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Kareem YG, Rachid S, Al-Jaf O. Synthesis and characterization of novel poly cysteine methacrylate nanoparticles and their morphology and size studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13474-13481. [PMID: 38665499 PMCID: PMC11044863 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) have significantly advanced the field of biomedicine, showcasing the remarkable potential for precise drug delivery, administration of nutraceuticals, diagnostics/imaging applications, and the fabrication of biocompatible materials, among other uses. Despite these promising developments, the invention faces notable challenges related to biodegradability, bioactivity, target-site specificity, particle size, carrier efficiency, and controlled release. Addressing these concerns is essential for optimizing the functionality and impact of PNPs in biomedical applications. Here, new poly cysteine methacrylate nanoparticles (PCMANPs), ca. (200 nm) in size have been synthesized from the cysteine methacrylate (CysMA) monomer using different strategies, including emulsion and inverse emulsion polymerization techniques. The monomer was synthesized using the Michael addition reaction, involving the addition of 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate to the sulfhydryl group (-SH) of the cysteine (Cys) active site, with the aid of dimethyl phenyl phosphine (DMPP) as a nucleophilic agent as previously reported. To enhance nano-polymerization, a thorough exploration of various initiators, including ammonium persulfate (APS) and 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), alongside surfactants, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was conducted. Additionally, critical parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, and solvents, were systematically investigated due to their substantial influence on the shape, size, stability, and morphology of the synthesized polymer nanoparticles. This comprehensive approach aims to optimize the synthesis process, ensuring precise control over the key characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles for enhanced performance in diverse applications. Various characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and zeta sizer dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, were utilized to investigate purity, morphology, and particle size of the PNPs. As a result, a spherical, monodispersed (homogenized), and stable PCMANP with defined size and morphology was achieved. This may exhibit a remarkable achievement in the future of drug delivery systems and therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen G Kareem
- Charmo Center for Research, Training, and Consultancy, Charmo University Chamchamal, Kurdistan Region 46023 Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University for Science and Technology Sulaymaniah, Kurdistan Region 46001 Iraq
| | - Shwan Rachid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Charmo University Chamchamal, Kurdistan Region 46023 Iraq
| | - O Al-Jaf
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo University Chamchamal, Kurdistan Region 46023 Iraq
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2
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Synthesis and self-assembly of optically active random copolymers bearing L-alanine and L-glutamic acid moieties in aqueous medium. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Newman MR, Russell SG, Schmitt CS, Marozas IA, Sheu TJ, Puzas JE, Benoit DSW. Multivalent Presentation of Peptide Targeting Groups Alters Polymer Biodistribution to Target Tissues. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:71-84. [PMID: 29227674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to bone is challenging, whereby drug distribution is commonly <1% of injected dose, despite development of several bone-targeted drug delivery systems specific to hydroxyapatite. These bone-targeted drug delivery systems still suffer from poor target cell localization within bone, as at any given time overall bone volume is far greater than acutely remodeling bone volume, which harbors relevant cell targets (osteoclasts or osteoblasts). Thus, there exists a need to target bone-acting drugs specifically to sites of bone remodeling. To address this need, this study synthesized oligo(ethylene glycol) copolymers based on a peptide with high affinity to tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), an enzyme deposited by osteoclasts during the bone resorption phase of bone remodeling, which provides greater specificity relevant for bone cell drugging. Gradient and random peptide orientations, as well as polymer molecular weights, were investigated. TRAP-targeted, high molecular weight (Mn) random copolymers exhibited superior accumulation in remodeling bone, where fracture accumulation was observed for at least 1 week and accounted for 14% of tissue distribution. Intermediate and low Mn random copolymer accumulation was lower, indicating residence time depends on Mn. High Mn gradient polymers were cleared, with only 2% persisting at fractures after 1 week, suggesting TRAP binding depends on peptide density. Peptide density and Mn are easily modified in this versatile targeting platform, which can be applied to a range of bone drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R Newman
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Steven G Russell
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Christopher S Schmitt
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Ian A Marozas
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Tzong-Jen Sheu
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - J Edward Puzas
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Biomedical Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, ∥Department of Orthopaedics, ¶Center for Oral Biology, and ⊥Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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4
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Soylemez S, Yılmaz T, Buber E, Udum YA, Özçubukçu S, Toppare L. Polymerization and biosensor application of water soluble peptide-SNS type monomer conjugates. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7384-7392. [PMID: 32264188 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01674c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient approach for the preparation of a biosensing platform was developed based on newly designed peptide-SNS type monomer conjugates. The approach involves the electrochemical polymerization of the peptide-SNS type monomer on the electrode surface. To synthesize the peptide bearing monomers, the SNS-type monomer having a carboxylic acid functional group was anchored to the C-terminal of the peptide by solid phase peptide synthesis via coupling reagents. Utilization of peptides to increase the solubility of the monomers was first investigated in this report. The obtained monomers, soluble in water, were fully characterized by spectral analyses and utilized as matrices for biomolecule attachment. Polymerization of monomers in water has the potential to provide an alternative process for the electrochemical preparation of the polymers in aqueous media, without using any organic solvent. Under the optimized conditions, the biosensor responded to the target analyte, glucose, in a strikingly selective and sensitive manner, and showed promising feasibility for the quantitative analysis of glucose in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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5
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Ladmiral V, Charlot A, Semsarilar M, Armes SP. Synthesis and characterization of poly(amino acid methacrylate)-stabilized diblock copolymer nano-objects. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two amino acid methacrylates prepared via Michael addition are used as building blocks to prepare novel diblock copolymer nano-objects via polymerisation-induced self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (UMR 5253
- CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1) ENSCM
- 34296 Montpellier
- France
| | | | - Mona Semsarilar
- Institut Européen des Membranes (UMR 5635
- ENSCM-CNRS-UM2)
- Université Montpellier 2
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
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6
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Blum AP, Kammeyer JK, Yin J, Crystal DT, Rush AM, Gilson MK, Gianneschi NC. Peptides displayed as high density brush polymers resist proteolysis and retain bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15422-37. [PMID: 25314576 PMCID: PMC4227725 DOI: 10.1021/ja5088216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for rendering peptides resistant to proteolysis by formulating them as high-density brush polymers. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by polymerizing well-established cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and showing that the resulting polymers are not only resistant to proteolysis but also maintain their ability to enter cells. The scope of this design concept is explored by studying the proteolytic resistance of brush polymers composed of peptides that are substrates for either thrombin or a metalloprotease. Finally, we demonstrate that the proteolytic susceptibility of peptide brush polymers can be tuned by adjusting the density of the polymer brush and offer in silico models to rationalize this finding. We contend that this strategy offers a plausible method of preparing peptides for in vivo use, where rapid digestion by proteases has traditionally restricted their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Blum
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Kumar S, Acharya R, Chatterji U, De P. Controlled synthesis of pH responsive cationic polymers containing side-chain peptide moieties viaRAFT polymerization and their self-assembly. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:946-957. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Hassan HHAM, El-Husseiny AF, Abo-Elfadl AG, El-Faham A, Albericio F. Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Novel Polyamides Containing α-Amino Acid Moieties: Structure-Property Relationship. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2012.630935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Mallakpour S, Dinari M. Progress in Synthetic Polymers Based on Natural Amino Acids. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2011.586289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Johnson RN, Burke RS, Convertine AJ, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS, Pun SH. Synthesis of statistical copolymers containing multiple functional peptides for nucleic Acid delivery. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3007-13. [PMID: 20923198 DOI: 10.1021/bm100806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our report describes RAFT copolymerization of multiple species of active peptide monomers with N-(2-hydroxypropyl(methacrylamide) (HPMA) under aqueous conditions. Resulting statistical copolymers are narrowly disperse with highly controlled molecular weight and composition. Side-chain peptide copolymers were synthesized using a DNA condensing peptide (K12), and an endosomal escape peptide (K6H5) that had been modified with an aminohexanoic linker and capped with methacrylamide vinyl on the NH2-terminus. Copolymers of HMPA-co-K12 and HPMA-co-K12-co-K6H5 efficiently condensed DNA into small particles that maintain size stability even in 150 mM salt solutions. With increasing peptide content, the peptide-based polymers demonstrated gene delivery efficiencies to HeLa cells that were comparable to branched polyethylenimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell N Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Skey J, Hansell CF, O’Reilly RK. Stabilization of Amino Acid Derived Diblock Copolymer Micelles through Favorable d:l side chain interactions. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902356u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Skey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
- The Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Claire F. Hansell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
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12
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O'Reilly RK. Using controlled radical polymerisation techniques for the synthesis of functional polymers containing amino acid moieties. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Robson Marsden H, Kros A. Polymer-peptide block copolymers - an overview and assessment of synthesis methods. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:939-51. [PMID: 19551761 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating peptide blocks into block copolymers opens up new realms of bioactive or smart materials. Because there are such a variety of peptides, polymers, and hybrid architectures that can be imagined, there are many different routes available for the synthesis of these chimera molecules. This review summarizes the contemporary strategies in combining synthesis techniques to create well-defined peptide-polymer hybrids that retain the vital aspects of each disparate block. Living polymerization can be united with the molecular-level control afforded by peptide blocks to yield block copolymers that not only have precisely defined primary structures, but that also interact with other (bio)molecules in a well defined manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Robson Marsden
- Department of Soft Matter Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Skey J, O'reilly RK. Synthesis of chiral micelles and nanoparticles from amino acid based monomers using RAFT polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Preparation and characterization of new optically active poly(N-acryloyl chloride) functionalized with (S)-phenylalanine and pendant pyrene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Zhao H, Sanda F, Masuda T. Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties ofL‐Serine‐Based Poly(phenylacetylenes). JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320601188091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Mallakpour S, Rafiemanzelat F. Diisocyanate route as a convenient method for the preparation of novel optically active poly(amide–imide)s based on N-trimellitylimido-S-valine. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Hopkins TE, Wagener KB. ADMET Synthesis of Polyolefins Targeted for Biological Applications. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035289u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Hopkins
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville Florida 32611-7200
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville Florida 32611-7200
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Mallakpour S, Rafiemanzelat F. Microwave-assisted and classical heating polycondensation reaction of bis(p-amido benzoic acid)-N-trimellitylimido-L-leucine with diisocyanates as a new method for preparation of optically active poly(amide imide)s. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Hopkins
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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Sanda F, Kurokawa T, Endo T. Synthesis, Reactions, and Electrolyte Properties of Polymethacrylamides Having the L-threo-β-Hydroxyaspartic Acid Moiety. Polym J 1999. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.31.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Sanda F, Kamatani J, Handa H, Endo T. Radical Polymerization Behavior of a Proline-Substituted Acrylamide. Effect of s-Cis−s-Trans Isomerization on the Polymerization. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9814090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sanda
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Kamatani
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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23
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Sanda F, Ogawa F, Endo T. Syntheses of functionalized polymethacrylamides based on methionine oxides. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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