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Brudar S, Hribar-Lee B. Effect of Buffer on Protein Stability in Aqueous Solutions: A Simple Protein Aggregation Model. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2504-2512. [PMID: 33656887 PMCID: PMC8041305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins has recently been associated with the onset of numerous diseases. Despite several studies in this area of protein aggregation, buffer-specific effects always seem to be overlooked. In this study we investigated the influence of buffers on the phase stability of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) and its respective protein-protein interactions by measuring the cloud point temperature, second virial coefficient, and interaction diffusion coefficient of several HEWL-buffer solutions (MOPS, phosphate, HEPES, cacodylate) at pH 7.0. The results indicate that the buffer molecules, depending on their hydration, adsorb on the protein surface, and modulate their electrostatic stability. The obtained information was used to extend the recently developed coarse-grained protein model to incorporate buffer-specific effects. Treated by Wertheim's perturbation theory the model qualitatively correctly predicted the experimentally observed phase separation of all investigated HEWL-buffer solutions, and further allowed us to predict the phase stability of protein formulations even in experimentally unattainable conditions. Since the theory can be straightforwardly extended to include multiple components it presents a useful tool to study protein aggregation in crowded cell-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Brudar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana,, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Hribar-Lee
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana,, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Zhou X, Zhao K. Effect of grafting density on conformation of poly(acrylic acid) in solution by dielectric spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7190-7203. [PMID: 30123904 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of grafting density of poly(ethylene oxide) and dodecyl groups on the conformation of poly(acrylic acid) in solution was clarified by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy over a frequency range from 40 Hz to 110 MHz. Two distinct dielectric relaxations were found after the elimination of electrode polarization, and valuable information about the conformations and interfacial electrokinetic properties of molecules was obtained by analyzing the dielectric spectra based on a refined double-layer polarization model. The critical aggregation concentration was determined by the concentration dependency of dielectric parameters. The results based on zeta potential suggested that the ionization performance and behavior of counterion condensation were strongly influenced by the grafting density of poly(ethylene oxide) and dodecyl groups. The concentration dependency of correlation length, ratio of zeta potential, ratio of linear density of counterions, and the Debye length showed that the chain length and degree of intermolecular aggregation were also strongly influenced by the grafting density. We revealed the role of grafting density with respect to electrostatic interaction in determining the chain conformation of polyelectrolytes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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3
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Zhou X, Zhao K. Chain conformation of poly(acrylic acid)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide)-graft-dodecyl in solution: an anomalous counter-ions condensation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:1130-1141. [PMID: 29345709 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A dielectric spectroscopy study on a polyelectrolyte in aqueous solutions, which contains hydrophobic groups in part of the side chains poly(acrylic acid)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide)-graft-dodecyl (PAA-g-PEO-g-dodecyl) is reported. A refined double layer polarization model was proposed to analyze the double dielectric relaxations in the dielectric spectra. Various electrical and structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained. Besides the crossover concentration, another turning point around 4 mg mL-1 was identified through the analysis of all the dielectrical parameters including dielectric increment, relaxation time and correlation length. According to the scaling relationship between the correlation length and concentration, a necklace-like structure was predicted. In addition, 4 mg mL-1 was proven to be the transition point between string-controlling with bead-controlling structure of the chains. In addition, the fraction of effective charges on the chains was illustrated by Ito's counter-ions fluctuation theory, as well as its linear dependence relationship with the zeta potential. Meanwhile, the counter-ions condensation behavior was consistent with the avalanche-like trend, which was predicted by theory for a hydrophobic polyelectrolyte with a necklace conformation. The results demonstrated that the electrostatic interactions were the main driving force of the necklace-like structure with pendant globules when the string-controlling structure was below 4 mg mL-1. While hydrophobic interactions are the main driving force of the structure of bead-controlling above 4 mg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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4
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Abstract
The volumetric (partial and apparent molar volumes) and calorimetric properties (apparent heat capacities) of aqueous cationic polyelectrolyte solutions - ionenes - were studied using the oscillating tube densitometer and differential scanning calorimeter. The polyion's charge density and the counterion properties were considered as variables. The special attention was put to evaluate the contribution of electrostatic and hydrophobic effects to the properties studied. The contribution of the CH2 group of the polyion's backbone to molar volumes and heat capacities was estimated. Synergistic effect between polyion and counterions was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Lukšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Hribar-Lee
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Malikova N, Rollet AL, Čebašek S, Tomšič M, Vlachy V. On the crossroads of current polyelectrolyte theory and counterion-specific effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5650-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of ionene polyelectrolytes highlight the need for combining the scaling concepts of polyelectrolyte solutions with those of ion specificity, to encompass the wealth of phenomena taking place in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sašo Čebašek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Matija Tomšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Vojko Vlachy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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Palombo F, Heisler IA, Hribar-Lee B, Meech SR. Tuning the Hydrophobic Interaction: Ultrafast Optical Kerr Effect Study of Aqueous Ionene Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:8900-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palombo
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- School
of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, U.K
| | - Ismael A. Heisler
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Barbara Hribar-Lee
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva
5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
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Bončina M, Lukšič M, Seručnik M, Vlachy V. Thermodynamic analysis of the interaction of partially hydrophobic cationic polyelectrolytes with sodium halide salts in water. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.871365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lima FS, Chaimovich H, Cuccovia IM, Buchner R. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy shows a sparingly hydrated interface and low counterion mobility in triflate micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10037-10046. [PMID: 23899188 DOI: 10.1021/la401728g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The properties of ionic micelles are affected by the nature of the counterion. Specific ion effects can be dramatic, inducing even shape and phase changes in micellar solutions, transitions apparently related to micellar hydration and counterion binding at the micellar interface. Thus, determining the hydration and dynamics of ions in micellar systems capable of undergoing such transitions is a crucial step in understanding shape and phase changes. For cationic micelles, such transitions are common with large organic anions as counterions. Interestingly, however, phase separation also occurs for dodecyltrimethylammonium triflate (DTATf) micelles in the presence of sodium triflate (NaTf). Specific ion effects for micellar solutions of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), bromide (DTAB), methanesulfonate (DTAMs), and triflate (DTATf) were studied with dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS), a technique capable of monitoring hydration and counterion dynamics of micellar aggregates. In comparison to DTAB, DTAC, and DTAMs, DTATf micelles were found to be considerably less hydrated and showed reduced counterion mobility at the micellar interface. The obtained DTATf and DTAMs data support the reported central role of the anion's -CF3 moiety with respect to the properties of DTATf micelles. The reduced hydration observed for DTATf micelles was rationalized in terms of the higher packing of this surfactant compared to that of other DTA-based systems. The decreased mobility of Tf(-) anions condensed at the DTATf interface strongly suggests the insertion of Tf(-) in the micellar interface, which is apparently driven by the strong hydrophobicity of -CF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S Lima
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Influence of the hydrophobic groups and the nature of counterions on ion-binding in aliphatic ionene solutions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Čebašek S, Seručnik M, Vlachy V. Presence of hydrophobic groups may modify the specific ion effect in aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:3682-8. [PMID: 23472833 DOI: 10.1021/jp401313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of aliphatic 6,12- and 12,12-ionene bromides and fluorides and enthalpies of mixing with low molecular-weight salts, such as sodium fluoride and bromide, are determined. In the second part of the study, the various x,y-ionenes (x, y are numbers of methylene groups between the adjacent charges) with fluoride, bromide, and iodide counterions are mixed with aqueous sodium sulfate solution. The polyelectrolytes examined in this part of the work are 3,3-, 6,9-, 6,12-, and 12,12-ionenes. A comparison with theoretical results, based on the Poisson-Boltzmann cell model, is presented. The theory predicts for the enthalpy of dilution to be exothermic and the enthalpy of mixing endothermic, while experiments show that signs of the heat effects depend on the nature of the counterion of the added salt, as also on the hydrophobicity (numbers x, y of methylene groups) of the ionene. We show that the salts when ordered by heat effects produced by mixing of NaF and NaBr with 3,3-, 6,9-, or 6,12-ionene fluorides and bromides follow the opposite ordering than in the case when the same alkali halide salts are mixed with more hydrophobic 12,12-ionene salts. The results for the enthalpy of mixing of ionenes under study with Na2SO4 follow the same order as obtained for monovalent salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Čebašek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sarti S, Truzzolillo D, Bordi F. Hydrogen bond network relaxation in aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions: the effect of temperature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:284102. [PMID: 22740600 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/28/284102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy data over the range 100 MHz–40 GHz allow for a reliable analysis of two of the major relaxation phenomena for polyelectrolytes (PE) in water. Within this range, the dielectric relaxation of pure water is dominated by a near-Debye process at ν = 18.5 GHz corresponding to a relaxation time of τ = 8.4 ps at 25 °C. This mode is commonly attributed to the cooperative relaxation specific to liquids forming a hydrogen bond network (HBN) and arising from long range H-bond-mediated dipole–dipole interactions. The presence of charged polymers in water partially modifies the dielectric characteristics of the orientational water molecule relaxation due to a change of the dielectric constant of water surrounding the charges on the polyion chain. We report experimental results on the effect of the presence of a standard flexible polyelectrolyte (sodium polyacrylate) on the HBN relaxation in water for different temperatures, showing that the HBN relaxation time does not change by increasing the polyelectrolyte density in water, even if relatively high concentrations are reached (0.02 monomol l(−1) ≤ C ≤ 0.4 monomol l(−1)). We also find that the effect of PE addition on the HBN relaxation is not even a broadening of its distribution, rather a decrease of the spectral weight that goes beyond the pure volume fraction effect. This extra decrease is larger at low T and less evident at high T, supporting the idea that the correlation length of the water is less affected by the presence of charged flexible chains at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy.
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Druchok M, Lukšič M, Vlachy V. Explicit water molecular dynamics study of the mobility of halide ions in presence of ionene oligocations. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:014511. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4731718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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14
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Seručnik M, Bončina M, Lukšič M, Vlachy V. Specific counter-ion and co-ion effects revealed in mixing of aqueous solutions of 3,3 and 6,6-ionenes with solutions of low molecular weight salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6805-11. [PMID: 22491212 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enthalpies of mixing of aliphatic 3,3 and 6,6-ionene fluorides with low molecular weight salts (sodium formate, acetate, nitrate, chlorate(v), and thiocyanate), all dissolved in water, were determined. In addition, to complement our previous study (Lukšičet al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 2024), new measurements were performed where aqueous solutions of 3,3 and 6,6-ionene bromides were mixed with solutions of sodium fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide. Electrostatic theory, based on Manning's limiting law or the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, predicted the enthalpy of mixing to be endothermic in all the cases, while experiments showed that this is not always true. When an aqueous solution of 3,3-ionene fluoride was mixed with a solution of sodium fluoride (or formate and acetate) in water, the effect was indeed endothermic. For all other salts, i.e. sodium chlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, heat was released upon mixing. The situation was similar for 6,6-ionene fluoride solutions with an exception of mixing with sodium chlorate, where the effect was endothermic. The enthalpy of mixing was strongly correlated with the enthalpy of hydration of the counterion of the low molecular weight salt. A lyotropic series, similar to that of Hofmeister, was obtained. To examine also the effect of co-ions, ionene bromides were titrated with tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, or tetrapropylammonium bromides. The enthalpy was exothermic for all mixtures while, somewhat unexpectedly, the co-ion specific effect was quite strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Seručnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Lukšič M, Bončina M, Vlachy V, Druchok M. Isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular dynamics study of ion-selectivity in mixtures of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes with sodium halides in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2024-31. [PMID: 22231588 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic x,y-ionenes are polyelectrolytes in which x and y denote the numbers of methylene groups separating quaternary ammonium ions. They represent useful model substances for studying hydrophobic and charge effects in aqueous solutions. We used isothermal titration calorimetry to measure the enthalpies of mixing, ΔH(mix), of 3,3- and 6,6-ionene fluorides and bromides with low molecular weight salts (NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI) at 298 K in water. The signs and magnitudes of the measured enthalpies depend on the hydrophobicity of the ionene and on the nature of the added salt. For example, addition of sodium fluoride to solutions of 3,3- and 6,6-ionene fluorides produced endothermic effects, while addition of sodium bromide to 3,3-ionene bromide resulted in a strong exothermic effect. Interestingly, mixing of 6,6-ionene bromide and NaBr solutions in water gave a small exothermic heat effect. Polyelectrolyte theories, based on continuum-solvent models, predict enthalpies of mixing to be positive (endothermic) for all the solutions examined in this work. The ion-specific effect is more strongly expressed in ionene solutions with higher charge density (3,3-ionene). The most important result of this work is the finding that the enthalpy of mixing of 3,3- (and of 6,6-ionene) fluorides with sodium halides can be expressed as a linear function of the enthalpy of hydration of the halide counterions. The experimental results were complemented with an explicit water molecular dynamics simulation of solutions of oligoions modelling 3,3- and 6,6-ionenes. The computer simulation results for various nitrogen-counterion pair distribution functions were in most cases consistent with the enthalpy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Lukšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Malikova N, Čebašek S, Glenisson V, Bhowmik D, Carrot G, Vlachy V. Aqueous solutions of ionenes: interactions and counterion specific effects as seen by neutron scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12898-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Luksic M, Hribar-Lee B, Vlachy V. Interplay of ion-specific and charge-density effects in aqueous solutions of weakly charged ionenes as revealed by electric-transport measurements. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:10401-8. [PMID: 20701375 DOI: 10.1021/jp105301m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 3,3-ionenes, one quaternary nitrogen is bonded to a chain of three methylene groups on each side, and in 6,9-ionene, it is bonded to a chain of six on one side and nine on the other. We examined how the solution properties of several ionenes changed with increased hydrophobicity of the polyion, depending on the nature of the counterion. We determined the electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions of 3,3-, 4,5-, 6,6-, and 6,9-ionene fluorides and bromides in the range of concentrations from 5 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-1) M and for the temperature interval 5-35 degrees C. Over these ranges, the conductivities of the ionenes were found to decrease with increasing concentration and increase with increasing temperature. The conductivity of 3,3-ionene bromide was lower than that of its fluoride analogue throughout the whole range of concentrations, whereas for the 6,9-ionenes, the trend was reversed. For 4,5- and 6,6-ionene, we observed a crossover in the concentration dependence of conductivity. The conductivity data were compared with the predictions of Manning's theory and scaling theory. Separately determined transport-number values were combined with the conductivity data to obtain the fractions of so-called "free" counterions, f. For bromide samples, f increased from 3,3- to 6,9-ionene. In the case of fluoride counterions, the fraction of free counterions was the lowest for 3,3-ionene and, within the experimental uncertainty, approximately constant for the other less charged ionenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Luksic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Druchok M, Vlachy V, Dill KA. Computer Simulations of Ionenes, Hydrophobic Ions with Unusual Solution Thermodynamic Properties. The Ion-Specific Effects. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14270-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Druchok
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Svientsitskii 1, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of San Francisco, California 94143
| | - V. Vlachy
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Svientsitskii 1, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of San Francisco, California 94143
| | - K. A. Dill
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Svientsitskii 1, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of San Francisco, California 94143
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Lukšič M, Hribar-Lee B, Buchner R, Vlachy V. Modelling fast mode dielectric relaxation of counterions in aqueous solutions of ionene bromides and fluorides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10053-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b914938b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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