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Sternberg J, Pilla S. Thermoplastic Polymer from Lignin: Creating an Extended Polyamide Network through Reactive Kraft Lignin Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40110-40118. [PMID: 37929110 PMCID: PMC10620871 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polymers have many desirable properties for consumer applications and are complemented by efficient thermal processing techniques, reducing the cost of manufacturing. Lignin exists as an immense biobased carbon source but has largely been researched for its use in thermoset materials due to its own cross-linked, polyfunctional nature. In this study, a new reaction design is employed to create a thermoplastic polyamide network incorporating lignin that is tested to be 99% biobased carbon by radiocarbon analysis. Chemical analysis reveals the nature of lignin incorporation based on chain extension and cross-linking models. The thermal and rheological properties of the new polymers are thoroughly investigated to demonstrate the higher melt-strength capability of the lignin-based polymers facilitating their use in modern processing equipment. This analysis results in finding an optimal lignin loading ratio in the polymer composition reflected by improved tensile strength and stiffness. The results point to a promising polymer design for applying industrial kraft lignin in high-value thermoplastic polymer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sternberg
- Department
of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Srikanth Pilla
- Center
for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Sugiarto S, Leow Y, Tan CL, Wang G, Kai D. How far is Lignin from being a biomedical material? Bioact Mater 2022; 8:71-94. [PMID: 34541388 PMCID: PMC8424518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a versatile biomass that possesses many different desirable properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-UV, and good biocompatibility. Natural lignin can be processed through several chemical processes. The processed lignin can be modified into functionalized lignin through chemical modifications to develop and enhance biomaterials. Thus, lignin is one of the prime candidate for various biomaterial applications such as drug and gene delivery, biosensors, bioimaging, 3D printing, tissue engineering, and dietary supplement additive. This review presents the potential of developing and utilizing lignin in the outlook of new and sustainable biomaterials. Thereafter, we also discuss on the challenges and outlook of utilizing lignin as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Yihao Leow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634 Singapore
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Parit M, Jiang Z. Towards lignin derived thermoplastic polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3180-3197. [PMID: 33065157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biobased material found on earth. It is produced mainly as a byproduct of pulp and paper industry and biorefineries. Despite its abundance, lignin valorization is not achieved on a large scale. Recently, there has been a growing demand for using the renewable and biodegradable raw materials in the commodity polymers. Potential use of lignin as a component in thermoplastic polymers is a promising approach for its value-added utilization. Given the vast applications of thermoplastic materials, there is lack of comprehensive review on lignin based thermoplastic polymers in literature. This review focuses on the utilization of lignin as functional and structural component of the thermoplastic polymers which requires structural modifications of lignin pertaining to the polymeric system. First, various lignin modifications were discussed in view of controlling the homogeneity, reactivity, processability and compatibility of lignin for successful thermoplastic copolymer synthesis and blend processing. Then, various copolymerization methodologies of lignin applicable for thermoplastic monomers are reviewed. Lastly, the lignin based thermoplastic blends are discussed which covers the lignin blends with various thermoplastic polymers and the chemical modifications required to improve its compatibility in polymer matrix. Some of the promising potential applications and future perspectives to achieve the goal of lignin-based commercial thermoplastics polymers are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Parit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Alabama Center for Paper & Bioresource Engineering, Auburn University, 356 Ross Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America.
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Wang B, Sun YC, Sun RC. Fractionational and structural characterization of lignin and its modification as biosorbents for efficient removal of chromium from wastewater: a review. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-019-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ganewatta MS, Lokupitiya HN, Tang C. Lignin Biopolymers in the Age of Controlled Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1176. [PMID: 31336845 PMCID: PMC6680560 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers made from natural biomass are gaining interest due to the rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources. Lignin isolated from lignocellulosic biomass is the second most abundant natural polymer next to cellulose. The paper pulp process produces industrial lignin as a byproduct that is mostly used for energy and has less significant utility in materials applications. High abundance, rich chemical functionalities, CO2 neutrality, reinforcing properties, antioxidant and UV blocking abilities, as well as environmental friendliness, make lignin an interesting substrate for materials and chemical development. However, poor processability, low reactivity, and intrinsic structural heterogeneity limit lignins' polymeric applications in high-performance advanced materials. With the advent of controlled polymerization methods such as ATRP, RAFT, and ADMET, there has been a great interest in academia and industry to make value-added polymeric materials from lignin. This review focuses on recent investigations that utilize controlled polymerization methods to generate novel lignin-based polymeric materials. Polymers developed from lignin-based monomers, various polymer grafting technologies, copolymer properties, and their applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
- Ingevity Corporation, 5255 Virginia Avenue, North Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
| | - Hasala N Lokupitiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Park SY, Kim JY, Youn HJ, Choi JW. Fractionation of lignin macromolecules by sequential organic solvents systems and their characterization for further valuable applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:793-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jung JY, Lee Y, Lee EY. Value-added Utilization of Lignin Residue from Pretreatment Process of Lignocellulosic Biomass. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2016.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Laurichesse S, Avérous L. Synthesis, thermal properties, rheological and mechanical behaviors of lignins-grafted-poly(ε-caprolactone). POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wilbon PA, Chu F, Tang C. Progress in Renewable Polymers from Natural Terpenes, Terpenoids, and Rosin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:8-37. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wang J, Yao K, Korich AL, Li S, Ma S, Ploehn HJ, Iovine PM, Wang C, Chu F, Tang C. Combining renewable gum rosin and lignin: Towards hydrophobic polymer composites by controlled polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Korich AL, Walker AR, Hincke C, Stevens C, Iovine PM. Synthesis, characterization, and star polymer assembly of boronic acid end-functionalized polycaprolactone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pham TA, Kumar NA, Jeong YT. Facile preparation of boronic acid functionalized Fe-core/Au-shell magnetic nanoparticles for covalent immobilization of adenosine. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Pham TA, Son SM, Jeong YT. Water-Dispersible Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Novel Hybrid Nanostructures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15533171003629196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Pham
- a Division of Image Science and Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Mo Son
- a Division of Image Science and Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Tae Jeong
- a Division of Image Science and Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan, Republic of Korea
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