Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Conformation of Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Grafted Polystyrene in Dilute Solutions: Effect of the Backbone Length

Determination of the Structures of Lignin Subunits and Nanoparticles in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Towards Improving Lignin Valorization

Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are usually produced from lignin solution through supersaturation. The structure of the lignin in solution is still poorly understood due to structural variability of isolated lignins. Here, lignins were extracted from different plants to establish a general pattern of their structure in several lignin solvents. Lignin molecules (lignin subunits) and larger aggregates were observed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.1 N NaOD solutions by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). It was proposed that the aggregates were composed of lignin subunits with a higher molecular weight and a higher ratio of the aliphatic to phenolic hydroxyl groups. The size, shape, and compactness are important factors that affect the uses of the LNPs, which were obtained from the SANS data for the first time. A discrepancy in the radius between SANS and DLS was discovered, pointing to a large hydration shell around the LNPs in aqueous solutions. The cytotoxicity of the corncob lignin, kraft lignin, and their LNPs were measured and compared.

Rigid-to-Flexible Transition in a Molecular Brush in a Good Solvent at a Semidilute Concentration

The structures of a molecular brush in a good solvent are investigated using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering in a wide range of concentrations. The brush under study, PiPOx₂₃₉-g-PnPrOx₁₄, features a relatively long poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) backbone and short poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PnPrOx) side chains. As a solvent, ethanol is used. By model fitting, the overall size and the persistence length as well as the interaction length and interaction strength are determined. At this, the interplay between form and structure factor is taken into account. The conformation of the molecular brush is traced upon increasing the solution concentration, and a rigid-to-flexible transition is found near the overlap concentration. Finally, the results of computer simulations of the molecular brush solutions confirm the experimental results.

A molecular brush with thermoresponsive poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) side chains: a structural investigation

The thermoresponsive behavior of a poly(2-oxazoline)-based molecular brush is investigated in aqueous solution. The molecular brush under study, PiPOx100-g-PEtOx17, has a poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx) backbone grafted with thermoresponsive poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) side chains. Since the backbone degree of polymerization is only a factor of ~ 6 higher than the ones of the side chains, it features an architecture between a star-like polymer and a comb-like polymer. Its aqueous solution exhibits lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior with a cloud point temperature Tcp = 40.5 °C at 30 g L−1. The temperature-dependent structural evolution is disclosed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). An increase of the molecular brush size is found upon heating from room temperature to Tcp, which is attributed to the extension of the backbone resulting from the dehydration and collapse of the side chains. Above Tcp, the size decreases again, which indicates the collapse of the whole molecular brush. Large aggregates are found to be present in the solution in the temperature range 25–50 °C. These become more compact, as the temperature is increased across Tcp.

Addressing the challenges of modeling the scattering from bottlebrush polymers in solution

Small-angle scattering measurements of complex macromolecules in solution are used to establish relationships between chemical structure and conformational properties. Interpretation of the scattering data requires an inverse approach where a model is chosen and the simulated scattering intensity from that model is iterated to match the experimental scattering intensity. This raises challenges in the case where the model is an imperfect approximation of the underlying structure, or where there are significant correlations between model parameters. We examine three bottlebrush polymers (consisting of polynorbornene backbone and polystyrene side chains) in a good solvent using a model commonly applied to this class of polymers: the flexible cylinder model. Applying a series of constrained Monte-Carlo Markov Chain analyses demonstrates the severity of the correlations between key parameters and the presence of multiple close minima in the goodness of fit space. We demonstrate that a shape-agnostic model can fit the scattering with significantly reduced parameter correlations and less potential for complex, multimodal parameter spaces. We provide recommendations to improve the analysis of complex macromolecules in solution, highlighting the value of Bayesian methods. This approach provides richer information for understanding parameter sensitivity compared to methods which produce a single, best fit.

On the solution structure of kraft lignin in ethylene glycol and its implication for nanoparticle preparation

Ethylene glycol (EG) starts to attract attention as a robust solvent for lignin processing. However its solution structure has not been revealed. In this effort, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering are used to understand the dissolution of kraft lignin in EG and the impact of the resultant solution structure on nanoparticle preparation. Lignin solutions with different concentrations (0.6 to 13.0 wt%) were explored by SANS, allowing evaluation of the solvent quality, the conformation of lignin subunits and their aggregation in EG. Molecular interactions between EG and lignin were discussed and compared to those between DMSO and lignin. The process of nanoparticle preparation from EG solutions upon addition of anti-solvents was also discussed.

Hierarchical excluded volume screening in solutions of bottlebrush polymers

Polymer bottlebrushes provide intriguing features being relevant both in nature and in synthetic systems. While their presence in the articular cartilage optimizes synovial joint lubrication, bottlebrushes offer pathways for fascinating applications, such as within super-soft elastomers or for drug delivery. However, the current theoretical understanding lacks completeness, primarily due to the complicated interplay of many length scales. Herein, we develop an analytical model that demonstrates how structural properties of bottlebrushes depend on the concentration, ranging from dilute solutions to highly concentrated melts. The validity of our model is supported by data from extensive molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that the hierarchical structure of bottlebrushes dictates a sequence of conformational changes as the solution concentration increases. The effect is mediated by screening of excluded volume interactions at subsequent structural parts of the bottlebrushes. Our findings provide important insights that should enable improved customization of novel materials based on the architectural design of polymer bottlebrushes.

Intra-molecular interactions dominating the dehydration of a poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)-based densely grafted polymer comb in aqueous solution and hysteretic liquid–liquid phase separation

Temperature-induced association and hysteretic LLPS process of a poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx)-based polymer comb in water.

Structural Evolution of Polylactide Molecular Bottlebrushes: Kinetics Study by Size Exclusion Chromatography, Small Angle Neutron Scattering, and Simulations

Structural evolution from poly(lactide) (PLA) macromonomer to resultant PLA molecular bottlebrush during ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was investigated for the first time by combining size exclusion chromatography (SEC), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations. Multiple aliquots were collected at various reaction times during ROMP and subsequently analyzed by SEC and SANS. These complementary techniques enable the understanding of systematic changes in conversion, molecular weight and dispersity as well as structural details of PLA molecular bottlebrushes. CG-MD simulation not only predicts the experimental observations, but it also provides further insight into the analysis and interpretation of data obtained in SEC and SANS experiments. We find that PLA molecular bottlebrushes undergo three conformational transitions with increasing conversion (i.e., increasing the backbone length): (1) from an elongated to a globular shape due to longer side chain at low conversion, (2) from a globular to an elongated shape at intermediate conversion caused by excluded volume of PLA side chain, and (3) the saturation of contour length at high conversion due to chain transfer reactions.

Synthesis and properties of a rod-g-rod bottlebrush with a semirigid mesogen-jacketed polymer as the side chain

A series of bottlebrushes, PPLG-g-PMPCS, with an α-helical rigid backbone and mesogen-jacketed rigid side chains were synthesized by the “grafting onto” method. The conformation of the bottlebrush changes from a cylinder to an ellipsoid with increasing side-chain length.

Persistence Length of Dendritic Molecular Brushes

On the basis of mean-field theory, we predict that molecular brushes with dendritic side chains ("dendronized polymers") may exhibit the behavior of semirigid polymers capable of lyotropic odering. The apparent persistence length of these molecular brushes is governed by the interactions between dendritic grafts and may significantly exceed the characteristic brush thickness. Compared to bottle-brushes with linear grafts, manifestation of the induced rigidity in molecular brushes with dendritic branches is expected at smaller degrees of polymerization of the grafts. Under good solvent conditions, the induced rigidity depends solely on the number of side chain monomers per unit length of backbone and the second virial coeffcient of monomer-monomer interactions, irrespective of graft topology.

Effect of ionic liquid treatment on the structures of lignins in solutions: molecular subunits released from lignin

The solution structures of three types of isolated lignin--organosolv (OS), Kraft (K), and low sulfonate (LS)--before and after treatment with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate were studied using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) over a concentration range of 0.3-2.4 wt %. The results indicate that each of these lignins is comprised of aggregates of well-defined basal subunits, the shapes and sizes of which, in D(2)O and DMSO-d(6), are revealed using these techniques. LS lignin contains a substantial amount of nanometer-scale individual subunits. In aqueous solution these subunits have a well-defined elongated shape described well by ellipsoidal and cylindrical models. At low concentration the subunits are highly expanded in alkaline solution, and the effect is screened with increasing concentration. OS lignin dissolved in DMSO was found to consist of a narrow distribution of aggregates with average radius 200 ± 30 nm. K lignin in DMSO consists of aggregates with a very broad size distribution. After ionic liquid (IL) treatment, LS lignin subunits in alkaline solution maintained the elongated shape but were reduced in size. IL treatment of OS and K lignins led to the release of nanometer-scale subunits with well-defined size and shape.