthesis of Poly(fluorene-2,7-vinylene)s Containing Oligo(thiophene)s at the Chain Ends: Unique Emission Properties by the End Functionalization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Takamizu
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Rylene dyes functionalized with varying numbers of phenyl trifluorovinylether (TFVE) moieties were subjected to a thermal emulsion polymerization to yield shape-persistent, water-soluble chromophore nanoparticles. Perylene and terrylene diimide derivatives containing either two or four phenyl TFVE functional groups were synthesized and subjected to thermal emulsion polymerization in tetraglyme. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that particles with sizes ranging from 70 - 100 nm were obtained in tetraglyme, depending on monomer concentration. The photophysical properties of individual monomers were preserved in the nanoemulsions and emission colors could be tuned between yellow, orange, red, and deep red. The nanoparticles were found to retain their shape upon dissolution into water and the resulting water suspensions displayed moderate to high fluorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha L Andrew
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pecher
- Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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36
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37
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Mutlu H, de Espinosa LM, Meier MAR. Acyclic dienemetathesis: a versatile tool for the construction of defined polymer architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:1404-45. [DOI: 10.1039/b924852h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Pecher J, Huber J, Winterhalder M, Zumbusch A, Mecking S. Tailor-Made Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Multicolor and Multiphoton Cell Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2776-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pecher
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Huber
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Winterhalder
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Zumbusch
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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39
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Landfester K, Musyanovych A, Mailänder V. From polymeric particles to multifunctional nanocapsules for biomedical applications using the miniemulsion process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR NANO- AND MICROREACTORS/-REACTIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Baier MC, Huber J, Mecking S. Fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles by polymerization in miniemulsion. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14267-73. [PMID: 19764722 DOI: 10.1021/ja905077c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles were prepared directly by polymerization in aqueous miniemulsion, employing Glaser coupling polymerization as a suitable step-growth reaction. A 4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridine-modified catalyst was found to be suited for the polymerization in the aqueous heterophase system. Nanoparticles of poly(arylene diethynylenes) (arylene = 2,5-dialkyoxy phenylenes and 9,9'-dihexyl fluorene) with molecular weights in the range of M(n) 10(4) to 10(5) g mol(-1) and with sizes of < or = 30 nm, as observed by TEM, result. N,N'-di(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,7-di[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxy]perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxdiimide or 2,7-diethynylfluorenone was converted completely during the heterophase polymerization to afford colloidally stable nanoparticles of poly(arylene diethynylenes) with 0.1-2 mol % covalently incorporated perylene dye and 2-9 mol % of covalently incorporated fluorenone dye, respectively. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the aqueous dispersions reveals an efficient energy transfer to the dye in the nanoparticles, which enables a variation of the luminescence emission color between red (lambda(em) (max.) ca. 650 nm) and the green emission of the nanoparticles without dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz C Baier
- Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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42
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Landfester K. Miniemulsion polymerization and the structure of polymer and hybrid nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4488-507. [PMID: 19455531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The miniemulsion process allows the formation of complex structured polymeric nanoparticles and the encapsulation of a solid or liquid, an inorganic or organic, or a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material into a polymer shell. Many different materials, ranging from organic and inorganic pigments, magnetite, or other solid nanoparticles, to hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids, such as fragrances, drugs, or photoinitators, can be encapsulated. Functionalization of the nanoparticles can also be easily obtained. Compared to polymerization processes in organic solvents, polymerization to obtain polymeric nanoparticles can be performed in environmentally friendly solvents, usually water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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43
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Yamamoto N, Ito R, Geerts Y, Nomura K. Synthesis of All-Trans High Molecular Weight Poly(N-alkylcarbazole-2,7-vinylene)s and Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene-2,7-vinylene)s by Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization Using Ruthenium−Carbene Complex Catalysts. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900775x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ito
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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44
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Landfester K. Miniemulsionspolymerisation und Struktur von Polymer- und Hybridnanopartikeln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the Year 2007. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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46
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Wang WZ, Song W, Wang R, Liu TX. ATRP Synthesis of poly(4-bromostyrene)-b-poly(propylene glycol) block copolymer and its self-assembly in catalystic emulsion polymerization to form luminescent nanospheres with core-shell structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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He T, Adams DJ, Butler MF, Cooper AI, Rannard SP. Polymer Nanoparticles: Shape-Directed Monomer-to-Particle Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1495-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K., and Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Dave J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K., and Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Michael F. Butler
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K., and Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K., and Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Steve P. Rannard
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K., and Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, U.K
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48
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Nomura K, Yamamoto N, Ito R, Fujiki M, Geerts Y. Exclusive End Functionalization of all-trans-Poly(fluorene vinylene)s Prepared by Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization: Facile Efficient Synthesis of Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymers by Grafting Poly(ethylene glycol). Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800558p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotohiro Nomura
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nobuhiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ryusuke Ito
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves Geerts
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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49
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Efficient and selective catalysts for olefin polymerizations-insights and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02934923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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