1
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Shiels OJ, Menti-Platten M, Bokosi FRB, Burns BR, Keaveney ST, Keller PA, Barker PJ, Trevitt AJ. A Photoreactor-Interfaced Mass Spectrometer: An Online Platform to Monitor Photochemical Reactions. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15472-15476. [PMID: 37830912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
An experimental platform is reported that allows for the online characterization of photochemical reactions by coupling a continuous flow photoreactor, equipped with LED light irradiation and a dual-tipped ESI source, directly to a mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. The capabilities of this platform are demonstrated with two classes of photoreactions: (1) the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate and (2) photocatalyzed alkyne insertion into a 1,2,3-benzotriazinone. The online technique provides rapid information to inform the underlying photochemical mechanism and evaluate the overall photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisin J Shiels
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Maria Menti-Platten
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Fostino R B Bokosi
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Brett R Burns
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sinead T Keaveney
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Paul A Keller
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Philip J Barker
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
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2
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Thioxanthone Derivatives as a New Class of Organic Photocatalysts for Photopolymerisation Processes and the 3D Printing of Photocurable Resins under Visible Light. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, novel thioxanthone-based compounds were synthesised and evaluated as a component of photoredox catalysts/photoinitiating systems for the free-radical polymerisation (FRP) of acrylates and the ring-opening cationic polymerisation (CP) of epoxy monomers. The performance of the obtained thioxanthones in two- and three-component photoinitiating systems, in combination with amines, iodonium or sulphonium salt, as well as with alkyl halide, for photopolymerisation processes upon exposure to light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a maximum emission of 405 nm and 420 nm, was investigated. The studied compounds act also as one-component free-radical photoinitiators. Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the kinetics of disappearance of the functional groups of the monomers during photoinitiated polymerisation. Excellent photoinitiating efficiency and high final conversions of functional groups were observed. Moreover, the influence of thioxanthone skeleton substitution on photoinitiating efficiency was discussed. The photochemical mechanism was also investigated through cyclic voltammetry. It was discovered that thioxanthone derivatives can be used as a metal-free photoredox catalyst active for both oxidative and reductive cycles. Furthermore, a photopolymerizable system based on novel thioxanthone derivatives in a stereolithography three-dimensional (3D) printing technology under visible sources of light was used. The effects of photoinitiator type system and monomer type in photoresins during 3D printing processes were explored. The outcome of this research is the development of high-performance visible photosensitive resins with improved photosensitivity obtained thanks to the development of entirely novel photoinitiating systems specifically adapted for this application.
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3
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Jöckle P, Lamparth I, Moszner N, Barner-Kowollik C, Unterreiner AN. Evidence for ultrafast formation of tribenzoylgermyl radicals originating from tetraacylgermane photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report strong evidence for the ultrafast formation of tribenzoylgermyl radicals originating from tetraacylgermane photoinitiators on a ps-time scale. In comparison to previous studies, the result can be related to a high initiation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jöckle
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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4
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Jovic K, Nitsche T, Lang C, Blinco JP, De Bruycker K, Barner-Kowollik C. Hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography to mass spectrometry for precision polymer analysis – a tutorial review. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate how SEC-ESI-MS can be used to analyze complex polymers, a significant challenge in contemporary polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jovic
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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5
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Jöckle P, Kamm PW, Lamparth I, Moszner N, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. More than Expected: Overall Initiation Efficiencies of Mono-, Bis-, and Tetraacylgermane Radical Initiators. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jöckle
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Philipp W. Kamm
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Iris Lamparth
- Ivoclar Vivadent
AG, Bendererstrasse 2, 9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent
AG, Bendererstrasse 2, 9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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6
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Menzel JP, Noble BB, Lauer A, Coote ML, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength Dependence of Light-Induced Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15812-15820. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Menzel
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin B. Noble
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science,
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrea Lauer
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science,
Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School
of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular
Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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7
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Van Steenberge PHM, Vandenbergh J, Reyniers MF, Junkers T, D’hooge DR, Marin GB. Kinetic Monte Carlo Generation of Complete Electron Spray Ionization Mass Spectra for Acrylate Macromonomer Synthesis. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Joke Vandenbergh
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC associated lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 904, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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8
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Frick E, Schweigert C, Noble BB, Ernst HA, Lauer A, Liang Y, Voll D, Coote ML, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Toward a Quantitative Description of Radical Photoinitiator Structure–Reactivity Correlations. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Frick
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Caroline Schweigert
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Abteilung für Molekulare Physikalische
Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg
2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin B. Noble
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School
of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Hanna A. Ernst
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Abteilung für Molekulare Physikalische
Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg
2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrea Lauer
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yu Liang
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Abteilung für Molekulare Physikalische
Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg
2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Voll
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School
of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Abteilung für Molekulare Physikalische
Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg
2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und
Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut
für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Brandt J, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. State-of-the-art analytical methods for assessing dynamic bonding soft matter materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5758-5785. [PMID: 24782412 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic bonding materials are of high interest in a variety of fields in material science. The reversible nature of certain reaction classes is frequently employed for introducing key material properties such as the capability to self-heal. In addition to the synthetic effort required for designing such materials, their analysis is a highly complex--yet important--endeavor. Herein, we critically review the current state of the art analytical methods and their application in the context of reversible bonding on demand soft matter material characterization for an in-depth performance assessment. The main analytical focus lies on the characterization at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Vandenbergh J, Junkers T. Alpha and Omega: Importance of the Nonliving Chain End in RAFT Multiblock Copolymerization. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500803k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joke Vandenbergh
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek,
Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek,
Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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11
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Frick E, Ernst HA, Voll D, Wolf TJA, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Studying the polymerization initiation efficiency of acetophenone-type initiators via PLP-ESI-MS and femtosecond spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Voll D, Neshchadin D, Hiltebrandt K, Gescheidt G, Barner-Kowollik C. UV-Triggered End Group Conversion of Photo-Initiated Poly(methyl methacrylate). Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kai Hiltebrandt
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Voll D, Junkers T, Barner‐Kowollik C. A qualitative and quantitative post‐mortem analysis: Studying free‐radical initiation processes via soft ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Polymer Reaction Design Group, Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE‐3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Wolf TJA, Voll D, Barner-Kowollik C, Unterreiner AN. Elucidating the Early Steps in Photoinitiated Radical Polymerization via Femtosecond Pump–Probe Experiments and DFT Calculations. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202673q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular
Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie and Center
for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular
Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie and Center
for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe,
Germany
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15
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Griesser M, Dworak C, Jauk S, Höfer M, Rosspeintner A, Grabner G, Liska R, Gescheidt G. Photoinitiators with β-Phenylogous Cleavage: An Evaluation of Reaction Mechanisms and Performance. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Griesser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Dworak
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Jauk
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Höfer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gottfried Grabner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 5, 1030
Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Altuntaş E, Knop K, Tauhardt L, Kempe K, Crecelius AC, Jäger M, Hager MD, Schubert US. Tandem mass spectrometry of poly(ethylene imine)s by electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:105-114. [PMID: 22282096 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, linear poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymers, which are of importance in gene delivery, are investigated in detail by using electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight (ESI-Q-TOF) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The analyzed PEIs with different end groups were synthesized using the polymerization of substituted 2-oxazoline via a living cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) and a subsequent hydrolysis under acidic conditions. The main goal of this study was to identify linear PEI polymers in a detailed way to gain information about their fragmentation pathways. For this purpose, a detailed characterization of three different linear PEIs was performed by using ESI-Q-TOF and MALDI-TOF MS in combination with collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. In ESI-MS as well as MALDI-MS analysis, the obtained spectra of PEIs resulted in fitting mass distributions for the investigated PEIs. In the tandem MS analysis, a 1,2-hydride shift with a charge-remote rearrangement via a four-membered cyclic transition state, as well as charge-induced fragmentation reactions, was proposed as the main fragmentation mechanisms according to the obtained fragmentation products from the protonated parent peaks. In addition, heterolytic and homolytic cleavages were proposed as alternative fragmentation pathways. Moreover, a 1,4-hydrogen elimination was proposed to explain different fragmentation products obtained from the sodiated parent peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Altuntaş
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 , Jena, Germany
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17
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Voll D, Hufendiek A, Junkers T, Barner-Kowollik C. Quantifying Photoinitiation Efficiencies in a Multiphotoinitiated Free-Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 33:47-53. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Nyström F, Soeriyadi AH, Boyer C, Zetterlund PB, Whittaker MR. End-group fidelity of copper(0)-meditated radical polymerization at high monomer conversion: an ESI-MS investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Voll D, Junkers T, Barner-Kowollik C. Quantitative Comparison of the Mesitoyl vs the Benzoyl Fragment in Photoinitiation: A Question of Origin. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research
(IMO), Polymer Reaction Design Group, Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, BE-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Wienhöfer IC, Luftmann H, Studer A. Nitroxide-Mediated Copolymerization of MMA with Styrene: Sequence Analysis of Oligomers by Using Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1029482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga C. Wienhöfer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich Luftmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Inglis AJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Visualizing the efficiency of rapid modular block copolymer construction. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Altuntaş E, Kempe K, Crecelius A, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. ESI-MS & MS/MS Analysis of Poly(2-oxazoline)s with Different Side Groups. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Hart-Smith G, Barner-Kowollik C. Contemporary Mass Spectrometry and the Analysis of Synthetic Polymers: Trends, Techniques and Untapped Potential. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Koo SPS, Stamenović MM, Prasath RA, Inglis AJ, Du Prez FE, Barner‐Kowollik C, Van Camp W, Junker T. Limitations of radical thiol‐ene reactions for polymer–polymer conjugation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy P. S. Koo
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Milan M. Stamenović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4‐bis), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - R. Arun Prasath
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4‐bis), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Inglis
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4‐bis), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Wim Van Camp
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4‐bis), Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junker
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
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25
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Gruendling T, Junkers T, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Mark-Houwink Parameters for the Universal Calibration of Acrylate, Methacrylate and Vinyl Acetate Polymers Determined by Online Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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A Perfect Couple: PLP/SEC/ESI-MS for the Accurate Determination of Propagation Rate Coefficients in Free Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Barner-Kowollik C. Radical Polymerization: Reversing the Irreversible? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9222-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Barner-Kowollik C. Radikalische Polymerisation: Kann man das Unumkehrbare umkehren? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Kajiwara A. Time-Resolved Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Radicals Formed During Free Radical Polymerizations of Alkyl Acrylates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1975-80. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Determining Initiator Efficiency in Radical Polymerization by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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