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Liu L, Gao Y, Dong C, Yang J, Yin P. The Hybridization of Polymers with Metal Oxide Clusters for the Design of Non-Fluorinated Proton Exchange Membranes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402262. [PMID: 38945834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
As the key component of various energy storage and conversion devices, proton exchange membranes (PEMs) have been attracting significant interest. However, their further development is limited by the high cost of perfluorosulfonic acid polymers and the poor stability of acid-dopped non-fluorinated polymers. Recently, a new group of PEMs has been developed by hybridizing polyoxometalates (POMs), a group of super acidic sub-nanoscale metal oxide clusters, with polymers. POMs can serve simultaneously as both proton sponges and stabilizing agents, and their complexation with polymers can further improve polymers' mechanical performance and processability. Enormous efforts have been focused on studying supramolecular complexation or covalent grafting of POMs with various polymers to optimize PEMs in terms of cost, mechanical properties and stabilities. This concept summarizes recent advances in this emerging field and outlines the design strategies and application perspectives employed for using POM-polymer hybrid materials as PEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yiren Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Chen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy and Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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Lee I, Lee J, Lee D, Kim S, Kim SK, Bae I. Synergistic Molecular Alignment and Dipole Polarization in Stretched Nafion/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Blend Membranes for High Proton Conduction in PEMFCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:42164-42175. [PMID: 39096244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The nanostructure of Nafion and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend membranes is successfully aligned through a mechanical uniaxial stretching method. The phase-separated morphology of Nafion molecules distinctly forms hydrophilic proton channels with increased connectivity, resulting in enhanced proton conductivity. Additionally, the crystalline phase of PVDF molecules undergoes a successful transformation from the α- to β-phase during membrane stretching, demonstrating an alignment of fluorine and hydrogen atoms with a TTTT(trans) structure. The aligned nanostructure of the blend film, combined with the dipole polarization of the β-phase PVDF, synergistically enhances the proton conduction through the membrane for operating proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The controlled structures of the blend membranes are thoroughly investigated using atomic force microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Furthermore, the improved in-plane proton conductivity facilitates increased proton conduction at the interface between the membrane and catalyst layer in the membrane-electrode assembly, ultimately enhancing the power generation of PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iksu Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Jaekeun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Seungbin Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Seong K Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Insung Bae
- Department of Advanced Materials, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea
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3
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Torabi M, Nazaruk E, Bilewicz R. Alignment of lyotropic liquid crystals using magnetic nanoparticles improves ionic transport through built-in peptide ion channels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:982-992. [PMID: 38964002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that simultaneous incorporation of ion channel peptides (in this case, potassium channel as a model) and hydrophobic magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (hFe3O4NPs) within lipidic hexagonal mesophases, and aligning them using an external magnetic field can significantly enhance ion transport through lipid membranes. EXPERIMENTS In this study, we successfully characterized the incorporation of gramicidin membrane ion channels and hFe3O4NPs in the lipidic hexagonal structure using SAXS and cryo-TEM methods. Additionally, we thoroughly investigated the conductive characteristics of freestanding films of lipidic hexagonal mesophases, both with and without gramicidin potassium channels, utilizing a range of electrochemical techniques, including impedance spectroscopy, normal pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. FINDINGS Our research reveals a state-of-the-art breakthrough in enhancing ion transport in lyotropic liquid crystals as matrices for integral proteins and peptides. We demonstrate the remarkable efficacy of membranes composed of hexagonal lipid mesophases embedded with K+ transporting peptides. This enhancement is achieved through doping with hFe3O4NPs and exposure to a magnetic field. We investigate the intricate interplay between the conductive properties of the lipidic hexagonal structure, hFe3O4NPs, gramicidin incorporation, and the influence of Ca2+ on K+ channels. Furthermore, our study unveils a new direction in ion channel studies and biomimetic membrane investigations, presenting a versatile model for biomimetic membranes with unprecedented ion transport capabilities under an appropriately oriented magnetic field. These findings hold promise for advancing membrane technology and various biotechnological and biomedical applications of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Torabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Nazaruk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02089 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Coote J, Adotey SKJ, Sangoro JR, Stein GE. Interfacial Effects in Conductivity Measurements of Block Copolymer Electrolytes. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:331-343. [PMID: 37576709 PMCID: PMC10416321 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The ionic conductivity in lamellar block copolymer electrolytes is often anisotropic, where the in-plane conductivity exceeds the through-plane conductivity by up to an order of magnitude. In a prior work, we showed significant anisotropy in the ionic conductivity of a lamellar block copolymer based on polystyrene (PS) and a polymer ionic liquid (PIL), and we proposed that the through-film ionic conductivity was depressed by layering of lamellar domains near the electrode surface. In the present work, we first tested that conclusion by measuring the through-plane ionic conductivity of two model PIL-based systems having controlled interfacial profiles using impedance spectroscopy. The measurements were not sensitive to changes in interfacial composition or structure, so anisotropy in the ionic conductivity of PS-block-PIL materials must arise from an in-plane enhancement rather than a through-plane depression. We then examined the origin of this in-plane enhancement with a series of PS-block-PIL materials, a P(S-r-IL) copolymer, and a PIL homopolymer, where impedance spectra were acquired with a top-contact electrode configuration. These studies show that enhanced in-plane ionic conductivities are correlated with the formation of an IL-rich wetting layer at the free surface, which presumably provides a low-resistance path for ion transport between the electrodes. Importantly, the enhanced in-plane ionic conductivities in these PS-block-PIL materials are consistent with simple geometric arguments based on properties of the PIL, while the through-plane values are an order of magnitude lower. Consequently, it is critical to understand how surface and bulk effects contribute to impedance spectroscopy measurements when developing structure-conductivity relations in this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
P. Coote
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Samuel K. J. Adotey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Joshua R. Sangoro
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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5
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Zhang WS, Wang GQ, Wang YX, Yang YL, Bai X, Cui H, Lu Y, Liu SX. A multifunctional cobalt-organic framework for proton conduction and selective sensing of Fe 3+ ions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4407-4414. [PMID: 36916292 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a new research trend. MOFs have shown remarkable performances in both proton conduction and fluorescence sensing, but the MOFs integrating the two performances are scarce. Herein, a Co-MOF, [Co6(oba)4(Hatz)(atz)(H2O)2(μ3-OH)2(μ2-OH)]·H2O (1, H2oba = 4,4-oxybis(benzoic acid), Hatz = 5-amino-1H tetrazole), has been assembled by Co2+ ions with H2oba and Hatz ligands, providing a unique example of multifunctional MOFs with both proton conduction and fluorescence sensing performances. The framework of 1 displays a pillar-layer structure built by the oba ligand as a pillar and a layer composed of Co-clusters and atz linkers. Because large-scale single crystals of 1 were successfully synthesized, the proton conduction ability of 1 was investigated using single crystal samples. 1 exhibits highly anisotropic conduction with conductivity values of 1.1 × 10-3 S cm-1 along the [001] direction and 9.1 × 10-6 S cm-1 along the [010] direction at 55 °C and 95% RH, respectively. Meanwhile, the fluorescence sensing of 1 towards metal ions was studied in aqueous solutions. Attractively, 1 may sensitively and selectively detect Fe3+ ions in the presence of other interfering ions by fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Guang-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P. R. China.
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Yao Y, Watanabe H, Hara M, Nagano S, Nagao Y. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Property and Organized Structure in High Proton-Conductive Sulfonated Semialicyclic Oligoimide Thin Films. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7470-7478. [PMID: 36872982 PMCID: PMC9979332 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fully aromatic sulfonated polyimides with a rigid backbone can form lamellar structures under humidified conditions, thereby facilitating the transmission of protons in ionomers. Herein, we synthesized a new sulfonated semialicyclic oligoimide composed of 1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CPDA) and 3,3'-bis-(sulfopropoxy)-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl to investigate the influence of molecular organized structure and proton conductivity with lower molecular weight. The weight-average molecular weight (M w) determined by gel permeation chromatography was 9300. Humidity-controlled grazing incidence X-ray scattering revealed that one scattering was observed in the out-of-plane direction and showed that the scattering position shifted to a lower angle as the humidity increased. A loosely packed lamellar structure was formed by lyotropic liquid crystalline properties. Although the ch-pack aggregation of the present oligomer was reduced by substitution to the semialicyclic CPDA from the aromatic backbone, the formation of a distinct organized structure in the oligomeric form was observed because of the linear conformational backbone. This report is the first-time observation of the lamellar structure in such a low-molecular-weight oligoimide thin film. The thin film exhibited a high conductivity of 0.2 (±0.01) S cm-1 under 298 K and 95% relative humidity, which is the highest value compared to the other reported sulfonated polyimide thin films with comparable molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Yao
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hayato Watanabe
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo
University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagao
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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7
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Zheng W, Liu CH, Nieh MP, Cornelius CJ. Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Membrane Morphological Anisotropy and Its Impact on Dimensional Swelling, Proton Conductivity, and the Transport of Protons and Water. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
| | - Chung-Hao Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Chris J. Cornelius
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
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8
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Jeanne-Brou R, Deseure J, Phan TN, Bouchet R, Devaux D. Anisotropic ionic transport properties in solid PEO based electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Maji P, Naskar K. Styrenic block copolymer‐based thermoplastic elastomers in smart applications: Advances in synthesis, microstructure, and structure–property relationships—A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purbasha Maji
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India
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10
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Chatterjee S, Zamani E, Farzin S, Evazzade I, Obewhere OA, Johnson TJ, Alexandrov V, Dishari SK. Molecular-Level Control over Ionic Conduction and Ionic Current Direction by Designing Macrocycle-Based Ionomers. JACS AU 2022; 2:1144-1159. [PMID: 35647599 PMCID: PMC9131371 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poor ionic conductivity of the catalyst-binding, sub-micrometer-thick ionomer layers in energy conversion and storage devices is a huge challenge. However, ionomers are rarely designed keeping in mind the specific issues associated with nanoconfinement. Here, we designed nature-inspired ionomers (calix-2) having hollow, macrocyclic, calix[4]arene-based repeat units with precise, sub-nanometer diameter. In ≤100 nm-thick films, the in-plane proton conductivity of calix-2 was up to 8 times higher than the current benchmark ionomer Nafion at 85% relative humidity (RH), while it was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than Nafion at 20-25% RH. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and other synthetic techniques allowed us to demonstrate the role of macrocyclic cavities in boosting the proton conductivity. The systematic self-assembly of calix-2 chains into ellipsoids in thin films was evidenced from atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Moreover, the likelihood of alignment and stacking of macrocyclic units, the presence of one-dimensional water wires across this macrocycle stacks, and thus the formation of long-range proton conduction pathways were suggested by atomistic simulations. We not only did see an unprecedented improvement in thin-film proton conductivity but also saw an improvement in proton conductivity of bulk membranes when calix-2 was added to the Nafion matrices. Nafion-calix-2 composite membranes also took advantage of the asymmetric charge distribution across calix[4]arene repeat units collectively and exhibited voltage-gating behavior. The inclusion of molecular macrocyclic cavities into the ionomer chemical structure can thus emerge as a promising design concept for highly efficient ion-conducting and ion-permselective materials for sustainable energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iman Evazzade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln 68588, Nebraska, United States
| | - Oghenetega Allen Obewhere
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln 68588, Nebraska, United States
| | - Tyler James Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln 68588, Nebraska, United States
| | - Vitaly Alexandrov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln 68588, Nebraska, United States
| | - Shudipto Konika Dishari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln 68588, Nebraska, United States
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11
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Xu H, Mahanthappa MK. Ionic Conductivities of Broad Dispersity Lithium Salt-Doped Polystyrene/Poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Long Z, Miyatake K. ePTFE reinforced, sulfonated aromatic polymer membranes enable durable, high-temperature operable PEMFCs. iScience 2021; 24:102962. [PMID: 34458706 PMCID: PMC8379343 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonated polyphenylene (SPP)-based ionomers have been developed for electrochemical applications in recent years due to their inherent thermal and chemical stability. However, the difficult synthesis, limited solubility, and rigid backbone obstructs their progress. Herein, a new monomer, 3,3″-dichloro-2',3',5',6'-tetrafluoro-1,1':4',1″-terphenyl (TP-f) with high polymerization reactivity was designed and polymerized with sulfonated phenylene monomer to prepare SPP-based ionomers (SPP-TP-f) with high ion exchange capacity up to 4.5 mequiv g-1. The resulting flexible membranes were more proton conductive than Nafion (state-of-the-art proton exchange membrane) even at 120°C and 20% RH. Unlike typical SPP ionomers, SPP-TP-f 5.1 was soluble in ethanol and thus, could be reinforced with double expanded polytetrafluorethylene thin layers to obtain SPP-TP-f 5.1/DPTFE membrane. SPP-TP-f 5.1/DPTFE showed superior fuel cell performance to that of Nafion, in particular, at low humidity (30% RH, > 100°C) and reasonable durability under the severe accelerated conditions combining OCV hold and humidity cycling tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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13
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Luo L, Tang Z, Yang W, Liu D, Shen Z, Fan XH. Thickness-Dependent Photo-Aligned Thin-Film Morphologies of a Block Copolymer Containing an Azobenzene-Based Liquid Crystalline Polymer and a Poly(ionic liquid). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9774-9784. [PMID: 34342997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced alignment of the thin-film morphologies of azobenzene-containing block copolymers (BCPs) is an effective method to obtain a uniaxial pattern of nanocylinders. Although film thickness is an important factor affecting the self-assembly of BCP thin films, the influence of film thickness on the photo-induced alignment of BCP thin-film morphology has never been systematically studied. Herein, we report the thickness-dependent photo-aligned film morphologies of the BCP containing an azobenzene-based liquid crystalline polymer and a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL), with a perfect uniaxial pattern of PIL nanocylinders. For films aligned with the unpolarized light (UPL), the out-of-plane PIL nanocylinders can be obtained in the film with a thickness of only 1L0 (∼30 nm, where L0 is the layer spacing of the hexagonally packed cylinder array), which is far lower than the thickness (more than 4L0) of the thermally annealed film needed to obtain the same morphology. This change is attributed to the orientation effect of UPL on azobenzene mesogens that suppresses the excluded volume effect. For the films aligned with linearly polarized light (LPL), to take advantage of the excluded volume effect to obtain the planar orientation of azobenzene mesogens, the thickness should be controlled to be no more than 3L0 to achieve an in-plane uniaxial alignment of PIL nanocylinders. The above relationship between the morphology and thickness of photo-aligned film eliminates the obstacles encountered in preparing films with well-ordered photo-aligned morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhehao Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weilu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing-He Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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14
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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15
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The electric field effect on the nanostructure, transport, mechanical, and thermal properties of polymer electrolyte membrane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Zhang D, Xu Z, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhao Y, Wang S, Liu W, Che X, Yang J, Liu J, Yan C. Oriented Proton-Conductive Nanochannels Boosting a Highly Conductive Proton-Exchange Membrane for a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4051-4061. [PMID: 33434002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose a sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) composite proton-conductive membrane based on a 3-(1-hydro-imidazolium-3-yl)-propane-1-sulfonate (Him-pS) additive to break through the trade-off between conductivity and selectivity of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Specifically, Him-pS enables an oriented distribution of the SPEEK matrix to construct highly conductive proton nanochannels throughout the membrane arising from the noncovalent interaction. Moreover, the "acid-base pair" effect from an imidazolium group and a sulfonic group further facilitates the proton transport through the nanochannels. Meanwhile, the structure of the acid-base pair is further confirmed based on density functional theory calculations. Material and electrochemical characterizations indicate that the nanochannels with a size of 16.5 nm are vertically distributed across the membrane, which not only accelerate proton conductivity (31.54 mS cm-1) but also enhance the vanadium-ion selectivity (39.9 × 103 S min cm-3). Benefiting from such oriented proton-conductive nanochannels in the membrane, the cell delivers an excellent Coulombic efficiency (CE, ≈ 98.8%) and energy efficiency (EE, ≈ 78.5%) at 300 mA cm-2. More significantly, the cell maintains a stable energy efficiency over 600 charge-discharge cycles with only a 5.18% decay. Accordingly, this work provides a promising fabrication strategy for a high-performance membrane of VRFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denghua Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zeyu Xu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xihao Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaoliang Wang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xuefu Che
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jingshuai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chuanwei Yan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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17
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Leniart A, Pula P, Tsai EHR, Majewski PW. Large-Grained Cylindrical Block Copolymer Morphologies by One-Step Room-Temperature Casting. Macromolecules 2020; 53:11178-11189. [PMID: 33380751 PMCID: PMC7759006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile method of ordering block copolymer (BCP) morphologies in which the conventional two-step casting and annealing steps are replaced by a single-step process where microphase separation and grain coarsening are seamlessly integrated within the casting protocol. This is achieved by slowing down solvent evaporation during casting by introducing a nonvolatile solvent into the BCP casting solution that effectively prolongs the duration of the grain-growth phase. We demonstrate the utility of this solvent evaporation annealing (SEA) method by producing well-ordered large-molecular-weight BCP thin films in a total processing time shorter than 3 min without resorting to any extra laboratory equipment other than a basic casting device, i.e., spin- or blade-coater. By analyzing the morphologies of the quenched samples, we identify a relatively narrow range of polymer concentration in the wet film, just above the order-disorder concentration, to be critical for obtaining large-grained morphologies. This finding is corroborated by the analysis of the grain-growth kinetics of horizontally oriented cylindrical domains where relatively large growth exponents (1/2) are observed, indicative of a more rapid defect-annihilation mechanism in the concentrated BCP solution than in thermally annealed BCP melts. Furthermore, the analysis of temperature-resolved kinetics data allows us to calculate the Arrhenius activation energy of the grain coarsening in this one-step BCP ordering process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02089, Poland
| | - Esther H. R. Tsai
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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18
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Ma M, Fu Y. A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Mechanical Properties of Ionic Copolymers during Tension–Recovery Deformation. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Ma
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
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19
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Maekawa A, Kobayashi T, Ichikawa T. Gyroid nanostructured soft membranes formed by controlling the degree of crosslinking polymerization of bicontinuous cubic liquid-crystalline monomers. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Trant C, Hwang S, Bae C, Lee S. Synthesis and Characterization of Anion-Exchange Membranes Using Semicrystalline Triblock Copolymers in Ordered and Disordered States. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Trant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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21
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Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolytes and high-concentration liquid electrolytes, such as water-in-salt electrolytes and ionic liquids, are emerging materials to replace the flammable organic electrolytes widely used in industrial lithium-ion batteries. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the ion transport mechanisms and optimize the ion transport properties. This perspective reviews the current understanding of the ion transport and polymer dynamics in liquid and polymer electrolytes, comparing the similarities and differences in the two types of electrolytes. Combining recent experimental and theoretical findings, we attempt to connect and explain ion transport mechanisms in different types of small-molecule and polymer electrolytes from a theoretical perspective, linking the macroscopic transport coefficients to the microscopic, molecular properties such as the solvation environment of the ions, salt concentration, solvent/polymer molecular weight, ion pairing, and correlated ion motion. We emphasize universal features in the ion transport and polymer dynamics by highlighting the relevant time and length scales. Several outstanding questions and anticipated developments for electrolyte design are discussed, including the negative transference number, control of ion transport through precision synthesis, and development of predictive multiscale modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yun Son
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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22
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Sharon D, Bennington P, Dolejsi M, Webb MA, Dong BX, de Pablo JJ, Nealey PF, Patel SN. Intrinsic Ion Transport Properties of Block Copolymer Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8902-8914. [PMID: 32496776 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of intrinsic properties is of central importance for materials design and assessing suitability for specific applications. Self-assembling block copolymer electrolytes (BCEs) are of great interest for applications in solid-state energy storage devices. A fundamental understanding of ion transport properties, however, is hindered by the difficulty in deconvoluting extrinsic factors, such as defects, from intrinsic factors, such as the presence of interfaces between the domains. Here, we quantify the intrinsic ion transport properties of a model BCE system consisting of poly(styrene-block-ethylene oxide) (SEO) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt using a generalizable strategy of depositing thin films on interdigitated electrodes and self-assembling fully connected parallel lamellar structures throughout the films. Comparison between conductivity in homopolymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-LiTFSI electrolytes and the analogous conducting material in SEO over a range of salt concentrations (r, molar ratio of lithium ion to ethylene oxide repeat units) and temperatures reveals that between 20% and 50% of the PEO in SEO is inactive. Using mean-field theory calculations of the domain structure and monomer concentration profiles at domain interfaces-both of which vary substantially with salt concentration-the fraction of inactive PEO in the SEO, as derived from conductivity measurements, can be quantitatively reconciled with the fraction of PEO that is mixed with greater than a few volume percent of polystyrene. Despite the detrimental interfacial effects for ion transport in BCEs, the intrinsic conductivity of the SEO studied here (ca. 10-3 S/cm at 90 °C, r = 0.085) is an order of magnitude higher than reported values from bulk samples of similar molecular weight SEO (ca. 10-4 S/cm at 90 °C, r = 0.085). Overall, this work provides motivation and methods for pursuing improved BCE chemical design, interfacial engineering, and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sharon
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter Bennington
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Moshe Dolejsi
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 50-70 Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shrayesh N Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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23
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Leniart A, Pula P, Sitkiewicz A, Majewski PW. Macroscopic Alignment of Block Copolymers on Silicon Substrates by Laser Annealing. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4805-4815. [PMID: 32159943 PMCID: PMC7497666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser annealing is a competitive alternative to conventional oven annealing of block copolymer (BCP) thin films enabling rapid acceleration and precise spatial control of the self-assembly process. Localized heating by a moving laser beam (zone annealing), taking advantage of steep temperature gradients, can additionally yield aligned morphologies. In its original implementation it was limited to specialized germanium-coated glass substrates, which absorb visible light and exhibit low-enough thermal conductivity to facilitate heating at relatively low irradiation power density. Here, we demonstrate a recent advance in laser zone annealing, which utilizes a powerful fiber-coupled near-IR laser source allowing rapid BCP annealing over a large area on conventional silicon wafers. The annealing coupled with photothermal shearing yields macroscopically aligned BCP films, which are used as templates for patterning metallic nanowires. We also report a facile method of transferring laser-annealed BCP films onto arbitrary surfaces. The transfer process allows patterning substrates with a highly corrugated surface and single-step rapid fabrication of multilayered nanomaterials with complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Pula
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
| | | | - Pawel W. Majewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
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24
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Coote JP, Kinsey T, Street DP, Kilbey SM, Sangoro JR, Stein GE. Surface-Induced Ordering Depresses Through-Film Ionic Conductivity in Lamellar Block Copolymer Electrolytes. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:565-570. [PMID: 35648487 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar block copolymers based on polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) show promise as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. However, these systems often display structural anisotropy that depresses the through-film ionic conductivity. This work hypothesizes that structural anisotropy is a consequence of surface-induced ordering, where preferential adsorption of one block at the electrode drives a short-range stacking of the lamellae. This point was examined with lamellar diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(1-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) (PIL). The bulk PS-PIL structure was comprised of randomly oriented lamellar grains. However, in thin PS-PIL films (100-400 nm), the lamellae were stacked normal to the plane of the film, and islands/holes were observed when the as-prepared film thickness was incommensurate with the natural lamellar periodicity. Both of these attributes are well-known consequences of preferential wetting at surfaces. The ionic conductivity of thick PS-PIL films (50-100 μm) was approximately 20× higher in the in-plane direction than in the through-plane direction, consistent with a mixed structure comprised of randomly oriented lamellae throughout the interior of the film and highly oriented lamellae at the electrode surface. Therefore, to fully optimize the performance of a block copolymer electrolyte, it is important to consider the effects of surface interactions on the ordering of domains.
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25
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Nagao Y. Progress on highly proton-conductive polymer thin films with organized structure and molecularly oriented structure. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2020; 21:79-91. [PMID: 32158509 PMCID: PMC7033726 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1722740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Several current topics are introduced in this review, with particular attention to highly proton-conductive polymer thin films with organized structure and molecularly oriented structure. Organized structure and molecularly oriented structure are anticipated as more promising approaches than conventional less-molecular-ordered structure to elucidate mechanisms of high proton conduction and control proton conduction. This review introduces related polymer materials and molecular design using lyotropic liquid crystals and hydrogen bond networks for high proton conduction. It also outlines the use of substrate surfaces and external fields, such as pressure and centrifugal force, for organizing structures and molecularly oriented structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagao
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
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26
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Sun HY, Sun SH, Hu B, Gong LK, Zou YM, Li JL, Feng ML, Huang XY. Anisotropic proton conduction realized by a layered vanadium selenite single crystal. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new layered vanadium selenite single crystal exhibits anisotropic proton conductivities along the [100] and [001] directions with the Grotthuss and Vehicle mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
| | - Shi-Hao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
| | - Bing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Liao-Kuo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Yan-Min Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Ji-Long Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
| | - Mei-Ling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
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27
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Structural and Mechanical Properties of Ionic Di-block Copolymers via a Molecular Dynamics Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101546. [PMID: 31547576 PMCID: PMC6835995 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerized ionic copolymers have recently evolved as a new class of materials to overcome the limited range of mechanical properties of ionic homopolymers. In this paper, we investigate the structural and mechanical properties of charged ionic homopolymers and di-block copolymers, while using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation. Tensile and compressive deformation are applied to the homopolymers and copolymers in the glassy state. The effect of charge ratio and loading direction on the stress-strain behavior are studied. It is found that the electrostatic interactions among charged pairs play major roles, as evidenced by increased Young’s modulus and yield strength with charge ratio. Increased charge ratio lead to enhanced stress contribution from both bonding and pairwise (Van der Waals + coulombic) interaction. The increase in the gyration of the radius is observed with increasing charge ratio in homopolymers, yet a reversed tendency is observed in copolymers. Introduced charge pairs leads to an increased randomness in the segmental orientation in copolymers.
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28
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Su GM, Cordova IA, Yandrasits MA, Lindell M, Feng J, Wang C, Kusoglu A. Chemical and Morphological Origins of Improved Ion Conductivity in Perfluoro Ionene Chain Extended Ionomers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13547-13561. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Su
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isvar A. Cordova
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Jun Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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29
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Li J, Zhang Q, Peng S, Zhang D, Yan X, Wu X, Gong X, Wang Q, He G. Electrospinning fiberization of carbon nanotube hybrid sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) ion conductive membranes for a vanadium redox flow battery. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Kobayashi T, Li YX, Ono A, Zeng XB, Ichikawa T. Gyroid structured aqua-sheets with sub-nanometer thickness enabling 3D fast proton relay conduction. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6245-6253. [PMID: 31367299 PMCID: PMC6615241 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A polymerizable amphiphile having two zwitterionic head-groups has been designed. This compound co-organizes with an acid, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HTf2N), into a gyroid bicontinuous cubic liquid-crystalline phase. In situ polymerization of this phase has been successfully achieved by UV irradiation in the presence of a photoinitiator, yielding a self-standing gyroid-nanostructured polymer film. When the polymer film is placed under different relative humidity conditions or in water, it absorbs water owing to the strong hydration ability of the zwitterionic parts. It has been found that the polymer film preserves the gyroid nanostructure after the water absorption. Based on reconstructed electron density maps, it is assumed that the absorbed water molecules form a 3D continuous network along the gyroid minimal surface, which satisfies several key conditions for inducing fast proton conduction. As expected, such hydrated films show high ionic conductivities in the order of 10-1 S cm-1 when the water content of the film reaches 15.6 wt% at RH = 90%. The high conductivity is attributed to the induction of the Grotthuss mechanism, that is, proton conduction via the hydrogen-bonding network of the incorporated water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Naka-cho, Koganei , Tokyo , 184-8588 , Japan .
| | - Ya-Xin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK
| | - Ayaka Ono
- Department of Biotechnology , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Naka-cho, Koganei , Tokyo , 184-8588 , Japan .
| | - Xiang-Bing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Naka-cho, Koganei , Tokyo , 184-8588 , Japan .
- JST , PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi , Saitama , 332-0012 , Japan
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31
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Majewski PW, Gopinadhan M, Osuji CO. The Effects of Magnetic Field Alignment on Lithium Ion Transport in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane with Lamellar Morphology. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E887. [PMID: 31096596 PMCID: PMC6572399 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport properties of block copolymer-derived polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) are sensitive to microstructural disorder originating in the randomly oriented microdomains produced during uncontrolled self-assembly by microphase separation. This microstructural disorder can negatively impact performance due to the presence of conductivity-impeding grain boundaries and the resulting tortuosity of transport pathways. We use magnetic fields to control the orientational order of Li-doped lamellar polyethylene oxide (PEO) microdomains in a liquid crystalline diblock copolymer over large length scales (>3 mm). Microdomain alignment results in an increase in the conductivity of the membrane, but the improvement relative to non-aligned samples is modest, and limited to roughly 50% in the best cases. This limited increase is in stark contrast to the order of magnitude improvement observed for magnetically aligned cylindrical microdomains of PEO. Further, the temperature dependence of the conductivity of lamellar microdomains is seemingly insensitive to the order-disorder phase transition, again in marked contrast to the behavior of cylinder-forming materials. The data are confronted with theoretical predictions of the microstructural model developed by Sax and Ottino. The disparity between the conductivity enhancements obtained by domain alignment of cylindrical and lamellar systems is rationalized in terms of the comparative ease of percolation due to the intersection of randomly oriented lamellar domains (2D sheets) versus the quasi-1D cylindrical domains. These results have important implications for the development of methods to maximize PEM conductivity in electrochemical devices, including batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02098 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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32
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Introducing planar hydrophobic groups into an alkyl-sulfonated rigid polyimide and how this affects morphology and proton conductivity. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Magnetic field alignment of stable proton-conducting channels in an electrolyte membrane. Nat Commun 2019; 10:842. [PMID: 30783091 PMCID: PMC6381100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane orientated proton conductivity are highly desirable for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Magnetic field is utilized to create oriented structure in proton exchange membranes. Previously, this has only been carried out by proton nonconductive metal oxide-based fillers. Here, under a strong magnetic field, a proton-conducting paramagnetic complex based on ferrocyanide-coordinated polymer and phosphotungstic acid is used to prepare composite membranes with highly conductive through-plane-aligned proton channels. Gratifyingly, this strategy simultaneously overcomes the high water-solubility of phosphotungstic acid in composite membranes, thereby preventing its leaching and the subsequent loss of membrane conductivity. The ferrocyanide groups in the coordinated polymer, via redox cycle, can continuously consume free radicals, thus helping to improve the long-term in situ membrane durability. The composite membranes exhibit outstanding proton conductivity, fuel cell performance and durability, compared with other types of hydrocarbon membranes and industry standard Nafion® 212. Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane proton conductivity are attractive for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Here the authors align proton conducting channels orthogonal to the plane of composite proton exchange membranes using a magnetic field for improved fuel cell performance.
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34
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Terzić I, Meereboer NL, Mellema HH, Loos K. Polymer-based multiferroic nanocomposites via directed block copolymer self-assembly. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2019; 7:968-976. [PMID: 34912561 PMCID: PMC8613863 DOI: 10.1039/c8tc05017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The existence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in multiferroic materials and their coupling enables the manipulation of the electric polarization with applied magnetic field and vice versa, opening many doors for the practical applications. However, the preparation of polymeric multiferroic nanocomposites is often accompanied with aggregation of magnetic particles inside the ferroelectric polymeric matrix. To overcome this issue, we developed a simple and straightforward method to obtain multiferroic nanocomposites with an exceptional and selective dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles, using self-assembly of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based block copolymers. Magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles modified with gallic acid are selectively incorporated within poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) domains of the lamellar block copolymer due to strong hydrogen bond formation between the ligand and the P2VP block. Using this approach, phase separation between the blocks is improved, which leads to an increase in the degree of crystallinity, whereas the selective dispersion of nanoparticles inside amorphous domains prevents changes in the crystalline phase of the ferroelectric block. The obtained nanocomposites demonstrate both ferroelectric and magnetic properties without large conductive losses at high electric field, making them good candidates for improved multiferroic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Terzić
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Harm Hendrik Mellema
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
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35
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Ogata Y, Abe T, Yonemori S, Yamada NL, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K. Impact of the Solid Interface on Proton Conductivity in Nafion Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15483-15489. [PMID: 30468390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proton conductivity of polyelectrolytes in the interfacial region with a solid is key to the performance of polyelectrolyte-based fuel cells. The proton conductivity of Nafion thin films was examined as a function of the thickness along both directions, normal and parallel to the interface. Neutron reflectivity measurements revealed that a water-containing multilamellar structure was formed at the substrate interface. The presence of the interfacial layer, or the two-dimensional proton-conductive pathway, suppressed and enhanced the out-of-plane and in-plane proton conductivities, respectively. The method of proton conductivity in the interfacial region differed from that in the bulk, namely, the Grotthuss mechanism. Using laminated films, we conclude by showing that the proton conductivity in the Nafion thin film changes on the basis of the interface-to-volume ratio. This knowledge will be helpful for the design of devices containing polyelectrolytes with solid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory , High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , Naka , Ibaraki 319-1106 , Japan
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36
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Thieu LM, Zhu L, Korovich AG, Hickner MA, Madsen LA. Multiscale Tortuous Diffusion in Anion and Cation Exchange Membranes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam M. Thieu
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrew G. Korovich
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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37
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Tuli SK, Roy AL, Elgammal RA, Tian M, Zawodzinski TA, Fujiwara T. Effect of morphology on anion conductive properties in self-assembled polystyrene-based copolymer membranes. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Zhang S, Li D, Kang J, Ma G, Liu Y. Electrospinning preparation of a graphene oxide nanohybrid proton-exchange membrane for fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jingxin Kang
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Guiping Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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39
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Timachova K, Villaluenga I, Cirrincione L, Gobet M, Bhattacharya R, Jiang X, Newman J, Madsen LA, Greenbaum SG, Balsara NP. Anisotropic Ion Diffusion and Electrochemically Driven Transport in Nanostructured Block Copolymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1537-1544. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Timachova
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Lisa Cirrincione
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mallory Gobet
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rajashree Bhattacharya
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - John Newman
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Steven G. Greenbaum
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
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40
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Proton conductive polymers obtained by in-situ polymerization of a mesomorphic benzimidazole monomer in smectic A, nematic and isotropic phases. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Shin DW, Guiver MD, Lee YM. Hydrocarbon-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Importance of Morphology on Ion Transport and Membrane Stability. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4759-4805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Shin
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Fuel
Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael D. Guiver
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- State
Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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42
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Ertem SP, Caire BR, Tsai TH, Zeng D, Vandiver MA, Kusoglu A, Seifert S, Hayward RC, Weber AZ, Herring AM, Coughlin EB, Liberatore MW. Ion transport properties of mechanically stable symmetric ABCBA pentablock copolymers with quaternary ammonium functionalized midblock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Piril Ertem
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 120 Governors Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Benjamin R. Caire
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Tsung-Han Tsai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 120 Governors Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Di Zeng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 120 Governors Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Melissa A. Vandiver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group; Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley California 94720
| | - Soenke Seifert
- Energy Conversion Group; Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley California 94720
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 120 Governors Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Energy Conversion Group; Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley California 94720
| | - Andrew M. Herring
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 120 Governors Drive Amherst Massachusetts 01003
| | - Matthew W. Liberatore
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department; University of Toledo; 2801 W Bancroft Street MS305 Toledo Ohio 43606
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43
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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44
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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45
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Mogurampelly S, Borodin O, Ganesan V. Computer Simulations of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2016; 7:349-71. [PMID: 27070764 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-034655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms and optimizing ion transport in polymer membranes have been the subject of active research for more than three decades. We present an overview of the progress and challenges involved with the modeling and simulation aspects of the ion transport properties of polymer membranes. We are concerned mainly with atomistic and coarser level simulation studies and discuss some salient work in the context of pure binary and single ion conducting polymer electrolytes, polymer nanocomposites, block copolymers, and ionic liquid-based hybrid electrolytes. We conclude with an outlook highlighting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Mogurampelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712;
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Electrochemistry Branch, RDRL-SED-C, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783-1138;
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712;
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46
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Chopade SA, So S, Hillmyer MA, Lodge TP. Anhydrous Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolyte Membranes via Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6200-6210. [PMID: 26927732 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) exhibiting high ionic conductivity coupled with mechanical robustness and high thermal stability are vital for the design of next-generation lithium-ion batteries and high-temperature fuel cells. We present the in situ preparation of nanostructured PEMs incorporating a protic ionic liquid (IL) into one of the domains of a microphase-separated block copolymer created via polymerization-induced microphase separation. This facile, one-pot synthetic strategy transforms a homogeneous liquid precursor consisting of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macro-chain-transfer agent, styrene and divinylbenzene monomers, and protic IL into a robust and transparent monolith. The resulting PEMs exhibit a bicontinuous morphology comprising PEO/protic IL conducting pathways and highly cross-linked polystyrene (PS) domains. The cross-linked PS mechanical scaffold imparts thermal and mechanical stability to the PEMs, with an elastic modulus approaching 10 MPa at 180 °C, without sacrificing the ionic conductivity of the system. Crucially, the long-range continuity of the PEO/protic IL conducting nanochannels results in an outstanding ionic conductivity of 14 mS/cm at 180 °C. We posit that proton conduction in the protic IL occurs via the vehicular mechanism and the PEMs exhibit an average proton transference number of 0.7. This approach is very promising for the development of high-temperature, robust PEMs with excellent proton conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay A Chopade
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Soonyong So
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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47
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Sarapas JM, Tew GN. Poly(ether–thioethers) by Thiol–Ene Click and Their Oxidized Analogues as Lithium Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Sarapas
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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48
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Feng X, Nejati S, Cowan MG, Tousley ME, Wiesenauer BR, Noble RD, Elimelech M, Gin DL, Osuji CO. Thin Polymer Films with Continuous Vertically Aligned 1 nm Pores Fabricated by Soft Confinement. ACS NANO 2016; 10:150-158. [PMID: 26632964 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane separations are critically important in areas ranging from health care and analytical chemistry to bioprocessing and water purification. An ideal nanoporous membrane would consist of a thin film with physically continuous and vertically aligned nanopores and would display a narrow distribution of pore sizes. However, the current state of the art departs considerably from this ideal and is beset by intrinsic trade-offs between permeability and selectivity. We demonstrate an effective and scalable method to fabricate polymer films with ideal membrane morphologies consisting of submicron thickness films with physically continuous and vertically aligned 1 nm pores. The approach is based on soft confinement to control the orientation of a cross-linkable mesophase in which the pores are produced by self-assembly. The scalability, exceptional ease of fabrication, and potential to create a new class of nanofiltration membranes stand out as compelling aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunda Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Siamak Nejati
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | - Marissa E Tousley
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | | | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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49
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Sethuraman V, Pryamitsyn V, Ganesan V. Influence of molecular weight and degree of segregation on local segmental dynamics of ordered block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Pryamitsyn
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas 78712
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50
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Koski J, Hagberg B, Riggleman RA. Attraction of Nanoparticles to Tilt Grain Boundaries in Block Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Koski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Brett Hagberg
- Materials Science and Engineering; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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