1
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Yan Z, Huang Y, Zhao W, Wu B, Liu C, Yan X, Pan H, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Effect of a Self-Assembled Nucleating Agent on the Crystallization Behavior and Spherulitic Morphology of Poly(lactic acid). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44093-44105. [PMID: 38027386 PMCID: PMC10666238 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, decanedioic acid dibenzoylhydrazide (DDBH) was used as a nucleating agent to improve the crystallization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The formation of DDBH assemblies in PLA melts at different concentrations was systematically investigated. The DDBH (0.5-0.9 wt %) recrystallized as dendrite-like structures during the isothermal crystallization process, and the crystal morphology of PLA underwent a morphological change from spherical form to a similar dendritic crystal form. Differential scanning calorimetry and in situ wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis results showed that crystallizability and overall crystallization rate of PLA were enhanced by the addition of DDBH. The half-crystallization time at 120 °C reduced to 0.28 min compared to pure PLA (6.12 min), after adding 0.9 wt % DDBH. Moreover, the crystallinity and lamellar thickness of crystalline PLA increased, while the size of the microcrystal of PLA decreased with an increase in DDBH content. The heat deflection temperatures of PLA/DDBH blends increased and hence heat resistance improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chengkai Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- Jilin
COFCO Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun
Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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2
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Hernández-Fernández J, Puello-Polo E, Marquez E. Identifying, Quantifying, and Recovering a Sorbitol-Type Petrochemical Additive in Industrial Wastewater and Its Subsequent Application in a Polymeric Matrix as a Nucleating Agent. Molecules 2023; 28:4948. [PMID: 37446610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, polypropylene (PP) is highlighted using sorbitol-based clarifying agents since these agents are high quality, low cost, and work as a barrier against moisture, which makes PP ideal for packaging food, beverages, and medical products, among others. The use of analytical methods capable of recovering these additives in wastewater streams and then reusing them in the PP clarification stage represents an innovative methodology that makes a substantial contribution to the circular economy of the PP production industry. In this study, a method of extraction and recovery of the Millad NX 8000 was developed. The additive was recovered using GC-MS and extracted with an activated carbon column plus glass fiber, using an injection molded sample, obtaining a recovery rate greater than 96%. TGA, DSC, and FTIR were used to evaluate the recovered additive's glass transitions and purity. The thermal degradation of the recovered additive was found to be between 340 and 420 °C, with a melting temperature of 246 °C, adopting the same behavior as the pure additive. In FTIR, the characteristic absorption peak of Millad NX 8000 was observed at 1073 cm-1, which indicates the purity of the extracted compound. Therefore, this work develops a new additive recovery methodology with high purity to regulate the crystallization behavior and of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Hernández-Fernández
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo Km 1, Vía Turbaco, Cartagena 130001, Colombia
- Department of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Esneyder Puello-Polo
- Group de Investigación en Oxi/Hidrotratamiento Catalítico y Nuevos Materiales, Programa de Química-Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 081001, Colombia
| | - Edgar Marquez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Química y Biología, Departamento de Química y Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Norte, Carrera 51B, Km 5, Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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3
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Iwasaki S, Inoue M, Takei Y, Nishikawa R, Yamaguchi M. Modulus enhancement of polypropylene by sorbitol nucleating agent in flow field. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Iwasaki
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. Kyoto Japan
| | - Mitsuko Inoue
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. Kyoto Japan
| | - Yurie Takei
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. Kyoto Japan
| | - Riho Nishikawa
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
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4
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Iwasaki S, Uchiyama Y, Tenma M, Yamaguchi M. Effect of Neutralizer on Transparency of Nucleating Agent-Containing Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050680. [PMID: 33668226 PMCID: PMC7956184 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of neutralizer species on the transparency of injection-molded plates were studied using isotactic polypropylene (PP) containing a crystal nucleating agent-i.e., 1,3:2,4-bis-o-(4-methylbenzylidene)-d-sorbitol (MDBS). A plate containing lithium stearate (StLi) was more transparent than one containing calcium stearate (StCa) when the MDBS content was 0.1 wt. %. The addition of StLi accelerated the formation of MDBS fibers and the crystallization of PP. However, when the MDBS content was 1.0 wt. %, StCa improved the transparency more effectively than StLi. These results indicate that the combination of an appropriate amount of MDBS and the correct neutralizer species is critical for enhancing the transparency of injection-molded PP plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Iwasaki
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; (S.I.); (M.T.)
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division, New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd., 13 Yoshijima, Yaguracho, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-8224, Japan;
| | - Yohei Uchiyama
- Research & Development Department, Research & Development Division, New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd., 13 Yoshijima, Yaguracho, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-8224, Japan;
| | - Miwa Tenma
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; (S.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; (S.I.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-761-51-1621; Fax: +81-761-51-1149
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5
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Zhang X, Wang X, Dong B, Zheng G, Chen J, Shen C, Park CB. Synergetic effect of crystal nucleating agent and melt self-enhancement of isotactic polypropylene on its rheological and microcellular foaming properties. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20969553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crystal nucleating agent Bis (3, 4- dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS) was used to tune the melt strength and microcellular foaming properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in this study. Rheological testing results reveal that the introduction of DMDBS could enhance the storage modulus and complex viscosity of iPP, obviously increase its crystallization onset temperature, compared to its counterparts without DMDBS. The addition of DMDBS could also significantly increase the cell nucleating ability of iPP, due to its large surface, cooperating with a thermal history control treatment. Quite fine microcellular iPP/DMDBS foams were fabricated with relatively small average cell sizes of nano to several micrometers, and cell densities up to 1011∼1012 cells/cm3, using the synergy effect of DMDBS and iPP’s melt self-enhancement. Under a comparatively low re-saturation pressure of 8 to 12 MPa, ideal microcellular foams could be generated, at a temperature zone of 158 to 162°C, which is slightly below to iPP’s original pellets nominal melting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Xihuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Binbin Dong
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Yue Y, Yi J, Wang L, Feng J. Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding on the Structure Evolution and Assembly Formation of a Bisamide Nucleating Agent in Polypropylene Melt. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Yi
- Institution of Petrochemical Technology, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institution of Petrochemical Technology, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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7
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Wilsens CHRM, Hawke LGD, de Kort GW, Saidi S, Roy M, Leoné N, Hermida-Merino D, Peters GWM, Rastogi S. Effect of Thermal History and Shear on the Viscoelastic Response of iPP Containing an Oxalamide-Based Organic Compound. Macromolecules 2019; 52:2789-2802. [PMID: 30983633 PMCID: PMC6459004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on the role of temperature and shear on the melt behavior
of iPP in the presence of the organic compound N1,N1′-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(N2-hexyloxalamide) (OXA3,6). It is demonstrated
that OXA3,6 facilitates a viscosity suppression when
it resides in the molten state. The viscosity suppression is attributed
to the interaction of iPP chains/subchains with molten OXA3,6 nanoclusters. The exact molecular mechanism has not
been identified; nevertheless, a tentative explanation is proposed.
The observed viscosity suppression appears similar to that encountered
in polymer melts filled with solid nanoparticles, with the difference
that the OXA3,6 compound reported in this study facilitates
the viscosity suppression in the molten state. Upon cooling, as crystal
growth of OXA3,6 progresses, the decrease in viscosity
is suppressed. Retrospectively, segmental absorption of iPP chains on the surface of micrometer-sized OXA3,6 crystallites
favors the formation of dangling arms, yielding OXA3,6 crystallites decorated with partially absorbed iPP chains. In other words, the resulting OXA3,6 particle
morphology resembles that of a hairy particle or a starlike polymer
chain. Such hairy particles effectively facilitate a viscosity enhancement,
similar to branched polymer chains. This hypothesis and its implications
for the shear behavior of iPP are discussed and supported
using plate–plate rheometry and slit-flow experiments combined
with small-angle X-ray scattering analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence G D Hawke
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs W de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Saidi
- LMOPS, EA 4423, Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupelec Metz, 2 rue Edouard Belin, F-57070 Metz, France.,Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Manta Roy
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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The Influence of DMDBS on Crystallization Behavior and Crystalline Morphology of Weakly-Phase-Separated Olefin Block Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030552. [PMID: 30960535 PMCID: PMC6473251 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin block copolymer (OBC), with its low hard segments, can form unique space-filling spherulites other than confined-crystallization morphologies, mainly due to its weak phase-separation. In this work, 1,3;2,4-Bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS), a well-known nucleating agent, was used to tailor the crystallization behavior and crystalline morphology of OBC. It was found that DMDBS can precipitate within an OBC matrix and self-assemble into crystalline fibrils when cooling from the melt. A non-isothermal crystallization process exhibited an increased crystallization rate and strong composition dependence. During the isothermal crystallization process, DMDBS showed a more obvious nucleating efficiency at a higher crystallization temperature. OBC showed typical spherulites when DMDBS was added. Moreover, a low addition of DMDBS significantly decreased the crystal size, while a large addition of DMDBS induced aggregates, due to the limited miscibility of DMDBS with OBC. The efficient nucleating effect of DMDBS on OBC led to an increased optical transparency for OBC/DMDBS composites.
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9
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Wilsens CHRM, Hawke LGD, Troisi EM, Hermida-Merino D, de Kort G, Leoné N, Saralidze K, Peters GWM, Rastogi S. Effect of Self-Assembly of Oxalamide Based Organic Compounds on Melt Behavior, Nucleation, and Crystallization of Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2018; 51:4882-4895. [PMID: 30018462 PMCID: PMC6041772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report on the
effect of an aliphatic oxalamide based nucleating
agent (OXA3,6) on the melt and crystallization behavior
of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) under defined shear
conditions. Through polarized optical microscopy, we demonstrate that OXA3,6 self-assembles from the iPP melt into
rhombic crystals whereas their size and distribution proved highly
dependent on the employed cooling rates. The presence of 0.5 wt %
of OXA3,6 in iPP results in a significant
suppression in iPP melt viscosity, which could not
be explained via molecular modeling. A possible cause for the drop
in viscosity in the presence of OXA3,6 is attributed
to the interaction (absorption) of high molecular weight iPP chains with the nucleating agent, thereby suppressing their contribution
to the viscoelastic response of the melt. This proposed mechanism
for the suppression in melt viscosity appears similar to that encountered
by the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles such as CNTs, graphene,
and silica. Shear experiments, performed using a slit flow device
combined with small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements, indicate
that crystallization is significantly enhanced in the presence of OXA3,6 at relatively low shear rates despite its lowered sensitivity
to shear. This enhancement in crystallization is attributed to the
shear alignment of the rhombic OXA3,6 crystals that provide
surface for iPP kebab growth upon cooling. Overall,
the suppression in melt viscosity in combination with enhanced nucleation
efficiency at low as well as high shear rates makes this self-assembling
oxalamide based nucleating agent a promising candidate for fast processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H R M Wilsens
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence G D Hawke
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico M Troisi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Gijs de Kort
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ketie Saralidze
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Zhao S, Liu K, Zhou S, Shi Y, Xin Z. A novel self-dispersed β nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene and its unique nucleation behavior and mechanism. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Deshmukh YS, Wilsens CHRM, Leoné N, Portale G, Harings JAW, Rastogi S. Melt-Miscible Oxalamide Based Nucleating Agents and Their Nucleation Efficiency in Isotactic Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus H. R. M. Wilsens
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Leoné
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jules A. W. Harings
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department
of Biobased Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Fan J, Zhang Q, Hu D, Ren Q, Feng J. Relaxation behavior of shear-induced crystallization precursors in isotactic polypropylene containing sorbitol-based nucleating agents with different nucleating abilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8926-37. [PMID: 26960681 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of shear-induced crystallization precursors, especially their relaxation behaviour, is an important issue in polymer chemical physics. In our work, relaxation behavior of shear-induced crystallization precursors in isotactic polypropylene containing various sorbitol-based nucleating agents (NAs) with different nucleating abilities was investigated by using both rheological and in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods. Rheological crystallization kinetics results showed that the amount of shear-induced precursors, calculated separately from the total nuclei, decayed exponentially with relaxation time in both pure and nucleated iPP. By fitting the decay of shear-induced precursors with relaxation time, the relaxation rate of precursors in nucleated iPP was found to be slower than that in pure iPP. Interestingly, it further decreased with the increase in the nucleating ability of sorbitol-based NAs. Meanwhile, the life-time of precursors was prolonged in nucleated iPP with increasing nucleating ability. Similar results were also testified by in situ SAXS measurements. By investigating the life-times at different temperatures, the activation energy for the relaxation of precursors was calculated and found to increase with stronger nucleating abilities. Our results demonstrated that sorbitol-based NAs could stabilize the iPP precursors and the effect of stabilization enhanced with the increase in nucleating ability. We believe that our work can not only help better reveal the relaxation behavior of shear-induced precursors but also provides a new perspective for understanding the role of NAs in real processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Dingding Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Qilin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jiachun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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13
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Joint effects of molecular structure and crystal morphology of organophosphate monovalent salts on nucleated isotactic poly(propylene). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-1102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Grafskaia KN, Rueda JJH, Zhu X, Nekipelov VM, Anokhin DV, Moeller M, Ivanov DA. Designing the topology of ion nano-channels in the mesophases of amphiphilic wedge-shaped molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:30240-7. [PMID: 26523454 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05618g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The wedge-shaped amphiphiles bearing sulfonate groups at the tip of the wedge are prone to form ion nano-channels upon exposure to a humid atmosphere. During swelling, water molecules preferentially accumulate in polar regions of the system resulting in the formation of a lyotropic phase. In this work, the details of the structure formation processes occurring upon swelling in water vapour, including determination of the size and topology of the ion nano-channels, are explored. The electron density profiles across the channel are obtained from the fits of the X-ray scattering data with two- and three-phase structural models the applicability of which is critically analysed. The results show that the ion channel size correlates not only with water uptake but also with the molecular architecture such as the structure of the rigid molecular fragment bearing a polar group. These findings can help optimising the ion transport for development of ion-selective membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Grafskaia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy per. 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia and IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia
| | - J J Hernandz Rueda
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 Jean Starcky, F-68057 Mulhouse, France.
| | - X Zhu
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials-Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry of RWTH Aachen University, Forkenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - V M Nekipelov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy per. 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - D V Anokhin
- IPCP RAS, Semenov Prospect 1, Chernogolovka, 141432, Russia and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, GSP-1, 1-51 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - M Moeller
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials-Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry of RWTH Aachen University, Forkenbeckstr. 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D A Ivanov
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 Jean Starcky, F-68057 Mulhouse, France. and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, GSP-1, 1-51 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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15
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Zhou S, Wang W, Zhao S, Xin Z, Shi Y. Shear-induced β
-form polypropylene in long chain branching isotactic polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shicheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yaoqi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins; Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Shanghai 200062 China
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16
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Qian W, Wang J, Liu S, Guo S, Lu Y, Lin H, Zheng D. A Nd-containing coordination ploymer: syntheses, crystal structure and application as a nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This coordination polymer can increase the overall crystallization rate and decrease the spherulite size of iPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control
- China University of Petroleum, Beijing
- Beijing 102249
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control
- China University of Petroleum, Beijing
- Beijing 102249
- P. R. China
| | - Shudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control
- China University of Petroleum, Beijing
- Beijing 102249
- P. R. China
| | - Shaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control
- China University of Petroleum, Beijing
- Beijing 102249
- P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- Guangdong Winner New Materials Technology Co., Ltd
- Foshan 528521
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control
- China University of Petroleum, Beijing
- Beijing 102249
- P. R. China
| | - De Zheng
- Guangdong Winner New Materials Technology Co., Ltd
- Foshan 528521
- P. R. China
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17
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Liu S, Zhao B, He D. Crystallization and microporous membrane properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene with dibenzylidene sorbitol. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Liu
- Functional Nanomaterial Technology Research; National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Functional Nanomaterial Technology Research; National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- Functional Nanomaterial Technology Research; National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
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18
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Sreenivas K, Pol HV, Kumaraswamy G. The influence of DMDBS on the morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene cast films. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Liu S, Yu W, Zhou C. Tuning the water permeability of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene microporous membrane by molecular self-assembly and flow field. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Bai H, Huang C, Xiu H, Zhang Q, Deng H, Wang K, Chen F, Fu Q. Significantly improving oxygen barrier properties of polylactide via constructing parallel-aligned shish-kebab-like crystals with well-interlocked boundaries. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1507-14. [PMID: 24617940 DOI: 10.1021/bm500167u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, some attempts have been made to enhance the gas barrier properties of semicrystalline polymers by precisely controlling the arrangement of their impermeable crystalline lamellae. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve regular arrangement of the lamellae along the direction perpendicular to the gas diffusion path, especially using conventional polymer processing technologies. This work presents a novel and simple strategy to dramatically improve oxygen barrier performance of biobased and biodegradable polylactide (PLA) through constructing parallel-aligned shish-kebab-like crystals with well-interlocked boundaries with the aid of a highly active nucleating agent. The nucleating agent was introduced into PLA by melting compounding and the sheet-like specimens were fabricated by compression molding. We demonstrate that the fibrillar nucleating agent dispersed in PLA melt can serve as shish to induce the change of crystallization habit of PLA from isotopic spherulitic crystals to unique shish-kebab-like crystals and the shear flow in the compression molding can induce the highly ordered alignment of the nucleating agent fibrils as well as the subsequent shish-kebab-like crystals along the direction parallel to the sheet surface. More importantly, the growing lamellae are found to interpenetrate and tightly interlock with each other at the boundary regions of the shish-kebab-like crystals in the later stage of the crystallization, forming a densely packed nanobrick wall structure to prevent gas molecules from permeating through the crystals and thus imparting the PLA sheets with unprecedentedly low oxygen permeability. This work provides not only a successful example of preparing semicrystalline polymer with super gas barrier properties by tailoring crystal superstructure but also a promising route to rapidly fabricate high-performance food packaging materials via industrially meaningful melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Light Industry, Textile, and Food Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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21
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Horváth Z, Gyarmati B, Menyhárd A, Doshev P, Gahleitner M, Varga J, Pukánszky B. The role of solubility and critical temperatures for the efficiency of sorbitol clarifiers in polypropylene. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01917b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Han R, Li Y, Wang Q, Nie M. Critical formation conditions for β-form hybrid shish-kebab and its structural analysis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical formation conditions for β-form hybrid shish kebab and its unique condensed state structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065, China
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23
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Patil N, Invigorito C, Gahleitner M, Rastogi S. Influence of a particulate nucleating agent on the quiescent and flow-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Yang G, Li XX, Yang JH, Huang T, Zhang N, Liu XR, Wang Y. Crystallization behavior of sorbitol derivative nucleated polypropylene block copolymer under high pressure. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Housmans JW, Balzano L, Santoro D, Peters GWM, Meijer HEH. A Design to Study Flow Induced Crystallization in a Multipass Rheometer. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The design and performance of a flow geometry for the multipass rheometer (MPR) is described, creating an experimental setup to study in-situ and ex-situ structure and morphology development with a proper control over the processing conditions and shear history. The slit used is equipped with diamond windows, to combine flow with different experimental techniques, such as optical microscopy (OM), birefringence and X-ray scattering. In this paper we present preliminary results, obtained on isotactic polypropylene, that demonstrate the possibilities of this device for more extended future research. The focus is on the in-situ birefringence measurements of crystallization and the relation with the final morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-W. Housmans
- Materials Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L. Balzano
- Materials Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D. Santoro
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering University of Salerno, Italy
| | - G. W. M. Peters
- Materials Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H. E. H. Meijer
- Materials Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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Gahleitner M, Grein C, Kheirandish S, Wolfschwenger J. Nucleation of Polypropylene Homo- and Copolymers. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The combination of moderately slow crystal growth at large undercoolings together with the practical absence of sporadic nucleation makes isotactic polypropylene (iPP) an ideal material for controlled nucleation. In this review the different types of nucleating agents – inorganic and organic, particulate and soluble – for the different crystal modifications of iPP (α, β and γ) are presented together with their working mechanism and criteria for activity. The interaction between polymer type, nucleating agent and processing conditions in determining mechanical and optical properties conclude the survey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Grein
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Linz, Austria
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27
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Wu Y, Hsu SL, Honeker C, Bravet DJ, Williams DS. The Role of Surface Charge of Nucleation Agents on the Crystallization Behavior of Poly(vinylidene fluoride). J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7379-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3043494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Polymer Science and Engineering and NSF Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shaw Ling Hsu
- Polymer Science and Engineering and NSF Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Christian Honeker
- Saint Gobain High Performance Research Center, 9 Goddard Road, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532-1545,
United States
| | - David J. Bravet
- Saint Gobain High Performance Research Center, 9 Goddard Road, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532-1545,
United States
| | - Darryl S. Williams
- Saint Gobain High Performance Research Center, 9 Goddard Road, Northboro, Massachusetts 01532-1545,
United States
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28
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Balzano L, Rastogi S, Peters G. Self-Nucleation of Polymers with Flow: The Case of Bimodal Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102662p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Balzano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), PO Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), PO Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), PO Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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29
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Sreenivas K, Basargekar R, Kumaraswamy G. Phase Separation of DMDBS from PP: Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Tacticity. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200035s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sreenivas
- Complex Fluids and Polymer Engineering, National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune-411008, India
| | - Rajeev Basargekar
- Complex Fluids and Polymer Engineering, National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune-411008, India
| | - Guruswamy Kumaraswamy
- Complex Fluids and Polymer Engineering, National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune-411008, India
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30
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Patil N, Balzano L, Portale G, Rastogi S. A Study on the Chain−Particle Interaction and Aspect Ratio of Nanoparticles on Structure Development of a Linear Polymer. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100636v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Patil
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Luigi Balzano
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DUBBLE, CRG/ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), c/o ESRF BP 220, F-38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Moffat JR, Coates IA, Leng FJ, Smith DK. Metathesis within self-assembled gels: transcribing nanostructured soft materials into a more robust form. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8786-8793. [PMID: 20050049 DOI: 10.1021/la900282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the covalent capture of self-assembled gel-phase materials using alkene metathesis. Gels assembled from a gelator functionalized with peripheral alkene groups were reacted with Grubbs' second generation catalyst, added as a solution to the top of the gel and allowed to diffuse into the material for 24 h. Using this approach, the fibrillar self-assembled network was covalently captured, yielding a large amount of insoluble material that was robust, thermally stable, and highly swellable in solvents compatible with the gelator. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the insoluble metathesized material contained nanoscale fibers, which were aligned into rigid fiber bundles on drying. When the gelator was assembled in the presence of a second non-cross-linkable gelator, self-sorting took place, giving rise to two independent gelator networks. Metathesis then generated an insoluble material in which the individual gel fibers of the cross-linkable gelator were captured, whereas the nonreactive gelator could be washed away. Intriguingly, using this approach appeared to hinder the alignment of gel fibers into rigid fiber bundles. Instead, individual, well-defined, robust gelator nanofibers were visualized in the dried materials. In addition, the material synthesized this way appeared to be even more highly porous and swellable on the addition of solvent. In summary, this article demonstrates that metathesis is an effective way to capture nanostructured gel-phase materials covalently, with the judicious choice of additives helping to control the morphology and behavior of the materials generated. This approach to nanofabrication could ultimately give rise to nanostructured polymeric materials with a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Moffat
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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32
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Housmans JW, Gahleitner M, Peters GW, Meijer HE. Structure–property relations in molded, nucleated isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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