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Shah MZ, Rotich NC, Okorafor EA, Oestreicher Z, Demidovich G, Eapen J, Henoch Q, Kilbey J, Prempeh G, Bates A, Page RC, Lorigan GA, Konkolewicz D. Vinyl Ether Maleic Acid Polymers: Tunable Polymers for Self-Assembled Lipid Nanodiscs and Environments for Membrane Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:6611-6623. [PMID: 39283997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Native lipid bilayer mimetics, including those that use amphiphilic polymers, are important for the effective study of membrane-bound peptides and proteins. Copolymers of vinyl ether monomers and maleic anhydride were developed with controlled molecular weights and hydrophobicity through reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. After polymerization, the maleic anhydride units can be hydrolyzed, giving dicarboxylates. The vinyl ether and maleic anhydride copolymerized in a close to alternating manner, giving essentially alternating hydrophilic maleic acid units and hydrophobic vinyl ether units along the backbone after hydrolysis. The vinyl ether monomers and maleic acid polymers self-assembled with lipids, giving vinyl ether maleic acid lipid particles (VEMALPs) with tunable sizes controlled by either the vinyl ether hydrophobicity or the polymer molecular weight. These VEMALPs were able to support membrane-bound proteins and peptides, creating a new class of lipid bilayer mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Nancy C Rotich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Evelyn A Okorafor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Zachery Oestreicher
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Imaging, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Gabrielle Demidovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jeremy Eapen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Quinton Henoch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Julia Kilbey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Godfred Prempeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Alison Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Gary A Lorigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Mechanistic aspect for the atom transfer radical polymerization of itaconimide monomers with methyl methacrylate: a computational study. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a versatile & famous technique for the synthesis of well defined molecular architectures. In ATRP, there is a dynamic equilibrium exists between active & dormant species. Therefore, ATRP progress through a sequence of activation & deactivation cycles, ending upon complete monomer consumption & termination reactions are minimized. This paper presents a systematic computational study on kinetics & thermodynamics associates in the ATRP of itaconimide monomers & methyl methacrylate (MMA). For this, the copolymerization system is modeled as a unimer, dimer & trimer of various itaconimides & MMA monomer. The density functional theory with B3LYP functional & 6–31 + G(d)/LanL2DZ basis sets is used in the prediction of geometries & energetics associated with the dissociation of terminal R–X bond present in the unimer, dimer & trimer. The relative equilibrium constant (K
ATRP) for the ATRP activation/deactivation steps is calculated from the free energy values associated with dissociation of R–X bond. The relative K
ATRP values of dimer & trimer of selected monomers is compared with their respective unimer. From the transition state geometries of the dimeric propagating radical, activation energy is calculated. The gas phase rate coefficients for propagation (k
p) (of itaconimides & MMA copolymerization) are calculated using the standard transition state theory. The effect of system parameters such as solvent, temperature & substituent on K
ATRP & k
p values of dimer is investigated systematically. The change in the initiating system & temperature has significant effect on k
p values as compared to solvent & various substituent. The K
ATRP values of dimer & trimer dormant species are higher as compared to their respective monomeric species. The neighboring monomer & penultimate monomer plays vital role in kinetics & thermodynamics associated with copolymerization. The obtained initial results show that the mechanism of copolymerization of itaconimide monomers & MMA follows penultimate model.
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Diacon A, Krupka O, Hudhomme P. Fullerene-Perylenediimide (C 60-PDI) Based Systems: An Overview and Synthesis of a Versatile Platform for Their Anchor Engineering. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196522. [PMID: 36235059 PMCID: PMC9571100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the different covalent bonding synthetic strategies of two electron acceptors leading to fullerene-perylenediimide (C60-PDI)-based systems, essentially dyads and triads, is presented, as well as their more important applications. To go further in the development of such electron and photoactive assemblies, an original aromatic platform 5-benzyloxy-3-formylbenzoic acid was synthesized to graft both the PDI dye and the fullerene C60. This new C60-PDI dyad exhibits a free anchoring phenolic function that could be used to attach a third electro- and photoactive unit to study cascade electron and/or energy transfer processes or to obtain unprecedented side-chain polymers in which the C60-PDI dyads are attached as pendant moieties onto the main polymer chain. This C60-PDI dyad was fully characterized, and cyclic voltammetry showed the concomitant reduction process onto both C60 and PDI moieties at identical potential. A quasi-quantitative quenching of fluorescence was demonstrated in this C60-PDI dyad, and an intramolecular energy transfer was suggested between these two units. After deprotection of the benzyloxy group, the free hydroxyl functional group of the platform was used as an anchor to reach a new side-chain methyl methacrylate-based polymer in which the PDI-C60 dyad units are located as pendants of the main polymer chain. Such polymer which associates two complementary acceptors could find interesting applications in optoelectronics and in particular in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Diacon
- Univ. Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oksana Krupka
- Univ. Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Univ. Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-4173-5094
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Deglmann P, Hungenberg KD, Vale HM. Dependence of Copolymer Composition in Radical Polymerization on Solution Properties: a Quantitative Thermodynamic Interpretation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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The solution copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride in a continuous stirred tank reactor and its theoretical modelling. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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8
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Microstructure analysis of copolymers of substituted itaconimide and methyl methacrylate: experimental and computational investigation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The present work addresses the modeling and simulation of the addition of copolymerizations of styrene and methyl methacrylate in batch mode, and the formation of tailored vinyl acetate/acrylic acid copolymers is evaluated through stochastic optimization procedures based on the Monte Carlo method. A kinetic model of the free-radical reaction was proposed in order to predict the behavior of the reaction system taking into consideration the presence of the penultimate unit effect. The profiles of conversion and copolymer composition were also evaluated considering the effect of the medium viscosity (kinetic phenomena related to gel and glass effects) on the reaction performance. It was shown that the proposed model for chain-growth copolymerization is able to describe strong nonlinear behaviors such as autoacceleration of the polymerization and drift of copolymer composition. It was also shown that copolymers with homogeneous composition can be successfully synthesized through manipulation of the monomer feed flow rate based on a stochastic optimization procedure.
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11
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Hunley MT, Sari N, Beers KL. Microstructure Analysis and Model Discrimination of Enzyme-Catalyzed Copolyesters. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:375-379. [PMID: 35581841 DOI: 10.1021/mz300659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The comonomer sequence distributions were analyzed for a series of poly(ε-caprolactone-co-δ-valerolactone) (PCV) copolymers using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The four dyad sequences each showed well-resolved peaks in the NMR spectra that allowed easy quantification of the dyad and triad fractions. Although compositional analysis could not discriminate between terminal and penultimate model copolymerization kinetics, the monomer sequence distributions clearly indicated that the lipase-catalyzed copolymerization proceeds via terminal model kinetics. This NMR analytical tool enables rapid characterization of lipase-catalyzed copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Hunley
- Materials Science
and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899, United States
| | - Nese Sari
- Institute of Bioscience
and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Beers
- Materials Science
and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899, United States
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12
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Horn M, Matyjaszewski K. Solvent Effects on the Activation Rate Constant in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Horn
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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13
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Degirmenci I, Ozaltın TF, Karahan O, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M, Aviyente V. Origins of the solvent effect on the propagation kinetics of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Siegmann R, Möller E, Beuermann S. Propagation Rate Coefficients for Homogeneous Phase VDF-HFP Copolymerization in Supercritical CO2. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1208-13. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Siegmann R, Beuermann S. Individual Rate Coefficients for 1H,1H,2H,2H-Tridecafluorooctyl Methacrylate Radical Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902653b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Siegmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam/Golm, Germany
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16
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17
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Beuermann S. Solvent Influence on Propagation Kinetics in Radical Polymerizations Studied by Pulsed Laser Initiated Polymerizations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1066-88. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Zhao Y, Dar YL, Caneba GT. Modeling Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylic Acid via the Free-Radical Retrograde-Precipitation Polymerization (FRRPP) Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0712176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931
| | - Yadunandan L. Dar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931
| | - Gerard T. Caneba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931
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19
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Buback M, Müller E. Propagation Kinetics of Binary Acrylate–Methacrylate Free-Radical Bulk Copolymerizations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Van Cauter K, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M. Ab Initio Study of Poly(vinyl chloride) Propagation Kinetics: Head-to-Head versus Head-to-Tail Additions. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:541-52. [PMID: 17274092 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The relative importance of head-to-head versus head-to-tail additions during the free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloride is determined by ab initio methods for different chain lengths of the polymer. First, a level of theory study is performed to determine cost-effective methods for the ab initio description of the propagation kinetics of vinyl chloride. The study includes the following DFT-based methods: B3LYP, B3PW91, BHandH, BHandHLYP, BLYP, BP86, MPW1K and MPW1PW91, in combination with double or triple zeta basis sets 6-31G(d) and 6-311G(d,p). Also, the more recently developed BMK and MPW1K functionals are included. The influence of diffuse functions is tested by comparison with the basis sets 6-31+G(d) and 6-311++G(3df,2p). The best-performing methods are B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1 K combined with the 6-31+G(d) basis set. The converged probability of head-to-head propagation (2 per 1000 monomer units) is put into relation with the experimental concentrations of defect structures. A comparison is made with the head-to-head (HH) content of fluorine-substituted polymers and poly(vinyl acetate). The ab initio calculations correctly predict the relative sequence of HH content among the various polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Van Cauter
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Izgorodina EI, Coote ML. Accurate ab initio prediction of propagation rate coefficients in free-radical polymerization: Acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Coote ML, Krenske EH, Izgorodina EI. Computational Studies of RAFT Polymerization–Mechanistic Insights and Practical Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Heuts JP, Russell GT. The nature of the chain-length dependence of the propagation rate coefficient and its effect on the kinetics of free-radical polymerization. 1. Small-molecule studies. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Coote ML. A Quantum-Chemical Approach to Understanding Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization. Aust J Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/ch04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights some of the recent contributions that computational quantum chemistry has made to the understanding of the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process. These include recent studies of rate retardation in cumyl dithiobenzoate mediated polymerization of styrene and methyl acrylate and the xanthate mediated polymerization of vinyl acetate, and studies of the effects of substituents on the addition and fragmentation reactions in prototypical systems and polymer-related systems. The accuracy and applicability of theoretical procedures for studying free-radical polymerization are also discussed, and the methodology is evaluated using the homopropagation rate coefficient of methyl acrylate as a test case. The review concludes with a brief discussion of possible future developments in the field.
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Cieplak P, Kaim A. Theoretical study of the free-radical copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate: Comparative study to the styrene-acrylonitrile monomer system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Fellows CM, Senogles E. Relative reactivity of chloroprene and methyl methacrylate toward initiator radicals. Eur Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(03)00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Zhan CG, Dixon DA. A Density Functional Theory Approach to the Development of Q−e Parameters for the Prediction of Reactivity in Free-Radical Copolymerizations. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020497u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Guo Zhan
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K1-83, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - David A. Dixon
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K1-83, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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Zetterlund PB, Tagashira S, Izumi K, Nagano Y, Azukizawa M, Yamazoe H, Kumagai M, Yamada B. Penultimate Unit Effects in Free Radical Copolymerization Studied Using the Individual Propagating Radical Concentrations from Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B. Zetterlund
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shinji Tagashira
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kyoko Izumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nagano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Azukizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Yamazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Kumagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Bunichiro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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30
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Ma YD, Sung KS, Tsujii Y, Fukuda T. Free-Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and Diethyl Fumarate. Penultimate-Unit Effects on Both Propagation and Termination Processes. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001337o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Yee LH, Heuts JPA, Davis TP. Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics of Dimethyl Itaconate and Styrene: Strong Entropic Contributions to the Penultimate Unit Effect. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001952s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan H. Yee
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
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32
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon‐Centered Radicals to Alkenes—An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-%23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland) Fax: (+41) 1‐6356856
| | - Leo Radom
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200 (Australia)
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33
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Fischer H, Radom L. Was steuert die Additionen kohlenstoffzentrierter Radikale an Alkene? - Antworten auf experimenteller und theoretischer Grundlage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1380::aid-ange1380>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon-Centered Radicals to Alkenes-An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1340-1371. [PMID: 11317286 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The successful exploitation of syntheses involving the generation of new carbon-carbon bonds by radical reactions rests on some prior knowledge of the rate constants for the addition of carbon-centered radicals to alkenes and other unsaturated molecules, and of the factors controlling them. Two former classical reviews in Angewandte Chemie by Tedder (1982) and by Giese (1983) provided mechanistic insight and led to various qualitative rules on the complex interplay of enthalpic, polar, and steric effects. In the meantime, the field has experienced very rapid progress: many more experimental absolute rate constants have become available, and there have been major advances in the efficiency and reliability of quantum-chemical methods for the accurate calculation of transition structures, reaction barriers, and reaction enthalpies. Herein we review this progress, recommend suitable experimental and theoretical procedures, and display representative data series for radical additions to alkenes. On this basis, and guided by the pictorial tool of the state-correlation diagram for radical additions, we then offer a new and more stringent quantification of the controlling factors. Our analysis leads to a partial revision of the previous qualitative rules, and it more clearly exhibits the interplay of the reaction enthalpy effects, polar charge-transfer contributions, and steric substituent effects on the reaction energy barrier. The various contributions are cast into the form of new, simple, and physically meaningful but non-linear, predictive equations for the preestimation of rate constants. These equations prove successful in several tests but call for additional theoretical and experimental foundation. The kinetics of related reactions such as polymer propagation, copolymerization, and the addition of radicals to alkynes and aromatic compounds is shown to follow the same principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
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Van De Grampel RD, Van Geldrop J, Laven J, Van Der Linde R. P[CF3(CF2)5CH2MA-co-MMA] and P[CF3(CF2)5CH2MA-co-BA] copolymers: Reactivity ratios and surface properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20010103)79:1<159::aid-app180>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sideridou-Karayannidou I, Seretoudi G. Synthesis and characterization of copolymers of N -vinylcarbazole and N , N -dimethylaminoethyl acrylate. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coote ML, Davis TP, Radom L. Conformational Dependence of the Penultimate Unit Effect in Free-Radical Copolymerization. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990468q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Coote ML, Davis TP. Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics of Para-Substituted Styrenes: A Critical Test of the Implicit Penultimate Model. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Coote ML, Davis TP, Radom L. The effect of remote substituents in free radical addition reactions: new evidence for the penultimate unit effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(98)00427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coote ML, Davis TP. Prediction and Measurement of Propagation Rate Coefficients in Terpolymerization Reactions. Part I. Derivation of Equations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10543414.1999.10744517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Roberts GE, Coote ML, Heuts JPA, Morris LM, Davis TP. Radical Ring-Opening Copolymerization of 2-Methylene 1,3-Dioxepane and Methyl Methacrylate: Experiments Originally Designed To Probe the Origin of the Penultimate Unit Effect. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9813587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Evan Roberts
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leesa M. Morris
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Kukulj D, Davis TP. Average Propagation Rate Coefficients in the Free-Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and α-Methylstyrene Measured by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dax Kukulj
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Huang DM, Monteiro MJ, Gilbert RG. A Theoretical Study of Propagation Rate Coefficients for Methacrylonitrile and Acrylonitrile. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980229n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Huang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Robert G. Gilbert
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Heuts JPA, Kukulj D, Forster DJ, Davis TP. Copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate in the Presence of a Catalytic Chain Transfer Agent. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan P. A. Heuts
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dax Kukulj
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Darren J. Forster
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Coote ML, Zammit MD, Davis TP, Willett GD. Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics of Styrene and Methyl MethacrylateRevisited. 1. Pulsed Laser Polymerization Study. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971051s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry and School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael D. Zammit
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry and School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry and School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gary D. Willett
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry and School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Coote ML, Johnston LPM, Davis TP. Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate-Revisited. 2. Kinetic Analysis. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- School Of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lloyd P. M. Johnston
- School Of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School Of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Balic R, Gilbert RG, Zammit MD, Davis TP, Miller CM. Propagation Rate Coefficient of Vinylneo-Decanoate by Pulsed Laser Polymerization. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961384+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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