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Plasmonic IQ modulators with attojoule per bit electrical energy consumption. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1694. [PMID: 30979888 PMCID: PMC6461703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent optical communications provides the largest data transmission capacity with the highest spectral efficiency and therefore has a remarkable potential to satisfy today’s ever-growing bandwidth demands. It relies on so-called in-phase/quadrature (IQ) electro-optic modulators that encode information on both the amplitude and the phase of light. Ideally, such IQ modulators should offer energy-efficient operation and a most compact footprint, which would allow high-density integration and high spatial parallelism. Here, we present compact IQ modulators with an active section occupying a footprint of 4 × 25 µm × 3 µm, fabricated on the silicon platform and operated with sub-1-V driving electronics. The devices exhibit low electrical energy consumptions of only 0.07 fJ bit−1 at 50 Gbit s−1, 0.3 fJ bit−1 at 200 Gbit s−1, and 2 fJ bit−1 at 400 Gbit s−1. Such IQ modulators may pave the way for application of IQ modulators in long-haul and short-haul communications alike. Increasing bandwidth demands in optical communications requires components to be compact with energy-efficient operation. Here, the authors demonstrate plasmonic IQ modulators on a silicon photonics platform with phase shifters, operating with sub-1V electronics at 100 GBaud and low electrical energy consumption.
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Ostroverkhova O, Moerner WE. Organic photorefractives: mechanisms, materials, and applications. Chem Rev 2004; 104:3267-314. [PMID: 15250742 DOI: 10.1021/cr960055c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ostroverkhova O, He M, Twieg RJ, Moerner WE. Role of temperature in controlling performance of photorefractive organic glasses. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:732-44. [PMID: 12901305 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200200633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a detailed temperature-dependence study of dielectric, birefringent, conductive, and photorefractive (PR) properties of high-performance low-molecular weight organic glasses that contain 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-2,5-dihydrofuran (DCDHF) derivatives. DCDHF organic glasses sensitized with C60 exhibit high two-beam coupling gain coefficients in the red-wavelength region. However, in the best performing DCDHF glasses at room temperature the PR dynamics are limited by slow molecular reorientation in the electric field. While orientational and, therefore, PR speed can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature above the glass-transition temperature of the material, the steady-state performance may worsen. Comprehensive study of the temperature dependence of various processes, which contribute to the PR effect in DCDHF glasses, clarifies the limiting factors and allows for optimization of the overall PR performance.
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Cai C, Liakatas I, Wong MS, Bösch M, Bosshard C, Günter P, Concilio S, Tirelli N, Suter UW. Donor−Acceptor-Substituted Phenylethenyl Bithiophenes: Highly Efficient and Stable Nonlinear Optical Chromophores. Org Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ol991118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Cai
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilias Liakatas
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Man-Shing Wong
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bösch
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bosshard
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Günter
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Concilio
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich W. Suter
- Nonlinear Optics Laboratory, Institute of Quantum Electronics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Smith PB, Pasztor AJ, McKelvy ML, Meunier DM, Froelicher SW, Wang FCY. Analysis of Synthetic Polymers and Rubbers. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/a1990004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Smith
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - A. J. Pasztor
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - M. L. McKelvy
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - D. M. Meunier
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - S. W. Froelicher
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - F. C.-Y. Wang
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667
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