1
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Ye Z, Zhang H, Riggleman RA. Local dynamics and failure of inhomogeneous polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4734-4743. [PMID: 38836817 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Inhomogeneous crosslinked polymers are powerful platforms for materials design, because they can be synthesized from materials that provide complimentary properties to the resulting gel. For example, a membrane with both glassy and rubbery domains will be mechanically robust while enabling transport. The dynamics, and mechanical and failure properties of rubbery/glassy conetworks are only beginning to be studied, and there is likely to be strong heterogeneities in the dynamics and mechanical response. In this study, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to generate microphase separated rubbery/glassy polymer networks with a bicontinuous morphology via in silico crosslinking. We study the effect of phase boundary on the local mobility gradient, and our simulation results reveal an asymmetric shift in the local mobility gradient across the interface that extends deeper into the phase with a lower Tg when the system temperature is between the glass transition temperatures of the two phases. Moreover, by employing a model that allows bond breaking, we examine the microscopic mechanism for failure in these networks as a function of the molecular weight of polymer strands between crosslinks and the number fraction of the glassy domain. Under uniaxial extension, we find that the stress is initially larger in the glassy domain. As the deformation proceeds, the segmental dynamics of the two phases homogenize, and subsequently bond breaking begins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Bera PK, Medvedev GA, Caruthers JM, Ediger MD. Structural Relaxation Time of a Polymer Glass during Deformation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:208101. [PMID: 38829058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.208101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In order to determine the structural relaxation time of a polymer glass during deformation, a strain rate switching experiment is performed in the steady-state plastic flow regime. A lightly cross-linked poly(methylmethacrylate) glass was utilized and, simultaneously, the segmental motion in the glass was quantified using an optical probe reorientation method. After the strain rate switch, a nonmonotonic stress response is observed, consistent with previous work. The correlation time for segmental motion, in contrast, monotonically evolves toward a new steady state, providing an unambiguous measurement of the structural relaxation time during deformation, which is found to be approximately equal to the segmental correlation time. The Chen-Schweizer model qualitatively predicts the changes in the segmental correlation time and the observed nonmonotonic stress response. In addition, our experiments are reasonably consistent with the material time assumption used in polymer deformation modeling; in this approach, the response of a polymer glass to a large deformation is described by combining a linear-response model with a time-dependent segmental correlation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Bera
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | - Mark D Ediger
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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3
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Shi R, Yu L, Zhang N, Yang Y, Lu ZY, Qian HJ. Molecular Origin of the Reinforcement Effect and Its Strain-Rate Dependence in Polymer Nanocomposite Glass. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1052-1057. [PMID: 37449975 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the molecular origin of mechanical reinforcement in a polymer nanocomposite (PNC) under a glass state via molecular dynamics simulations. The strength of the PNC system is found to be reinforced mainly via reduced plastic deformations of the nanoparticle neighborhood (NN). Such a reinforcement effect is found to decay with an increase in the strain rate. The Arrhenius-Eyring relation is used to analyze its origin. The amplitude of the reinforcement is found to be determined by the difference between the energy barrier (ΔE) for the activation of NN and the work (W) done by the applied stress to conquer that barrier. A larger strain rate is found to result in a larger W and, hence, a weaker reinforcement effect. Such a strain-rate dependence is verified in the experimental tensile tests of a poly(vinyl alcohol)/SiO2 composite system. These results not only provide a new understanding of the molecular origin of the reinforcement effect in the PNC system, but also pave the way for a better design of the PNC material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130021
| | - Linxiuzi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130021
| | - Niboqia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130021
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130021
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130021
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130021
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4
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Creep and Recovery Behavior of Vitrimers with Fast Bond Exchange Rate. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200313. [PMID: 35856395 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers encompass the desirable mechanical properties of thermosets with the recyclability of thermoplastics. This ability arises from the rearrangement of the vitrimer covalent network upon heating via a bond shuffling mechanism while its cross-link density remains preserved. This unique feature makes vitrimers interesting candidates for the design of materials that combine dimensional stability at high temperatures and solvent resistance with the ability to be reshaped and processed. Despite these advantages, vitrimer exhibits significant creep at operating conditions where thermosets show little or no creep. As the mechanical properties of vitrimers not only depend on their chemical composition but also on the dynamics of the polymer chains, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can provide detailed molecular mechanisms of the system of interest under macroscopic stress-induced deformations. In this regard, the recently developed MD/Monte Carlo simulation methodology capable of capturing the bond exchange mechanics in vitrimers is used to study the creep and recovery response of a coarse-grained model thermoset and vitrimer with a fast bond exchange rate. The time-stress superposition principle is then successfully applied to the creep response. The resulting universal curves enable us to predict the long-time creep behavior of both systems extending the timescale from 4 to over 10 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.,Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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5
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Razavi M, Xing E, Ediger MD. Overaging with Stress in Polymer Glasses? Faster Segmental Dynamics despite Larger Yield Stress! Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Enran Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Mei B, Lin TW, Sheridan GS, Evans CM, Sing CE, Schweizer KS. Structural Relaxation and Vitrification in Dense Cross-Linked Polymer Networks: Simulation, Theory, and Experiment. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baicheng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsai-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Grant S. Sheridan
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Yang E, Riggleman RA. Role of Local Structure in the Enhanced Dynamics of Deformed Glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:097801. [PMID: 35302792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.097801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
External stress can accelerate molecular mobility of amorphous solids by several orders of magnitude. The changes in mobility are commonly interpreted through the Eyring model, which invokes an empirical activation volume. Here, we analyze constant-stress molecular dynamics simulations and propose a structure-dependent Eyring model, connecting activation volume to a machine-learned field, softness. We show that stress has a heterogeneous effect on the mobility that depends on local structure through softness. The barrier impeding relaxation reduces more for well-packed particles, which explains the narrower distribution of relaxation time observed under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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8
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Xu T, Nie C, Peng F, Sheng J, Li L. Bond Orientation-Assisted Enthalpic Stress in Polymer Glasses: A Simulation Study on Elastic Yielding. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cui Nie
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fan Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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9
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Chang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Gao K, Hou G, Shen J, Zhang L, Liu J. Creep behavior of polymer nanocomposites: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Ge T, Wang J, Robbins MO. Effects of Coarse-Graining on Molecular Simulations of Mechanical Properties of Glassy Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jiuling Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark O. Robbins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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11
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Kim SJ, Shin J, Kim JG, Park K, Jang K. Circular braided glass fiber/epoxy composites with helical architecture (coil spring) fabricated by p
laster‐sacrificial
compression molding for structural automotive applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Kim
- Research and Development Division Hyundai Motor Company Hwaseong‐si Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Shin
- R and D Center, Young Heung Iron and Steel Ansan‐si Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwan Kim
- R&D Center, T4L, 82 Gongdan 5‐ro, Jillyang‐eup Gyeongsan‐si Gyeongsangbuk‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang‐Hoon Park
- EZ Castech, #B‐603 Gabeulgreatvalley Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Keon‐Soo Jang
- Department of Polymer Engineering School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Suwon Hwaseong Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
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12
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Babacic V, Varghese J, Coy E, Kang E, Pochylski M, Gapinski J, Fytas G, Graczykowski B. Mechanical reinforcement of polymer colloidal crystals by supercritical fluids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 579:786-793. [PMID: 32673855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals realized by self-assembled polymer nanoparticles have prominent attraction as a platform for various applications from assembling photonic and phononic crystals, acoustic metamaterials to coating applications. However, the fragility of these systems limits their application horizon. In this work the uniform mechanical reinforcement and tunability of 3D polystyrene colloidal crystals by means of cold soldering are reported. This structural strengthening is achieved by high pressure gas (N2 or Ar) plasticization at temperatures well below the glass transition. Brillouin light scattering is employed to monitor in-situ the mechanical vibrations of the crystal and thereby determine preferential pressure, temperature and time ranges for soldering, i.e. formation of physical bonding among the nanoparticles while maintaining the shape and translational order. This low-cost method is potentially useful for fabrication and tuning of durable devices including applications in photonics, phononics, acoustic metamaterials, optomechanics, surface coatings and nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visnja Babacic
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jeena Varghese
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Eunsoo Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapinski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Bennin T, Xing E, Ricci J, Ediger MD. Rejuvenation Versus Overaging: The Effect of Cyclic Loading/Unloading on the Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glasses. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Bennin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Enran Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Josh Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Giuntoli A, Puosi F, Leporini D, Starr FW, Douglas JF. Predictive relation for the α-relaxation time of a coarse-grained polymer melt under steady shear. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0777. [PMID: 32494635 PMCID: PMC7182423 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We examine the influence of steady shear on structural relaxation in a simulated coarse-grained unentangled polymer melt over a wide range of temperature and shear rates. Shear is found to progressively suppress the α-relaxation process observed in the intermediate scattering function, leading ultimately to a purely inertially dominated β-relaxation at high shear rates, a trend similar to increasing temperature. On the basis of a scaling argument emphasizing dynamic heterogeneity in cooled liquids and its alteration under material deformation, we deduce and validate a parameter-free scaling relation for both the structural relaxation time τα from the intermediate scattering function and the "stretching exponent" β quantifying the extent of dynamic heterogeneity over the entire range of temperatures and shear rates that we can simulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giuntoli
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersbug, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Francesco Puosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi,” Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dino Leporini
- Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi,” Università di Pisa, Largo B.Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- IPCF-CNR, UOS Pisa, Italy
| | - Francis W. Starr
- Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersbug, Maryland 20899, USA
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15
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Hagita K, Morita H. Effects of polymer/filler interactions on glass transition temperatures of filler-filled polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Bennin T, Ricci J, Ediger MD. Enhanced Segmental Dynamics of Poly(lactic acid) Glasses during Constant Strain Rate Deformation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Bennin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Josh Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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17
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Bowman A, Mun S, Nouranian S, Huddleston B, Gwaltney S, Baskes M, Horstemeyer M. Free volume and internal structural evolution during creep in model amorphous polyethylene by Molecular Dynamics simulations. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Rottler J. Molecular mobility in driven monomeric and polymeric glasses. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:010501. [PMID: 30110863 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We show that in monomeric supercooled liquids and glasses that are plastically flowing at a constant shear stress σ while being deformed with strain rate ε[over ̇], the microscopic structural relaxation time τ_{str} is given by the universal relation σ/G_{∞}ε[over ̇] with G_{∞} a modulus. This equality holds for all rheological regimes from temperatures above the glass transition all the way to the athermal limit, and arises from the competing effects of elastic loading and viscous dissipation. In macromolecular (polymeric) glasses, however, the stress decouples from this relaxation time and τ_{str} is in fact further reduced even though σ rises during glassy strain hardening. We develop expressions to capture both effects and thus provide a framework for analyzing mobility measurements in glassy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Rottler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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19
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Oleinik EF, Mazo MA, Strel’nikov IA, Rudnev SN, Salamatina OB. Plasticity Mechanism for Glassy Polymers: Computer Simulation Picture. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Conca L, Dequidt A, Sotta P, Long DR. Acceleration and Homogenization of the Dynamics during Plastic Deformation. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Conca
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Institut
de Chimie, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 87 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
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21
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Sweeney J, Spencer PE, Vgenopoulos D, Babenko M, Boutenel F, Caton-Rose P, Coates PD. Application of activated barrier hopping theory to viscoplastic modeling of glassy polymers. MECHANICS OF TIME-DEPENDENT MATERIALS 2017; 22:145-165. [PMID: 29962897 PMCID: PMC6003397 DOI: 10.1007/s11043-017-9369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An established statistical mechanical theory of amorphous polymer deformation has been incorporated as a plastic mechanism into a constitutive model and applied to a range of polymer mechanical deformations. The temperature and rate dependence of the tensile yield of PVC, as reported in early studies, has been modeled to high levels of accuracy. Tensile experiments on PET reported here are analyzed similarly and good accuracy is also achieved. The frequently observed increase in the gradient of the plot of yield stress against logarithm of strain rate is an inherent feature of the constitutive model. The form of temperature dependence of the yield that is predicted by the model is found to give an accurate representation. The constitutive model is developed in two-dimensional form and implemented as a user-defined subroutine in the finite element package ABAQUS. This analysis is applied to the tensile experiments on PET, in some of which strain is localized in the form of shear bands and necks. These deformations are modeled with partial success, though adiabatic heating of the instability causes inaccuracies for this isothermal implementation of the model. The plastic mechanism has advantages over the Eyring process, is equally tractable, and presents no particular difficulties in implementation with finite elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sweeney
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - P. E. Spencer
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - D. Vgenopoulos
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - M. Babenko
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - F. Boutenel
- Institut Clement Ader (ICA); Universite de Toulouse; CNRS, IMT Mines Albi, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, UPS; Campus Jarlard, F-81013 Albi, France
| | - P. Caton-Rose
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - P. D. Coates
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
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22
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Masurel RJ, Gelineau P, Cantournet S, Dequidt A, Long DR, Lequeux F, Montes H. Role of Dynamical Heterogeneities on the Mechanical Response of Confined Polymer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:047801. [PMID: 28186782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.047801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Confinement induces various modifications in the dynamics of polymers as compared to bulk. We focus here on the role of dynamical heterogeneities on the mechanics of confined polymers. Using a simple model that allows computation of the mechanical response over 10 decades in frequency, we show that the local mechanical coupling controlling the macroscopic response in the bulk disappears in a confined geometry. The slowest domains significantly contribute to the mechanical response for increasing confinement. As a consequence, the apparent glass transition is broadened and shifted towards lower frequencies as confinement increases. We compare our numerical predictions with experiments performed on poly(ethylacrylate) chains in model filled elastomers. We suggest that the change of elastic coupling between domains induced by confinement should contribute significantly to the polymer mobility shift observed on filled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Masurel
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - P Gelineau
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - S Cantournet
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, MAT-Centre des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7633, BP 87 91003 Evry, France
| | - A Dequidt
- Univ. Clermont Ferrand, Inst. Chim. Clermont Ferrand, UMR 6296, F-63171 Aubiere, France
| | - D R Long
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 87, rue des frères Perret, F-69192 Saint Fons, France
| | - F Lequeux
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - H Montes
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
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23
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Hebert K, Ediger MD. Reversing Strain Deformation Probes Mechanisms for Enhanced Segmental Mobility of Polymer Glasses. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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24
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Dequidt A, Conca L, Delannoy JY, Sotta P, Lequeux F, Long DR. Heterogeneous Dynamics and Polymer Plasticity. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Dequidt
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luca Conca
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux
Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delannoy
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux
Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux
Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
| | - François Lequeux
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie
Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI) ParisTech, PSL Research
University, CNRS UMR 7615, Sciences et Ingénierie de la matière Molle, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux
Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France
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25
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Helfferich J, Lyubimov I, Reid D, de Pablo JJ. Inherent structure energy is a good indicator of molecular mobility in glasses. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5898-5904. [PMID: 27334679 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00810k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glasses produced via physical vapor deposition can display greater kinetic stability and lower enthalpy than glasses prepared by liquid cooling. While the reduced enthalpy has often been used as a measure of the stability, it is not obvious whether dynamic measures of stability provide the same view. Here, we study dynamics in vapor-deposited and liquid-cooled glass films using molecular simulations of a bead-spring polymer model as well as a Lennard-Jones binary mixture in two and three dimensions. We confirm that the dynamics in vapor-deposited glasses is indeed slower than in ordinary glasses. We further show that the inherent structure energy is a good reporter of local dynamics, and that aged systems and glasses prepared by cooling at progressively slower rates exhibit the same behavior as vapor-deposited materials when they both have the same inherent structure energy. These findings suggest that the stability inferred from measurements of the energy is also manifested in dynamic observables, and they strengthen the view that vapor deposition processes provide an effective strategy for creation of stable glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Helfferich
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Ivan Lyubimov
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Daniel Reid
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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26
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Pérez-Aparicio R, Cottinet D, Crauste-Thibierge C, Vanel L, Sotta P, Delannoy JY, Long DR, Ciliberto S. Dielectric Spectroscopy of a Stretched Polymer Glass: Heterogeneous Dynamics and Plasticity. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pérez-Aparicio
- Laboratoire
de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS/Université de Lyon, UMR 5672, 46 allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Cottinet
- Laboratoire
de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS/Université de Lyon, UMR 5672, 46 allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Crauste-Thibierge
- Laboratoire
de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS/Université de Lyon, UMR 5672, 46 allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Loïc Vanel
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR 5268, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons, Cedex, France
- Institut
Lumière Matière, CNRS/Université Lyon 1, UMR 5306, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR 5268, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons, Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delannoy
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR 5268, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons, Cedex, France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire
Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Rhodia-Solvay, UMR 5268, 85 avenue des Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons, Cedex, France
| | - Sergio Ciliberto
- Laboratoire
de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS/Université de Lyon, UMR 5672, 46 allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
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27
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Heinz H, Ramezani-Dakhel H. Simulations of inorganic-bioorganic interfaces to discover new materials: insights, comparisons to experiment, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:412-48. [PMID: 26750724 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural and man-made materials often rely on functional interfaces between inorganic and organic compounds. Examples include skeletal tissues and biominerals, drug delivery systems, catalysts, sensors, separation media, energy conversion devices, and polymer nanocomposites. Current laboratory techniques are limited to monitor and manipulate assembly on the 1 to 100 nm scale, time-consuming, and costly. Computational methods have become increasingly reliable to understand materials assembly and performance. This review explores the merit of simulations in comparison to experiment at the 1 to 100 nm scale, including connections to smaller length scales of quantum mechanics and larger length scales of coarse-grain models. First, current simulation methods, advances in the understanding of chemical bonding, in the development of force fields, and in the development of chemically realistic models are described. Then, the recognition mechanisms of biomolecules on nanostructured metals, semimetals, oxides, phosphates, carbonates, sulfides, and other inorganic materials are explained, including extensive comparisons between modeling and laboratory measurements. Depending on the substrate, the role of soft epitaxial binding mechanisms, ion pairing, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and conformation effects is described. Applications of the knowledge from simulation to predict binding of ligands and drug molecules to the inorganic surfaces, crystal growth and shape development, catalyst performance, as well as electrical properties at interfaces are examined. The quality of estimates from molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations is validated in comparison to measurements and design rules described where available. The review further describes applications of simulation methods to polymer composite materials, surface modification of nanofillers, and interfacial interactions in building materials. The complexity of functional multiphase materials creates opportunities to further develop accurate force fields, including reactive force fields, and chemically realistic surface models, to enable materials discovery at a million times lower computational cost compared to quantum mechanical methods. The impact of modeling and simulation could further be increased by the advancement of a uniform simulation platform for organic and inorganic compounds across the periodic table and new simulation methods to evaluate system performance in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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28
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Nonlinear stress relaxation behavior of ductile polymer glasses from large extension and compression. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Li X, Wang SQ. Mapping Brittle and Ductile Behaviors of Polymeric Glasses under Large Extension. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1110-1113. [PMID: 35614813 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have carried out a series of tensile extension tests on the two most common polymer glasses to describe their generic mechanical responses as a function of deformation rate at different temperatures. The essentially defect-free polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) both show remarkable re-entrant failure: being ductile at intermediate rates and showing diminishing toughness at both higher and lower rates. We draw phase diagrams to map out the relationship between brittle-like and yield-like states in terms of temperature, rate, and stress. A coherent understanding of the rich phenomenology requires us to describe in more detail the interplay between the chain network and the primary structure bonded by intersegmental van der Waals forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Morton Institutes of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Shi-Qing Wang
- Morton Institutes of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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30
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Vu-Bac N, Bessa MA, Rabczuk T, Liu WK. A Multiscale Model for the Quasi-Static Thermo-Plastic Behavior of Highly Cross-Linked Glassy Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Vu-Bac
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute
of Structural Mechanics, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Marienstr. 15, D-99423 Weimar, Germany
| | - M. A. Bessa
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timon Rabczuk
- Institute
of Structural Mechanics, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Marienstr. 15, D-99423 Weimar, Germany
- School
of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wing Kam Liu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Distinguished
Scientists Program Committee, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Masurel RJ, Cantournet S, Dequidt A, Long DR, Montes H, Lequeux F. Role of Dynamical Heterogeneities on the Viscoelastic Spectrum of Polymers: A Stochastic Continuum Mechanics Model. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin J. Masurel
- CNRS UPMC ESPCI
ParisTech PSL Res Univ, Lab SIMM, UMR 7615, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Sabine Cantournet
- MINES ParisTech,
PSL-Research University, MAT - Centre des matériaux, CNRS UMR
7633, BP 87 91003 Evry, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Univ Clermont Ferrand,
Inst Chim Clermont Ferrand, UMR 6296, F-63171 Aubiere, France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire
Polymères
et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 87, rue des frères Perret, F-69192 Saint Fons, France
| | - Hélène Montes
- CNRS UPMC ESPCI
ParisTech PSL Res Univ, Lab SIMM, UMR 7615, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - François Lequeux
- CNRS UPMC ESPCI
ParisTech PSL Res Univ, Lab SIMM, UMR 7615, F-75231 Paris, France
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32
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Dinkgreve M, Paredes J, Michels MAJ, Bonn D. Universal rescaling of flow curves for yield-stress fluids close to jamming. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:012305. [PMID: 26274160 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.012305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental flow curves of four different yield-stress fluids with different interparticle interactions are studied near the jamming concentration. By appropriate scaling with the distance to jamming all rheology data can be collapsed onto master curves below and above jamming that meet in the shear-thinning regime and satisfy the Herschel-Bulkley and Cross equations, respectively. In spite of differing interactions in the different systems, master curves characterized by universal scaling exponents are found for the four systems. A two-state microscopic theory of heterogeneous dynamics is presented to rationalize the observed transition from Herschel-Bulkley to Cross behavior and to connect the rheological exponents to microscopic exponents for the divergence of the length and time scales of the heterogeneous dynamics. The experimental data and the microscopic theory are compared with much of the available literature data for yield-stress systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dinkgreve
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Paredes
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A J Michels
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Ogieglo W, Wessling M, Benes NE. Polymer Relaxations in Thin Films in the Vicinity of a Penetrant- or Temperature-Induced Glass Transition. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ogieglo
- Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process
Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Inorganic
Membranes, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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34
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Gray LAG, Roth CB. Stability of polymer glasses vitrified under stress. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1572-1578. [PMID: 24652005 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
How stress or strain imparts mobility to glasses is a scientific issue linking ideas of jamming and the glass transition across colloids, granular materials, polymers, and molecular glasses. Here, we address for the first time how stress applied during vitrification, formation of the glassy state by a temperature quench, affects the subsequent stability of the glassy state, even after the stress has been removed. Using entangled polymers that are easily manipulated mechanically above the glass transition temperature, we find that the resulting polymer glasses become less stable, exhibiting a higher physical aging rate, when stress is applied while rapidly cooling the polymer films. The data show an initial plateau value at low stress, before transitioning rapidly to a higher aging rate at larger stress. These results are suggestive of the glassy system being left trapped in a less stable, higher energy state with faster physical aging rate when stressed above some minimum value during vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A G Gray
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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35
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Bending B, Christison K, Ricci J, Ediger MD. Measurement of Segmental Mobility during Constant Strain Rate Deformation of a Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glass. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402275r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bending
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kelly Christison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Josh Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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36
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Rauscher PM, Pye JE, Baglay RR, Roth CB. Effect of Adjacent Rubbery Layers on the Physical Aging of Glassy Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401498m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Rauscher
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Justin E. Pye
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Roman R. Baglay
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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37
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Pye JE, Roth CB. Physical Aging of Polymer Films Quenched and Measured Free-Standing via Ellipsometry: Controlling Stress Imparted by Thermal Expansion Mismatch between Film and Support. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401872u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Pye
- Department
of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department
of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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38
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Degen CM, May PA, Moore JS, White SR, Sottos NR. Time-Dependent Mechanochemical Response of SP-Cross-Linked PMMA. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Degen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Preston A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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39
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Shavit A, Riggleman RA. Influence of Backbone Rigidity on Nanoscale Confinement Effects in Model Glass-Forming Polymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400210w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Shavit
- Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
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40
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41
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Shavit A, Douglas JF, Riggleman RA. Evolution of collective motion in a model glass-forming liquid during physical aging. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A528. [PMID: 23556779 DOI: 10.1063/1.4775781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At temperatures moderately below their glass transition temperature, the properties of many glass-forming materials can evolve slowly with time in a process known as physical aging whereby the thermodynamic, mechanical, and dynamic properties all drift towards their equilibrium values. In this work, we study the evolution of the thermodynamic and dynamic properties during physical aging for a model polymer glass. Specifically, we test the relationship between an estimate of the size of the cooperative rearrangements taking the form of strings and the effective structural relaxation time predicted by the Adam-Gibbs relationship for both an equilibrium supercooled liquid and the same fluid undergoing physical aging towards equilibrium after a series of temperature jumps. We find that there is apparently a close correlation between a structural feature of the fluid, the size of the string-like rearrangements, and the structural relaxation time, although the relationship for the aging fluid appears to be distinct from that of the fluid at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Shavit
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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42
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Toepperwein GN, Schweizer KS, Riggleman RA, de Pablo JJ. Heterogeneous Segmental Dynamics during Creep and Constant Strain Rate Deformations of Rod-Containing Polymer Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301501z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Toepperwein
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706-1691, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science
and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peter Harrowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Dequidt A, Long DR, Sotta P, Sanséau O. Mechanical properties of thin confined polymer films close to the glass transition in the linear regime of deformation: theory and simulations. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2012; 35:61. [PMID: 22810262 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years experiments performed on thin polymer films deposited on substrates have shown that the glass transition temperature T(g) can either decrease or increase depending on the strength of the interactions. Over the same period, experiments have also demonstrated that the dynamics in liquids close to the glass transition temperature is strongly heterogeneous, on the scale of a few nanometers. A model for the dynamics of non-polar polymers, based on percolation of slow subunits, has been proposed and developed over the past ten years. It proposes a unified mechanism regarding these two features. By extending this model, we have developed a 3D model, solved by numerical simulations, in order to describe and calculate the mechanical properties of polymers close to the glass transition in the linear regime of deformation, with a spatial resolution corresponding to the subunit size. We focus on the case of polymers confined between two substrates with non-negligible interactions between the polymer and the substrates, a situation which may be compared to filled elastomers. We calculate the evolution of the elastic modulus as a function of temperature, for different film thicknesses and polymer-substrate interactions. In particular, this allows to calculate the corresponding increase of glass transition temperature, up to 20 K in the considered situations. Moreover, between the bulk T(g) and T(g) + 50 K the modulus of the confined layers is found to decrease very slowly in some cases, with moduli more than ten times larger than that of the pure matrix at temperatures up to T(g) + 50 K. This is consistent with what is observed in reinforced elastomers. This slow decrease of the modulus is accompanied by huge fluctuations of the stress at the scale of a few tens of nanometers that may even be negative as compared to the solicitation, in a way that may be analogous to mechanical heterogeneities observed recently in molecular dynamics simulations. As a consequence, confinement may result not only in an increase of the glass transition temperature, but in a huge broadening of the glass transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dequidt
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Rhodia, Saint-Fons, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchul G. Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
| | - Daniel J. Lacks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
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Ayenew Z, Paudel A, Van den Mooter G. Can compression induce demixing in amorphous solid dispersions? A case study of naproxen–PVP K25. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Smessaert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road,
Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jörg Rottler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road,
Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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48
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Toepperwein GN, Riggleman RA, de Pablo JJ. Dynamics and Deformation Response of Rod-Containing Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2017277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Toepperwein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1691, United States
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Yang J, Schweizer KS. Glassy dynamics and mechanical response in dense fluids of soft repulsive spheres. II. Shear modulus, relaxation-elasticity connections, and rheology. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204909. [PMID: 21639479 DOI: 10.1063/1.3592565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply the quiescent and mechanically driven versions of nonlinear Langevin equation theory to study how particle softness influences the shear modulus, the connection between shear elasticity and activated relaxation, and nonlinear rheology of the repulsive Hertzian contact model of dense soft sphere fluids. Below the soft jamming threshold, the shear modulus follows a power law dependence on volume fraction over a narrow interval with an apparent exponent that grows with particle stiffness. To a first approximation, the elastic modulus and transient localization length are controlled by a single coupling constant determined by local fluid structure. In contrast to the behavior of hard spheres, an approximately linear relation between the shear modulus and activation barrier is predicted. This connection has recently been observed for microgel suspensions and provides a microscopic realization of the elastic shoving model. Yielding, shear and stress thinning of the alpha relaxation time and viscosity, and flow curves are also studied. Yield strains are relatively weakly dependent on volume fraction and particle stiffness. Shear thinning commences at values of the effective Peclet number far less than unity, a signature of stress-assisted activated relaxation when barriers are high. Apparent power law reduction of the viscosity with shear rate is predicted with a thinning exponent less than unity. In the vicinity of the soft jamming threshold, a power law flow curve occurs over an intermediate reduced shear rate range with an apparent exponent that decreases as fluid volume fraction and/or repulsion strength increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Rossi G, Giannakopoulos I, Monticelli L, Rostedt NKJ, Puisto SR, Lowe C, Taylor AC, Vattulainen I, Ala-Nissila T. A MARTINI Coarse-Grained Model of a Thermoset Polyester Coating. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 AALTO, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ioannis Giannakopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London 6 SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Monticelli
- INSERM, UMR-S 665, DSIMB, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot −Paris 7, UFR Sciences du Vivant, Paris, France
- INTS, Paris, France
| | - Niko K. J. Rostedt
- Matox Ltd., Pembroke House, 36-37 Pembroke Street, Oxford OX1 1BP, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari R. Puisto
- Matox Ltd., Pembroke House, 36-37 Pembroke Street, Oxford OX1 1BP, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Lowe
- Becker Industrial Coatings Ltd., Goodlass Road, Speke, Liverpool L24 9HJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrose C. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London 6 SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS, Center of Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tapio Ala-Nissila
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 AALTO, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, Brown University, P.O. Box 1843, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-1843, United States
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