1
|
Ludwig M, Geisler R, Prévost S, von Klitzing R. Shape and Structure Formation of Mixed Nonionic-Anionic Surfactant Micelles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144136. [PMID: 34299413 PMCID: PMC8307929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant (either Tween20 or BrijL23) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) are investigated, using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS spectra are analysed by using a core-shell model to describe the form factor of self-assembled surfactant micelles; the intermicellar interactions are modelled by using a hard-sphere Percus–Yevick (HS-PY) or a rescaled mean spherical approximation (RMSA) structure factor. Choosing these specific nonionic surfactants allows for comparison of the effect of branched (Tween20) and linear (BrijL23) surfactant headgroups, both constituted of poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) groups. The nonionic–anionic surfactant mixtures are studied at various concentrations up to highly concentrated samples (ϕ ≲ 0.45) and various mixing ratios, from pure nonionic to pure anionic surfactant solutions. The scattering data reveal the formation of mixed micelles already at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration of SDS. At higher volume fractions, excluded volume effects dominate the intermicellar structuring, even for charged micelles. In consequence, at high volume fractions, the intermicellar structuring is the same for charged and uncharged micelles. At all mixing ratios, almost spherical mixed micelles form. This offers the opportunity to create a system of colloidal particles with a variable surface charge. This excludes only roughly equimolar mixing ratios (X≈ 0.4–0.6) at which the micelles significantly increase in size and ellipticity due to specific sulfate–EO interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ludwig
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Ramsia Geisler
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS/LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France;
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.L.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng C, Liu P, Su R. Endowing conventional hydrophobic associating polymer solution CO 2 stimuli-responsive property with a CO 2 switchable surfactant. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1593861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunchuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Xinjiang Oil Field, China National Petroleum Corporation, Kelamayi, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Su
- Qinghai Oil Field, China National Petroleum Corporation, Haixi State, The People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ade-Browne C, Dawn A, Mirzamani M, Qian S, Kumari H. Differential behavior of sodium laurylsulfate micelles in the presence of nonionic polymers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 544:276-283. [PMID: 30852353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Theory and practice have proven that the cleansing properties and irritation potential of surfactants can be controlled with the addition of co-surfactants or polymers. The size of the surfactant-polymer nanoassembly, which differs from the pure surfactant micelle, has been postulated to be the cause of the differences in a surfactant system's ability to disrupt the skin barrier. However, a firm structure-function relationship connecting polymer and surfactant under a consumer relevant condition is yet to be established. It is therefore hypothesized that apart from the size, the shape and the chemical nature of the polymer might play crucial roles. EXPERIMENTS We used combined small-angle neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, tensiometry, and dye solubilization methods to investigate the shape, size, and intermolecular interactions involved in sodium laurylsulfate-based systems in the presence of two industrially important and chemically distinct polymers, polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol, adopting a consumer relevant protocol. FINDINGS Apart from size, shape and inter-micellar interactions fine-tuned by the presence of the polymers are found to be the important factors. Secondly, the physicochemical property of the polymer including chemical structure, conformation, hydrophilicity, presence of side groups, all can have crucial influence on polymer-surfactant interaction, micelle formation, and micelle stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Ade-Browne
- James Winkle College of Pharmacy, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Arnab Dawn
- James Winkle College of Pharmacy, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Marzieh Mirzamani
- James Winkle College of Pharmacy, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Shuo Qian
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Harshita Kumari
- James Winkle College of Pharmacy, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Gou S, Zhou L, Zhang Q, Yang K, Wu Y, Guo Q. Prominent temperature-response and salt irritation from self-assemblies of polyzwitterion-sodium lauryl sulfonate. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Truong NP, Zhang C, Nguyen TAH, Anastasaki A, Schulze MW, Quinn JF, Whittaker AK, Hawker CJ, Whittaker MR, Davis TP. Overcoming Surfactant-Induced Morphology Instability of Noncrosslinked Diblock Copolymer Nano-Objects Obtained by RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:159-165. [PMID: 35610912 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RAFT emulsion polymerization techniques including polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) and temperature-induced morphological transformation (TIMT) are widely used to produce noncrosslinked nano-objects with various morphologies. However, the worm, vesicle and lamellar morphologies produced by these techniques typically cannot tolerate the presence of added surfactants, thus limiting their potential applications. Herein we report the surfactant tolerance of noncrosslinked worms, vesicles, and lamellae prepared by RAFT emulsion polymerizations using poly(di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate-co-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (P(DEGMA-co-HPMA)) as a macromolecular chain transfer agent (macro-CTA). Significantly, these P(DEGMA-co-HPMA) nanoparticles are highly stable in concentrated solutions of surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)). We also demonstrate that the surfactant tolerance is related to the limited binding of SDS to the main-chain of the P(DEGMA-co-HPMA) macro-CTA constituting the particle shell. This work provides new insight into the interactions between surfactants and thermoresponsive copolymers and expands the scope of RAFT emulsion polymerization techniques for the preparation of noncrosslinked and surfactant-tolerant nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nghia P Truong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Morgan W Schulze
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John F Quinn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oberdisse J, Hellweg T. Structure, interfacial film properties, and thermal fluctuations of microemulsions as seen by scattering experiments. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 247:354-362. [PMID: 28751064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The physics of microemulsions and in particular Dominique Langevin's contributions to the understanding of microemulsion structure and bending properties using scattering techniques are reviewed. Among the many methods used by her and her co-workers, we particularly emphasize optical techniques and small angle neutron scattering (SANS), but also neutron spin echo spectroscopy (NSE). The review is then extended to more recent studies of properties of microemulsions close to surfaces, using reflectometry and grazing-incidence small angle neutron scattering (GISANS).
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Y, Chen M, Fang Y, Zhu M. Capillary electrophoresis investigation on equilibrium between polymer-related and surfactant-related species in aqueous polymer-surfactant solutions. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Can V, Kochovski Z, Reiter V, Severin N, Siebenbürger M, Kent B, Just J, Rabe JP, Ballauff M, Okay O. Nanostructural Evolution and Self-Healing Mechanism of Micellar Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Can
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentin Reiter
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Siebenbürger
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Kent
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Just
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen P. Rabe
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oguz Okay
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu H, Zheng C, Wang L, Liu Y, Huang Z. Endowing a cationic hydrophobic associating polyacrylamide solution with CO 2 switchable properties using N,N-dimethylolamidopropylamine via the assembly transition between vesicles and spherical micelles by CO 2. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endowing a polyacrylamide solution with CO2 switchable properties using N,N-dimethylolamidopropylamine via the assembly transition between vesicles and spherical micelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Cunchuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Sichuan Institute of Fine Chemical Industry Research and Design
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dey J, Sultana N, Kumar S, Aswal VK, Choudhury S, Ismail K. Controlling the aggregation of sodium dodecylsulphate in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) solutions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PEG's of different molecular weights on the self-assembly of SDS and the role of added NaCl has been addressed opening new scopes for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dey
- Department of Chemistry
- North-Eastern Hill University
- NEHU Campus
- Shillong – 793022
- India
| | - N. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry
- North-Eastern Hill University
- NEHU Campus
- Shillong – 793022
- India
| | - S. Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - V. K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - S. Choudhury
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - K. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry
- North-Eastern Hill University
- NEHU Campus
- Shillong – 793022
- India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen S, Duhamel J, Peng B, Zaman M, Tam KC. Interactions between a series of pyrene end-labeled poly(ethylene oxide)s and sodium dodecyl sulfate in aqueous solution probed by fluorescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13164-13175. [PMID: 25291259 DOI: 10.1021/la502912z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between a series of poly(ethylene oxide)s covalently labeled at both ends with pyrene pendants (PEO(X)-Py2, where X represents the number-average molecular weight of the PEO chains and equals 2K, 5K, 10K, and 16.5K) and an ionic surfactant, namely, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in water were investigated at a fixed pyrene concentration of 2.5 μM corresponding to polymer concentrations smaller than 21 mg/L and with an SDS concentration range between 5 × 10(-6) and 0.02 M, thus encompassing the 8 mM critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS in water. The steady-state fluorescence spectra showed that the I1/I3 ratio decreased from 1.73 ± 0.06 for SDS concentration smaller than 2 mM where pyrene was exposed to water to 1.43 ± 0.03 for SDS concentration greater than 6 mM where pyrene was incorporated inside SDS micelles. The ratio of excimer-to-monomer emission intensities (the IE/IM ratio) of all PEO(X)-Py2 samples remained constant at low SDS concentrations, then increased, passed through a maximum at the same SDS concentration of 4 mM before decreasing to a plateau value that is close to zero for PEO(10K)-Py2 and PEO(16.5K)-Py2 but nonzero for PEO(2K)-Py2 and PEO(5K)-Py2. The pyrene end groups of these two latter samples could not bridge two different micelles due to the short PEO chain, and excimer was formed by intramolecular diffusion inside the same SDS micelle. Time-resolved fluorescence decays of the pyrene monomer and excimer of the PEO(X)-Py2 samples were acquired at various SDS concentrations and globally fitted according to the "Model Free" analysis over the entire range of SDS concentration. The molar fractions of various excited pyrene species and the rate constant of pyrene excimer formation retrieved from the analysis of fluorescence decays were obtained as a function of SDS concentration. Interactions between SDS and PEO could not be detected by isothermal titration calorimetry, potentiometry with a surfactant selective electrode, and conductance measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chen
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang ZX, Ni X, Li J. Cationic brush-like terpolymer with pH responsive thickening behavior in a surfactant system. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xing Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
| | - Xiping Ni
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; National University of Singapore; 7 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117574
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS); National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Polymers for enhanced oil recovery: A paradigm for structure–property relationship in aqueous solution. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
14
|
Rufier C, Collet A, Viguier M, Oberdisse J, Mora S. Influence of Surfactants on Hydrophobically End-Capped Poly(ethylene oxide) Self-Assembled Aggregates Studied by SANS. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Leon Brillouin, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rheology and SANS on PET-b-PLAc-b-P(DMAEMAq) Triblock Copolymers: Impact of the PET and Polyelectrolyte Chain Length. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Filippov SK, Starovoytova L, Konák C, Hrubý M, Macková H, Karlsson G, Stepánek P. pH sensitive polymer nanoparticles: effect of hydrophobicity on self-assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14450-14457. [PMID: 20795676 DOI: 10.1021/la1018778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The influence of hydrophobicity on formation, stability, and size of pH-responsive methacryloylated oligopeptide-based polymer nanoparticles has been studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM), and NMR. Different polyanions/surfactant systems have been studied at constant polymer concentration and within a broad range of surfactant concentrations. The two newly synthesized pH-sensitive hydrophobic polyanions, poly(N(ω)-methacryloyl glycyl-L-leucine) and poly(N(ω)-methacryloyl glycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucinyl-glycine), and three nonionic surfactants (Brij97, Brij98, and Brij700) have been investigated. The surfactants were different in the length of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain. In surfactant-free solution at basic pH, the polyanions form hydrophobic domains. In the presence of a surfactant, our results prove the complex formation at high pH between the nonionic surfactant and the polyelectrolyte; a pearl-necklace structure is formed. At low pH below critical pH (pH(tr)), reversible nanoscale structures occur in solutions for all systems. The detailed mechanism of the formation of pH-sensitive nanoparticles from polymer-surfactant complex with varying pH is established. Our results suggest that the polymer hydrophobicity is of primary importance in pretransitional behavior of the complex. Once preliminary nanoparticle nuclei are formed, the hydrophobicity of the polymer plays a minor role on further behavior of formed nanostructures. The subsequent transformation of nanoparticles is determined by the surfactant hydrophilicity, the length of hydrophilic tail that prevents further aggregation due to steric repulsions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey K Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|