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Abeysooriya DNKH, White NJ, Workman KT, Dupuy JA, Gichuhi WK. Cyanocyclopentadiene-Annulated Polycyclic Aromatic Radical Anions: Predicted Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectra and Singlet-Triplet Energies of Cyanoindene and Cyanofluorene Radical Anions. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38437617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Isomer-specific negative ion photoelectron spectra (NIPES) of cyanoindene (C9H7CN) and cyanofluorene (C14H9N), acquired through the computation of Franck-Condon (FC) factors that utilize harmonic vibrational frequencies and normal mode vectors derived from density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVQZ and 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis sets, are reported. The adiabatic electron affinity (EA) values of the ground singlet (S0) and the lowest lying triplet (T1) states are used to predict site-specific S0-T1 energies (ΔEST). The vibrational spectra of the S0 and T1 states are typified by ring distortion and ring C-C stretching vibrational progressions. Among all the S0 isomers in C9H7CN, the 2-cyanoindene (2-C9H7CN) is found to be the most stable at an EA of 0.716 eV, with the least stable isomer being the 1-C9H7CN at an EA of 0.208 eV. In C14H9N, the most stable S0 isomer, 2-cyanofluorene (2-C14H9N), has an EA of 0.781 eV. The least stable S0 isomer in C14H9N is the 9-C14H9N, with an EA of 0.364 eV. The FC calculations are designed to mimic simulations that would be performed to aid in the analysis of experimental spectra obtained in NIPE spectroscopic techniques. The vibrational spectra, adiabatic EAs, and ΔEST values reported in this study are intended to act as a guide for future gas-phase ion spectroscopic experiments and astronomical searches, especially with regard to the hitherto largely unexplored C14H9N isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushmantha N Koku Hannadige Abeysooriya
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
- School of Environmental Studies, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
| | - Nolan J White
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
| | - Kie T Workman
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
| | - Jonathan A Dupuy
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
| | - Wilson K Gichuhi
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, United States
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2
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Functionalization of Conductive Polymers through Covalent Postmodification. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010205. [PMID: 36616554 PMCID: PMC9824246 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic chemical reactions have been used to functionalize preformed conducting polymers (CPs). The extensive work performed on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PT) is described together with the more limited work on other CPs. Two approaches have been taken for the functionalization: (i) direct reactions on the CP chains and (ii) reaction with substituted CPs bearing reactive groups (e.g., ester). Electrophilic aromatic substitution, SEAr, is directly made on the non-conductive (reduced form) of the CPs. In PANI and PPy, the N-H can be electrophilically substituted. The nitrogen nucleophile could produce nucleophilic substitutions (SN) on alkyl or acyl groups. Another direct reaction is the nucleophilic conjugate addition on the oxidized form of the polymer (PANI, PPy or PT). In the case of PT, the main functionalization method was indirect, and the linking of functional groups via attachment to reactive groups was already present in the monomer. The same is the case for most other conducting polymers, such as poly(fluorene). The target properties which are improved by the functionalization of the different polymers is also discussed.
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3
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Lu D, Zou X, Li C. Advances in the application of named reactions in polymer synthesis. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221143691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the development of polymer science, more and more named reactions have been applied to synthesizing polymers. Introducing new reactions into polymer synthesis is undoubtedly an excellent expansion for monomer and polymer libraries. In this review, the named reactions employed in polymer-chain synthesis were divided into seven types: electrophilic reactions, nucleophilic reactions, transition metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions, free radical reactions, pericyclic reactions, multi-component reactions and rearrangement reactions. The discussion was mainly focused on the progress in the utilization of these named reactions in polymer synthesis, which could be a valuable reference for researchers in the polymer field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zou
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Das AS, Nair AR, Sreekumar A, Sivan A. Approaches to Obtaining Fluorenes: An Alternate Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha S. Das
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India
| | - Ajil R. Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India
| | - Anjana Sreekumar
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India
| | - Akhil Sivan
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India
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Postfunctionalization of the main chain of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) via anodic C–H phosphonylation. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Oto K, Takasu A. Anodic reduction of electrodeposited polymethacrylates containing pendent sulfones. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Kurioka T, Inagi S. Electricity-Driven Post-Functionalization of Conducting Polymers. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2107-2119. [PMID: 33835681 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical doping of conducting polymers (CPs) generates polarons (radical ionic species) and bipolarons (ionic species) in their backbone via multi-electron transfer between an electrode and the CP. In the electrochemical polymer reaction (ePR), these generated ionic species are regarded as reactive intermediates for further transformation of the chemical structures of CPs. This electrochemical post-functionalization can easily be used to control the degree of reactions by turning a power supply on/off, as well as tuning the applied electrode potential, which leads to fine-tuning of the various properties of the CPs, such as the HOMO/LUMO level and PL properties. This Account summarizes recent developments in the electrochemical post-functionalization of CPs. In particular, we focus on reaction design for the ePR, with respect to the preparation and structure of the precursor polymers, applicable functional groups, efficient reaction conditions, and electrolytic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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Elastic Organic Crystals of π-Conjugated Molecules: New Concept for Materials Chemistry. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that organic single crystals composed of a densely packed arrangement of anisotropic, organic small molecules are less useful as functional materials due to their mechanically inflexible and brittle nature, compared to polymers bearing flexible chains and thereby exhibiting viscoelasticity. Nevertheless, organic crystals have attracted much attention because of their tunable optoelectronic properties and a variety of elegant crystal habits and unique ordered or disordered molecular packings arising from the anisotropic molecular structures. However, the recent emergence of flexible organic crystal materials showing plasticity and elasticity has considerably changed the concept of organic single crystals. In this review, the author summarizes the state-of-the-art development of flexible organic crystal materials, especially functional elastic organic crystals which are expected to provide a foothold for the next generation of organic crystal materials.
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Uegaki K, Nakabayashi K, Yamamoto SI, Koizumi T, Hayashi S. Donor-acceptor random regioregular π-conjugated copolymers based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) with unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo units. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19034-19040. [PMID: 35518285 PMCID: PMC9053906 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor π-conjugated random copolymers based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), rr-P3HT, with unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo moieties were obtained by direct arylation polycondensation of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene with unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo motifs under the optimized conditions [palladium-immobilized on thiol-modified silica gel with chloride counter anions, PITS-Cl (2.5 mol%), PivOH (1.0 equiv.), K2CO3 (3.0 equiv.), DMAc, 100 °C, 24 h]. Incorporation of unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo electron-acceptor units into the polymers tuned their highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, which were close to those of the hole transport material (PEDOT) and electron transport material (PCBM), respectively, in thin-film organic solar cells. Alkyl chains of the unsymmetrical monothienoisoindigo units in the polymers tuned their macrostructural order, resulting in the observation of crystalline patterns and specific absorption peaks in thin films. An organic solar cell containing the most crystalline random copolymer showed an efficiency of 1.91%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Uegaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defence Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defence Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan
| | - Toshio Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defence Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu Yokosuka Kanagawa 239-8686 Japan
| | - Shotaro Hayashi
- Research Center for Molecular Design, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology 185 Miyanokuchi Kami Kochi 782-8502 Japan
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Fuchigami T, Inagi S. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Systems for Selective Fluorination of Organic Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:322-334. [PMID: 32017527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organofluorine compounds are key materials applied in daily life because of their versatile utility as functional materials, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Development of the selective fluorination of organic molecules under safe conditions is therefore one of the most important subjects in modern synthetic organofluorine chemistry. Thus, various electrophilic fluorination reagents such as XeF2, (PhSO2)2NF (NFSI), Et2NSF3 (DAST), (MeOCH2CH2)2NSF3 (Deoxofluor), 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor), N-fluoropyridinium salts, and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur trifluoride (Fluolead) have been developed for chemical fluorination to date and the development of new fluorinating reagents is still ongoing. Electrochemical synthesis has recently attracted much attention from the perspective of green sustainable chemistry because no hazardous reagents are required and scale-up is generally easy. Although electrochemical perfluorination of organic compounds using a nickel anode in anhydrous HF has been well-established to manufacture perfluoro-functional materials, electrochemical partial fluorination (selective electrochemical fluorination) has been underdeveloped due to the low nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and anode passivation, which interferes with electrolysis. Selective electrochemical fluorination can be commonly achieved in aprotic solvents containing fluoride ions to provide mostly mono- and difluorinated products. Electrolysis is conducted at constant potentials slightly higher than the first oxidation potential of a substrate. Constant current electrolysis is also effective for selective fluorination in many cases. Choice of the combination of a supporting fluoride salt and an electrolytic solvent is most important to accomplish efficient selective fluorination. In this Account, we focus on our recent work on the electrochemical mono- and difluorination of various organic compounds and their synthetic application. We first briefly explain our research background of electrochemical fluorination. Main factors such as the effects of fluoride salts as supporting electrolytes, electrolytic solvents, and anode materials on the selectivity and efficiency of fluorination are discussed. Next, effects of PEG oligomer additives enhancing the nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and organic solvent-free systems using poly(HF) salt ionic liquids as well as recyclable mediatory systems for electrochemical fluorination are described. The desulfurizative monofluorination of xanthate and gem-difluorination of benzothioate and dithioacetals are briefly mentioned. Regioselective anodic fluorination of various heterocyclic compounds having a phenylthio group as electroauxiliary and heterocycles containing sulfur and other heteroatoms are also described. In addition, a boryl group is shown to be a good leaving group for anodic fluorination. Moreover, electrochemically α,α-difluorinated phenylsulfides and phenylselenides are illustrated to be useful for photochemical C-H difluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Finally, this Account also highlights highly diastereoselective fluorination of aliphatic heterocyclic and open-chain compounds, as well as new electrolytic fluorination methods using inorganic fluoride salts such as KF and CsF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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11
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Elastic organic crystals of π-conjugated molecules: anisotropic densely packed supramolecular 3D polymers exhibit mechanical flexibility and shape tunability. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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UEGAKI K, NAKABAYASHI K, YAMAMOTO SI, HAYASHI S, KOIZUMI T. Optoelectronic Properties of Alternating Copolymers Based on 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene and Various Dibromoarenes and Organic Solar Cells Prepared Thereof. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2019. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2018-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru UEGAKI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy
| | | | | | | | - Toshio KOIZUMI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy
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Kurioka T, Nishiyama H, Tomita I, Inagi S. Improvement of Current Efficiency in Anodic Chlorination of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by using a Boron Trifluoride-Diethyl Ether Complex. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku; Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
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14
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Shida N, Okazaki D, Kurioka T, Nishiyama H, Seferos DS, Tomita I, Inagi S. Anodic Chlorination of Selenophene-Containing Polymers: Reaction Efficiency and Selective Reaction of Single Segment in Rod−Rod Diblockcopolymer. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Daichi Okazaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta-cho Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
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Hayashi S, Togawa Y, Kojima Y, Koizumi T. Direct arylation of fluoroarenes toward linear, bent-shaped and branched π-conjugated polymers: polycondensation post-polymerization approaches. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct arylation polycondensation of fluoroarenes with 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene,F8, was achieved in a low polar solvent, toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Defence Academy
- Yokosuka
- Japan
| | - Yuki Togawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Defence Academy
- Yokosuka
- Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Defence Academy
- Yokosuka
- Japan
| | - Toshio Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Defence Academy
- Yokosuka
- Japan
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Yin B, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Highly selective electrochemical fluorination of dithioacetal derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing substituents at the position α to the sulfur atom using poly(HF) salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:85-91. [PMID: 25670996 PMCID: PMC4311748 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anodic fluorination of dithioacetals bearing electron-withdrawing ester, acetyl, amide, and nitrile groups at their α-positions was comparatively studied using various supporting poly(HF) salts like Et3N·nHF (n = 3-5) and Et4NF·nHF (n = 3-5). In the former two cases, the corresponding α-fluorination products or fluorodesulfurization products were obtained selectively depending on supporting poly(HF) salts used. In sharp contrast, in the latter two cases, fluorination product selectivity was strongly affected by the electron-withdrawing ability of α-substituents: A dithioacetal bearing a relatively weak electron-withdrawing amide group provided a fluorodesulfurization product selectively while a dithioacetal having a strongly electron-withdrawing nitrile group gave the α-fluorination product predominantly regardless of the poly(HF) salts used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke INAGI
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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Li H, Wu X, Xu Y, Tong H, Wang L. Dicyanovinyl-functionalized fluorescent hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticles for sensitive naked-eye cyanide ion detection. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Electrochemical Post-Functionalization of Conducting Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:854-67. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8502 Japan
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Eakins GL, Cooper MW, Gerasimchuk NN, Phillips TJ, Breyfogle BE, Stearman CJ. Structural influences impacting the role of the 9-ylidene bond in the electronic tuning of structures built upon 9-fluorenylidene scaffolds. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A structure–effect study is presented pertaining to the HOMO–LUMO tuning of compounds built upon the 9-fluorenylidene scaffold frequently incorporated as a moiety within organic-based semiconducting materials. The results represent the first reported analysis employing an ensemble of spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and crystal structure data to elucidate and compare the electronic properties of 9-fluorenones, 9-fluorenylidenes, and 9-fluorenimine derivatives. The results also provide the first spectroscopically and crystallographically measured description of exciton coupling within 9,9′-bifluorenylidenes. The 9-ylidene bond is seen to play a key role impacting the electronic properties, and an examination of the effects of substituents, conjugation, heteroatoms, and steric strain on the 9-ylidene bond in a diverse set of structures with representative structural variations relevant to the HOMO–LUMO tuning is presented. Increasing conjugation decreased the HOMO–LUMO gap (HLG), increased the HOMO energy (EHOMO), but decreased the LUMO energy (ELUMO). Substituent effects were observed to produce only slight changes that tended to decrease the HLG and increase both EHOMO and ELUMO, while heteroatom inclusion at the 9-ylidine bond tended to decrease the HLG, EHOMO, ELUMO, and the extinction coefficient. In the sterically hindered 9,9′-bifluorenylidenes, increased steric strain that promoted either an increase in the torsion angle or bond length of the 9-ylidene bond was seen to decrease the HLG via exciton coupling. These results elucidate the HOMO–LUMO tuning of systems containing a 9-fluorenylidene moiety and may assist in developing materials with specifically tuned HLGs and HOMO–LUMO levels for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen L. Eakins
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Matthew W. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Nikolay N. Gerasimchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Terry J. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Bryan E. Breyfogle
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Chad J. Stearman
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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Inagi S, Nagai H, Tomita I, Fuchigami T. Parallel Polymer Reactions of a Polyfluorene Derivative by Electrochemical Oxidation and Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6616-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Inagi S, Nagai H, Tomita I, Fuchigami T. Parallel Polymer Reactions of a Polyfluorene Derivative by Electrochemical Oxidation and Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Inagi S. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013; 81:293-298. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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26
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27
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Robert P, Bolduc A, Skene WG. Oligofluorenes as Polymeric Model Compounds for Providing Insight into the Triplets of Ketone and Ketylimine Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9305-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307781n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Robert
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville, Montreal, QC
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28
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Iftime M, Racles C, Cozan V, Bruma M, Rusanov AL. Association Phenomena of Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s in Dimethylformamide. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.657134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iftime
- a “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- a “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Vasile Cozan
- a “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Maria Bruma
- a “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iaşi , Romania
| | - Alexander L'Vovich Rusanov
- b “A. N. Nesmeyanov” Institute of Organoelement Compounds , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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29
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Xi GQ, Yin MZ, Yang WT. SURFACE PHOTOGRAFTING OF FUNCTIONAL MONOMERS INITIATED BY FLUORENONE ON LDPE FILMS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Ishiguro Y, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Site-Controlled Application of Electric Potential on a Conducting Polymer “Canvas”. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4034-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211774z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ishiguro
- Department
of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku,
Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department
of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku,
Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department
of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku,
Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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31
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Hayashi S, Koizumi T. From a benzodiazaborole-based compound to donor–acceptor polymer via electropolymerization. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Molecular Conversion of Conjugated Polymers via Electron-Transfer on Electrode as a Key Step. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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33
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HAYASHI S, KOIZUMI T. Synthesis of Polyfluorenes Having Alkylimine Side Chains at 9-Position and Their Optoelectronic Properties. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2012. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.69.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Hayashi S, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Efficient electrochemical polymer halogenation using a thin-layered cell. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Furman JD, Melot BC, Teat SJ, Mikhailovsky AA, Cheetham AK. Towards enhanced ligand-centred photoluminescence in inorganic–organic frameworks for solid state lighting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:7622-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01717e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Fuchigami T, Inagi S. Selective electrochemical fluorination of organic molecules and macromolecules in ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10211-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Inagi S, Ishiguro Y, Atobe M, Fuchigami T. Bipolar Patterning of Conducting Polymers by Electrochemical Doping and Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:10136-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Inagi S, Ishiguro Y, Atobe M, Fuchigami T. Bipolar Patterning of Conducting Polymers by Electrochemical Doping and Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Simas ER, Gehlen MH, Pinto MFS, Siqueira J, Misoguti L. Intrachain Energy Migration to Weak Charge-Transfer State in Polyfluorene End-Capped with Naphthalimide Derivative. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12384-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle R Simas
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-590, São Carlos-SP, Brasil
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40
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Sawamura T, Kuribayashi S, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Recyclable Polymer-Supported Iodobenzene-Mediated Electrocatalytic Fluorination in Ionic Liquid. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Wu J, Ba X, Wu Y, Bai L. Synthesis and characterization of the novel inimer-containing fluorene units and preparation of blue light-emitting polymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Hayashi S, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Macrostructural order and optical properties of polyfluorene-based polymer films. Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Inagi S, Yamaguchi T, Hayashi S, Koseki K, Fuchigami T. Electropolymerization of 9,9-difluorofluorene in BF3-OEt2 toward a photostable n-type material. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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44
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Kokado K, Chujo Y. Polymer reaction of poly(p-phenylene–ethynylene) by addition of decaborane: modulation of luminescence and heat resistance. Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Sawamura T, Kuribayashi S, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Use of Task-Specific Ionic Liquid for Selective Electrocatalytic Fluorination. Org Lett 2010; 12:644-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9028836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sawamura
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kuribayashi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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HAYASHI S, INAGI S, FUCHIGAMI T. Electrochemical Modification of a Fluorene-Carbazole Alternating Copolymer toward a Novel Donor-Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymer. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.78.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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