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Kroon R, Hofmann AI, Yu L, Lund A, Müller C. Thermally Activated in Situ Doping Enables Solid-State Processing of Conducting Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:2770-2777. [PMID: 31303693 PMCID: PMC6614883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing bulk structures encompassing highly doped conjugated polymers are currently heavily explored for wearable electronics as thermoelectric elements, conducting fibers, and a plethora of sensory devices. One-step manufacturing of such bulk structures is challenging because the interaction of dopants with conjugated polymers results in poor solution and solid-state processability, whereas doping of thick conjugated polymer structures after processing suffers from diffusion-limited transport of the dopant. Here, we introduce the concept of thermally activated latent dopants for in situ bulk doping of conjugated polymers. Latent dopants allow for noninteractive coprocessing of dopants and polymers, while thermal activation eliminates any thickness-dependent diffusion and activation limitations. Two latent acid dopants were synthesized in the form of thermal acid generators based on aryl sulfonic acids and an o-nitrobenzyl capping moiety. First, we show that these acid dopant precursors can be coprocessed noninteractively with three different polythiophenes. Second, the polymer films were doped in situ through thermal activation of the dopants. Ultimately, we demonstrate that solid-state processing with a latent acid dopant can be readily carried out and that it is possible to dope more than 100 μm-thick polymer films through thermal activation of the latent dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Freudenberg J, Jänsch D, Hinkel F, Bunz UHF. Immobilization Strategies for Organic Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5598-5689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Felix Hinkel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
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Hu X, Lawrence JA, Mullahoo J, Smith ZC, Wilson DJ, Mace CR, Thomas SW. Directly Photopatternable Polythiophene as Dual-Tone Photoresist. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - John A. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - James Mullahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Zachary C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62
Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Thomas SW, Pawle RH, Smith ZC. Stimuli-responsive side chains for new function from conjugated materials. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smith ZC, Meyer DM, Simon MG, Staii C, Shukla D, Thomas SW. Thiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers with Photolabile Solubilizing Side Chains. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502289n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Dianne M. Meyer
- Kodak
Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
| | - Marc G. Simon
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Nanoscopic Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Cristian Staii
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Center for Nanoscopic Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Kodak
Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Hayashi S, Koizumi T. Solubility switching of fluorescent polymer films via lewis acid-base vapor treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Garmshausen Y, Schwarz J, Hildebrandt J, Kobin B, Pätzel M, Hecht S. Making Nonsymmetrical Bricks: Synthesis of Insoluble Dipolar Sexiphenyls. Org Lett 2014; 16:2838-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5009087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Garmshausen
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Kobin
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Pätzel
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Johnson RS, Haworth JJ, Finnegan PS, Wheeler DR, Dirk SM. Conjugated Polymer Patterning through Photooxidative Backbone Cleavage. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1116-20. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross S. Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Organic Materials Department; P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - Jacob J. Haworth
- Sandia National Laboratories, Organic Materials Department; P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - Patrick S. Finnegan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Organic Materials Department; P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - David R. Wheeler
- Sandia National Laboratories; Biosensors and Nanomaterials Department; P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 USA
| | - Shawn M. Dirk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Organic Materials Department; P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque New Mexico 87185 USA
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Pauly AC, Theato P. Toward Photopatternable Thin Film Optical Sensors Utilizing Reactive Polyphenylacetylenes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:516-21. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hayashi S, Asano A, Koizumi T. Trifluoroborate-modification of both pyridine and N-alkyldiarylamine-based π-conjugated polymer films: tuning the electronic communication and the mean conjugated length based on two types of nitrogen in the conjugated main segments. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
This letter describes thiophene-based materials that undergo photoinduced aggregation or precipitation upon irradiation with UV light. The only solubilizing side chains on these materials are photocleavable by connection through photolabile nitrobenzyl esters. While quaterthiophene oligomers yield diacids that remain soluble in dichloromethane at micromolar concentrations upon exposure to ultraviolet light, the polymeric analog shows both red-shifted absorbance and heavily quenched fluorescence, consistent with aggregation due to photochemical cleavage of solubilizing alkyl chains. Thin films of this polymer also resisted dissolution in organic solvent upon irradiation, suggesting applicability in the construction of multilayer solid-state devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue,
Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
| | - Robert H. Pawle
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue,
Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
| | - Samuel W. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue,
Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
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Segawa Y, Miyamoto S, Omachi H, Matsuura S, Šenel P, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Itami K. Concise Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [12]Cycloparaphenylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3244-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Segawa Y, Miyamoto S, Omachi H, Matsuura S, Šenel P, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Itami K. Concise Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [12]Cycloparaphenylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hayashi S, Asano A, Koizumi T. Modification of pyridine-based conjugated polymer films via Lewis acid: halochromism, characterization and macroscopic gradation patterning. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johnson RS, Finnegan PS, Wheeler DR, Dirk SM. Photopatterning poly(p-phenylenevinylene) from xanthate precursor polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3936-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc00090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hayashi S, Inagi S, Fuchigami T. Efficient electrochemical polymer halogenation using a thin-layered cell. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pawle RH, Eastman V, Thomas SW. UV-induced fluorescence recovery and solubility modulation of photocaged conjugated oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12542g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Omachi H, Matsuura S, Segawa Y, Itami K. A Modular and Size-Selective Synthesis of [n]Cycloparaphenylenes: A Step toward the Selective Synthesis of [n,n] Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:10202-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Omachi H, Matsuura S, Segawa Y, Itami K. A Modular and Size-Selective Synthesis of [n]Cycloparaphenylenes: A Step toward the Selective Synthesis of [n,n] Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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