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Baluna AS, Galan A, Leigh DA, Smith GD, Spence JTJ, Tetlow DJ, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Zhang M. In Search of Wasserman's Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9825-9833. [PMID: 37096971 PMCID: PMC10161206 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
We repeat the earliest claimed [2]catenane synthesis, reported by Wasserman over 60 years ago, in order to ascertain whether or not a nontemplate, statistical synthesis by acyloin macrocyclization does indeed form mechanically interlocked rings. The lack of direct experimental evidence for Wasserman's catenane has led to it being described as a "prophetic compound", a technical term used in patents for claimed molecules that have not yet been synthesized. Contemporary synthetic methods were used to reconstruct Wasserman's deuterium-labeled macrocycle and other building blocks on the 10-100 g reaction scale necessary to generate, in principle, ∼1 mg of catenane. Modern spectrometric and spectroscopic tools and chemical techniques (including tandem mass spectrometry, deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescent tag labeling) were brought to bear in an effort to detect, isolate, and prove the structure of a putative [2]catenane consisting of a 34-membered cyclic hydrocarbon mechanically linked with a 34-membered cyclic α-hydroxyketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei S Baluna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Albano Galan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | - Gareth D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Justin T J Spence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Tetlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
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2
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Cao PF, Rong LH, Mangadlao JD, Advincula RC. Synthesizing a Trefoil Knotted Block Copolymer via Ring-Expansion Strategy. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Cao
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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3
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Cao PF, Mangadlao JD, de Leon A, Su Z, Advincula RC. Catenated Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(l-lactide) via Ring-Expansion Strategy. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Cao
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Joey Dacula Mangadlao
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Al de Leon
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Cao PF, Mangadlao J, Advincula R. A trefoil knotted polymer produced through ring expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5127-31. [PMID: 25728998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy is reported for the production of a trefoil knotted polymer from a copper(I)-templated helical knot precursor through ring expansion. The expected changes in the properties of the knotted polymer compared to a linear analogue, for example, reduced hydrodynamic radius and lower intrinsic viscosity, together with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of individual molecular knots, confirmed the formation of the resulting trefoil knotted polymer. The strategies employed here could be utilized to enrich the variety of available polymers with new architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Cao
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 (USA)
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5
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Cao PF, Mangadlao J, Advincula R. A Trefoil Knotted Polymer Produced through Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Bunha A, Cao PF, Mangadlao J, Shi FM, Foster E, Pangilinan K, Advincula R. Polymeric catenanes synthesized via “click” chemistry and atom transfer radical coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7528-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00373c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel route for the synthesis of polymeric catenanes was domonstrated by grafting to strategy via CuAAC reaction followed by ring closure via ATRC. The polymeric catenane was characterized by GPC and AFM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaykumar Bunha
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Joey Mangadlao
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Fei-Mo Shi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Edward Foster
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Katrina Pangilinan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Rigoberto Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
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7
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Sun D, Cho J. Monte Carlo simulations on thermodynamic and conformational properties of catenated double-ring copolymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:062601. [PMID: 25615120 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.062601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic and conformational properties of catenated double-ring A-B copolymer melts are investigated through lattice Monte Carlo simulations. The topological constraint on the catenated copolymers is shown to suppress demixing of A and B monomers. This action results in their order-to-disorder transition (ODT) at an increased segregation level and the lamellae below ODT with reduced order, when compared to diblock copolymers of linear or single-ring topology. The A and B rings are pulled closer by catenation in the copolymer, which leads to its smaller gyration radius, lamellar domain spacing, and distance between mass centers of the two rings than for the diblock copolymers. With increasing segregation tendencies, the gyration radii of the A rings of the catenated copolymers stretch along the direction normal to lamellae, while the A-block conformations of the single-ring copolymers change their shapes from ellipsoid to sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Sun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Center for Photofunctional Energy Materials, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, South Korea
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Center for Photofunctional Energy Materials, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, South Korea
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8
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Pangilinan K, Advincula R. Cyclic polymers and catenanes by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Pangilinan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Rigoberto Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44106 USA
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Hatakeyama F, Yamamoto T, Tezuka Y. Systematic Synthesis of Block Copolymers Consisting of Topological Amphiphilic Segment Pairs from kyklo- and kentro-Telechelic PEO and Poly(THF). ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:427-431. [PMID: 35581851 DOI: 10.1021/mz400150m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A set of four types of block copolymers consisting of topological amphiphilic segment pairs was effectively synthesized via kyklo- (functionalized cyclic) and kentro- (center-functionalized linear) telechelic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)). Accordingly, kyklo- and kentro-telechelic PEO with an ethynyl group was newly prepared from relevant linear PEO precursors with quinuclidinium end groups and an ethynyl-functionalized dicarboxylate counteranion by the electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process. Similarly, kyklo- and kentro-telechelic poly(THF) with an azido group was obtained. The PEO and poly(THF) telechelics were subjected to click chemistry to systematically produce amphiphilic block copolymers with two symmetric topological forms, that is, an "8" shape (IC·IIC) and a four-armed star shape (IL·IIL), and two asymmetric topological forms, that is, twin-tailed tadpole shapes (IL·IIC and IC·IIL) with respect to the hydrophilic-hydrophobic plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Hatakeyama
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152−8552, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152−8552, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tezuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama,
Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152−8552, Japan
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Bunha AK, Mangadlao J, Felipe MJ, Pangilinan K, Advincula R. Catenated PS-PMMA Block Copolymers via Supramolecularly Templated ATRP Initiator Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1214-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Cao PF, Bunha A, Mangadlao J, Felipe MJ, Mongcopa KI, Advincula R. A supramolecularly templated catenane initiator and a controlled ring expansion strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:12094-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35588d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Baba E, Honda S, Yamamoto T, Tezuka Y. ATRP–RCMpolymercyclization: synthesis of amphiphilic cyclic polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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YAMAMOTO T. Emergence of Functionalities Originating from the Topology of Polymers. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2011. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.68.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Schulz M, Tanner S, Barqawi H, Binder WH. Macrocyclization of polymers via ring-closing metathesis and azide/alkyne-âclickâ-reactions: An approach to cyclic polyisobutylenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
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18
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Ishikawa K, Yamamoto T, Asakawa M, Tezuka Y. Effective Synthesis of Polymer Catenanes by Cooperative Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bonding Self-Assembly and Covalent Fixation. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masumi Asakawa
- Nanotube Research Center, National Instutute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tezuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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19
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Schappacher M, Deffieux A. Imaging of Catenated, Figure-of-Eight, and Trefoil Knot Polymer Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5930-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Schappacher M, Deffieux A. Imaging of Catenated, Figure-of-Eight, and Trefoil Knot Polymer Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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