1
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Wang Q, Jiang W, Cai Y, Tišma M, Baganz F, Shi J, Lye GJ, Xiang W, Hao J. 2-Hydroxyisovalerate production by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 172:110330. [PMID: 37866134 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyisovalerate is a valuable chemical that can be used in the production of biodegradable polyesters. In nature, it was only produced at a very low level by Lactococcus lactis. 2-Ketoisovalerate is an intermediate metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ΔbudAΔldhA (Kp ΔbudAΔldhA) was a 2-ketoisovalerate producing strain. In this research, 2-hydroxyisovalerate was identified as a metabolite of Kp ΔbudAΔldhA, and its synthesis pathway was revealed. It was found that 2-ketoisovalerate and 2-hydroxyisovalerate were produced by Kp ΔbudA and Kp ΔbudAΔldhA, but not by Kp ΔbudAΔldhAΔilvD in which the 2-ketoisovalerate synthesis was blocked. budA, ldhA, and ilvD encode α-acetolactate decarboxylase, lactate dehydrogenase, and dihydroxy acid dehydratase, respectively. Thus, it was deduced that 2-hydroxyisovalerate was synthesized from 2-ketoisovalerate. Isoenzymes of ketopantoate reductase PanE, PanE2, and IlvC were suspected of being responsible for this reaction. Kinetic parameters of these enzymes were detected, and they all hold the 2-ketoisovalerate reductase activities. PanE and PanE2 use both NADH and NADPH as co-factors. While IlvC only uses NADH as a co-factor. Over-expression of panE, panE2, or ilvC in Kp ΔbudAΔldhA all enhanced the production of 2-hydroxyisovalerate. Accordingly, 2-hydroxyisovalerate levels were reduced by knocking out panE or panE2. In fed-batch fermentation, 14.41 g/L of 2-hydroxyisovalerate was produced by Kp ΔbudAΔldhA-panE, with a substrate conversion ratio of 0.13 g/g glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Wang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyan Jiang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Cai
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Marina Tišma
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, Osijek HR-31000, Croatia
| | - Frank Baganz
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Gary J Lye
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hao
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China; Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Cheng F, Wu DY, Liang XH, Wang CJ, Weng JQ, Zou SP, Xu JM, Xue YP, Zheng YG. A light-controlled biocatalytic system for precise regulation of enzymatic decarboxylation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A light-controlled biocatalytic one-pot system is developed, which enables precise regulation of gene expression and photocatalysis by illumination and yields high conversion and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Yang Wu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Hang Liang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Jiao Wang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Weng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Zou
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Miao Xu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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3
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Tu YM, Wang XM, Yang X, Fan HZ, Gong FL, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Biobased High-Performance Aromatic-Aliphatic Polyesters with Complete Recyclability. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20591-20597. [PMID: 34842423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance recyclable polymers represents a circular plastics economy to address the urgent issues of plastic sustainability. Herein, we design a series of biobased seven-membered-ring esters containing aromatic and aliphatic moieties. Ring-opening polymerization studies showed that they readily polymerize with excellent activity (TOF up to 2.1 × 105 h-1) at room temperature and produce polymers with high molecular weight (Mn up to 438 kg/mol). The variety of functionalities allows us to investigate the substitution effect on polymerizability/recyclability of monomers and properties of polymers (such as Tgs from -1 to 79 °C). Remarkably, a stereocomplexed P(M2) exhibited significantly increased Tm and crystallization rate. More importantly, product P(M)s were capable of depolymerizing into their monomers in solution or bulk with high efficiency, thus establishing their circular life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Long Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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4
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Leiske MN, Kempe K. A Guideline for the Synthesis of Amino-Acid-Functionalized Monomers and Their Polymerizations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100615. [PMID: 34761461 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids have emerged as a sustainable source for the design of functional polymers. Besides their wide availability, especially their high degree of biocompatibility makes them appealing for a broad range of applications in the biomedical research field. In addition to these favorable characteristics, the versatility of reactive functional groups in amino acids (i.e., carboxylic acids, amines, thiols, and hydroxyl groups) makes them suitable starting materials for various polymerization approaches, which include step- and chain-growth reactions. This review aims to provide an overview of strategies to incorporate amino acids into polymers. To this end, it focuses on the preparation of polymerizable monomers from amino acids, which yield main chain or side chain-functionalized polymers. Furthermore, postpolymerization modification approaches for polymer side chain functionalization are discussed. Amino acids are presented as a versatile platform for the development of polymers with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike N Leiske
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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5
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Gupta SS, Mishra V, Mukherjee MD, Saini P, Ranjan KR. Amino acid derived biopolymers: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:542-567. [PMID: 34384802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, amino acids (AA) have emerged as promising biomaterials for the synthesis of functional polymers. Owing to the diversity of functional groups in amino acids, various polymerization methods may be used to make a wide range of well-defined functional amino-acid/peptide-based optically active polymers with varying polymer lengths, compositions, and designs. When incorporated with chirality and self-assembly, they offer a wide range of applications and are particularly appealing in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. There are several classes of these polymers that include polyamides (PA), polyesters (PE), poly(ester-amide)s (PEA)s, polyurethanes (PU)s, poly(depsipeptide)s (PDP)s, etc. They offer the ability to control functionality, conjugation, crosslinking, stimuli responsiveness, and tuneable mechanical/thermal properties. In this review, we present the recent advancements in the synthesis strategies for obtaining these amino acid-derived bio-macromolecules, their self-assembly properties, and the wealth of prevalent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, NOIDA, India.
| | | | | | - Kumar Rakesh Ranjan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, NOIDA, India.
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6
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Çetin D, Arıcan MO, Kenar H, Mert S, Mert O. Poly(asymmetrical glycolide)s: The Mechanisms and Thermosensitive Properties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Çetin
- Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Onur Arıcan
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Halime Kenar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Serap Mert
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Processing Tech., Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41140, Turkey
| | - Olcay Mert
- Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
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7
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Metabolic engineering for the synthesis of polyesters: A 100-year journey from polyhydroxyalkanoates to non-natural microbial polyesters. Metab Eng 2020; 58:47-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Nifant'ev IE, Shlyakhtin AV, Bagrov VV, Tavtorkin AN, Komarov PD, Churakov AV, Ivchenko PV. Substituted glycolides from natural sources: preparation, alcoholysis and polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a comparative study of substituted glycolides MeGL, iPrGL, iBuGL, BnGL, PhGL and MePhGL, synthesized from natural sources and polymers therefrom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant'ev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
| | - Andrey V. Shlyakhtin
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Bagrov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N. Tavtorkin
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
| | - Pavel D. Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Department of Chemistry
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis
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9
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Abstract
Poly(substituted glycolide)s have emerged during the past decades to create extraordinary breakthroughs in a wide range of therapeutic applications due to superior properties as an alternative to PLA and PLGA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Onur Arıcan
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- Kocaeli University
- 41001, Kocaeli
- Turkey
| | - Olcay Mert
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- Kocaeli University
- 41001, Kocaeli
- Turkey
- Department of Chemistry
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10
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Steinman NY, Starr RL, Brucks SD, Belay C, Meir R, Golenser J, Campos LM, Domb AJ. Cyclopropenium-Based Biodegradable Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L. Starr
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Spencer D. Brucks
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Rinat Meir
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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11
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Xu Y, Perry MR, Cairns SA, Shaver MP. Understanding the ring-opening polymerisation of dioxolanones. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eliminating small molecules from dioxolane rings affords isotactic poly(mandelic acid), with competing chain transfer overcome through dynamic vacuum polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Xu
- School of Materials
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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12
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A synthetic pathway for the production of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:579-588. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synthetic biology, encompassing the design and construction of novel artificial biological pathways and organisms and the redesign of existing natural biological systems, is rapidly expanding the number of applications for which biological systems can play an integral role. In the context of chemical production, the combination of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches continues to unlock the ability to biologically produce novel and complex molecules from a variety of feedstocks. Here, we utilize a synthetic approach to design and build a pathway to produce 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid in Escherichia coli and demonstrate how pathway design can be supplemented with metabolic engineering approaches to improve pathway performance from various carbon sources. Drawing inspiration from the native pathway for the synthesis of the 5-carbon amino acid l-valine, we exploit the decarboxylative condensation of two molecules of pyruvate, with subsequent reduction and dehydration reactions enabling the synthesis of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Key to our approach was the utilization of an acetolactate synthase which minimized kinetic and regulatory constraints to ensure sufficient flux entering the pathway. Critical host modifications enabling maximum product synthesis from either glycerol or glucose were then examined, with the varying degree of reduction of these carbons sources playing a major role in the required host background. Through these engineering efforts, the designed pathway produced 6.2 g/L 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid from glycerol at 58% of maximum theoretical yield and 7.8 g/L 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid from glucose at 73% of maximum theoretical yield. These results demonstrate how the combination of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches can facilitate bio-based chemical production.
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13
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Sutthasupa S, Sanda F. Macroporous scaffolds: Molecular brushes based on oligo(lactic acid)–amino acid–indomethacin conjugated poly(norbornene)s. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Arya N, Mishra SK, Suryaprakash N. A simple ternary ion-pair complexation protocol for testing the enantiopurity and the absolute configurational analysis of acid and ester derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ternary ion-pair complexation protocol for rapid testing of the enantiopurity and the assignment of absolute configurations of various acid and ester derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Arya
- NMR Research Centre and Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Mishra
- NMR Research Centre and Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - N. Suryaprakash
- NMR Research Centre and Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
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15
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Hellwig M, Börner M, Beer F, van Pée KH, Henle T. Transformation of Free and Dipeptide-Bound Glycated Amino Acids by Two Strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Chembiochem 2016; 18:266-275. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Marie Börner
- Chair of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Falco Beer
- Chair of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz van Pée
- Chair of Biochemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Bergstrasse 66 01062 Dresden Germany
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16
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Basu A, Kunduru KR, Katzhendler J, Domb AJ. Poly(α-hydroxy acid)s and poly(α-hydroxy acid-co-α-amino acid)s derived from amino acid. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:82-96. [PMID: 27527666 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyesters derived from the α-hydroxy acids, lactic acid, and glycolic acid, are the most common biodegradable polymers in clinical use. These polymers have been tailored for a range of applications that require a physical material possessing. The physical and mechanical properties of these polymers fit the specific application and also safely biodegrade. These polymers are hydrophobic and do not possess functional side groups. This does not allow hydrophilic or hydrophobic manipulation, conjugation of active agents along the polymer chain, etc. These manipulations have partly been achieved by block copolymerization with, for example, poly(ethylene glycol), to obtain an amphiphilic copolymer. The objective of this review is to survey PLA functional copolymers in which functional α-hydroxy acids derived from amino acids are introduced along the polymer chain, allowing endless manipulation of PLA. Biodegradable functional polyesters are one of the most versatile biomaterials available to biomedical scientists. Amino acids with their variable side chains are ideal candidates for synthesizing such structural as well as stereochemically diverse polymers. They render control over functionalization, conjugation, crosslinking, stimulus responsiveness, and tunable mechanical/thermal properties. Functionalized amino acid derived polyesters are widely used, mainly due to advancement in ring opening polymerization (primarily O-carboxyanhydride mediated). The reaction proceeds under milder conditions and yields high molecular weight polymers. We reviewed on advances in the synthetic methodologies for poly-α-hydroxy esters derived from amino acids with appropriate recent examples.
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17
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Zhang X, Dai Y. A Functionalized Cyclic Lactide Monomer for Synthesis of Water-Soluble Poly(Lactic Acid) and Amphiphilic Diblock Poly(Lactic Acid). Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [PMID: 27859972 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable and bioabsorbable poly(lactic acid)s are one of the most important biomedical materials. However, it is difficult to introduce the functional groups into poly(lactic acid)s in order to improve their hydrophilicity and degradation rate. Here the authors describe the synthesis of functionalized cyclic lactide monomer 3,6-bis(benzyloxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (BnLA) using an advanced synthetic route. Water-soluble hydroxyl-functionalized homopoly(lactic acid) (P(OH)LA) is synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of BnLA, followed by a hydrogenolytic deprotection reaction. Amphiphilic diblock poly(lactic acid) (P(OH)LA-PLA) is synthesized via ROP of DL-lactide using PBnLA as an initiator, followed by a hydrogenolytic deprotection reaction. P(OH)LA-PLA is able to form polymeric micelles with the diameter of sub-100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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18
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Yang JE, Kim JW, Oh YH, Choi SY, Lee H, Park AR, Shin J, Park SJ, Lee SY. Biosynthesis of poly(2-hydroxyisovalerate-co-lactate) by metabolically engineeredEscherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1572-1585. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Yang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, and Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Je Woong Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, and Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Oh
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, and Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Park
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Shin
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy; Myongji University; Gyeonggido Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, and Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
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19
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Marubayashi H, Nojima S. Crystallization and Solid-State Structure of Poly(l-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Marubayashi
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nojima
- Department
of Organic and
Polymeric Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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20
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Fuoco T, Finne-Wistrand A, Pappalardo D. A Route to Aliphatic Poly(ester)s with Thiol Pendant Groups: From Monomer Design to Editable Porous Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1383-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Fuoco
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via dei Mulini
59/A, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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21
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Xu GC, Zhang LL, Ni Y. Enzymatic preparation of D-phenyllactic acid at high space-time yield with a novel phenylpyruvate reductase identified from Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967. J Biotechnol 2015; 222:29-37. [PMID: 26712480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An NADH-dependent phenylpyruvate reductase (LaPPR) was identified through screening the shotgun library of Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967. It belongs to D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) subfamily of 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase superfamily. LaPPR was stable at pH 6.5 and 30 °C, with a half-life of 152 h. LaPPR has a substrate preference towards aromatic to aliphatic keto acids, and various keto acids could be reduced into D-hydroxy acids with excellent enantioselectivity (>99%). By construction the coexpression system with glucose dehydrogenase, as much as 100 g L(-1) phenylpyruvic acid was asymmetrically reduced into D-phenyllactic acid with 91.3% isolation yield and 243 g L(-1) d(-1) productivity. The results suggest that LaPPR is a promising biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of optically pure D-phenyllactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ye Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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22
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Busto E, Richter N, Grischek B, Kroutil W. Biocontrolled formal inversion or retention of L-α-amino acids to enantiopure (R)- or (S)-hydroxyacids. Chemistry 2014; 20:11225-8. [PMID: 25048982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural L-α-amino acids and L-norleucine were transformed to the corresponding α-hydroxy acids by formal biocatalytic inversion or retention of absolute configuration. The one-pot transformation was achieved by a concurrent oxidation reduction cascade in aqueous media. A representative panel of enantiopure (R)- and (S)-2-hydroxy acids possessing aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic moieties were isolated in high yield (67-85 %) and enantiopure form (>99 % ee) without requiring chromatographic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Busto
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz (Austria)
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23
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Stuhr-Hansen N, Padrah S, Strømgaard K. Facile synthesis of α-hydroxy carboxylic acids from the corresponding α-amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Lecht S, Cohen-Arazi N, Cohen G, Ettinger K, Momic T, Kolitz M, Naamneh M, Katzhendler J, Domb AJ, Lazarovici P, Lelkes PI. Cytocompatibility of novel extracellular matrix protein analogs of biodegradable polyester polymers derived from α-hydroxy amino acids. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:608-24. [PMID: 24568316 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.888303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges in regenerative medicine is the development of novel biodegradable materials to build scaffolds that will support multiple cell types for tissue engineering. Here we describe the preparation, characterization, and cytocompatibility of homo- and hetero-polyesters of α-hydroxy amino acid derivatives with or without lactic acid conjugation. The polymers were prepared by a direct condensation method and characterized using gel permeation chromatography, (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, optical activity, and solubility. The surface charge of the polymers was evaluated using zeta potential measurements. The polymers were coated onto glass cover slips followed by characterization using nano-surface profiler, thin film reflectometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Their interaction with endothelial and neuronal cells was assessed using adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation assays. Of the characterized polymers, Poly-HOVal-LA, but not Poly-(D)HOPhe, significantly augmented nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation of the PC12 pheochromcytoma cells. In contrast, Poly-HOLeu increased by 20% the adhesion of endothelial cells, but did not affect PC12 cell differentiation. NGF-induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation in PC12 cells grown on the different polymers was similar to the effect observed for cells cultured on collagen type I. While no significant association could be established between charge and the differentiative/proliferative properties of the polymers, AFM analysis indicated augmentation of NGF-induced neuronal differentiation on smooth polymer surfaces. We conclude that overall selective cytocompatibility and bioactivity might render α-hydroxy amino acid polymers useful as extracellular matrix-mimicking materials for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Lecht
- a Department of Bioengineering and Temple Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA 19122 , USA
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25
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Marubayashi H, Asai S, Hikima T, Takata M, Iwata T. Biobased Copolymers Composed ofl-Lactic Acid and Side-Chain-Substituted Lactic Acids: Synthesis, Properties, and Solid-State Structure. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Marubayashi
- Science of Polymeric Materials, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center; 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Shigeo Asai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Takaaki Hikima
- Research Infrastructure Group; RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8 Center; 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center; 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Science of Polymeric Materials, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center; 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
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26
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Cohen-Arazi N, Domb AJ, Katzhendler J. Poly(α
-hydroxy alkanoic acid)s Derived From α
-Amino Acids. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1689-99. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Cohen-Arazi
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy; Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy; Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Joshua Katzhendler
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy; Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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27
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Kumar S, Roy SG, De P. Cationic methacrylate polymers containing chiral amino acid moieties: controlled synthesis via RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Castillo JA, Borchmann DE, Cheng AY, Wang Y, Hu C, García AJ, Weck M. Well-defined Poly(lactic acid)s Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) Side-chains. Macromolecules 2011; 45:62-69. [PMID: 22279245 DOI: 10.1021/ma2016387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side-chain functionalized lactide analogues have been synthesized in four steps from commercially available L-lactide. The key step in the synthesis is the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between PEG-azides and a highly strained spirolactide-heptene monomer, which proceeds in high conversions. The PEG-grafted lactides analogues were polymerized via ring-opening polymerization using triazacyclodecene as organocatalyst to give well-defined tri- and hepta-(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide)s (PLA) with molecular weights above 10 kDa and polydispersity indices between 1.6 and 2.1. PEG-poly(lactide) (PLA) with PEG chain M(n) 2000 was also prepared but GPC analysis showed a bimodal profile indicating the presence of starting macromonomer. Cell adhesion assays were performed using MC3T3 E-1 osteoblast-like cells demonstrating that PEG-containing PLA reduces cell adhesion significantly when compared to unfunctionalized PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Castillo
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003 (USA)
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29
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Pappalardo D, Målberg S, Finne-Winstrad A, Albertsson AC. Synthetic pathways enables the design of functionalized poly(lactic acid) with pendant mercapto groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Khan W, Muthupandian S, Farah S, Kumar N, Domb AJ. Biodegradable Polymers Derived From Amino Acids. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:1625-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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31
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Asmus LR, Gurny R, Möller M. Solutions as solutions – Synthesis and use of a liquid polyester excipient to dissolve lipophilic drugs and formulate sustained-release parenterals. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:584-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Luo SH, Wang ZY, Mao CX, Huo JP. Synthesis of biodegradable material poly(lactic acid-co-glycerol) via direct melt polycondensation and its reaction mechanism. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Nitsch-Velasquez L, Autschbach J. Toward a generalization of the Clough-Lutz-Jirgensons effect: Chiral organic acids with alkyl, hydroxyl, and halogen substituents. Chirality 2010; 22 Suppl 1:E81-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Sutthasupa S, Shiotsuki M, Matsuoka H, Masuda T, Sanda F. Ring-Opening Metathesis Block Copolymerization of Amino Acid Functionalized Norbornene Monomers. Effects of Solvent and pH on Micelle Formation. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902405g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutthira Sutthasupa
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiotsuki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsuoka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Toshio Masuda
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura Campus, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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35
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36
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Kolitz M, Cohen-Arazi N, Hagag I, Katzhendler J, Domb AJ. Biodegradable Polyesters Derived from Amino Acids. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900464g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kolitz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Cohen-Arazi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilanit Hagag
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeoshua Katzhendler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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