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Delcea M, Helm CA. X-ray and Neutron Reflectometry of Thin Films at Liquid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8519-8530. [PMID: 30901219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, Helmuth Möhwald studied lipid monolayers at the air/water interface to understand the thermodynamically characterized phases at the molecular level. In collaboration with Jens Als-Nielsen, X-ray reflectometry was used and further developed to determine the electron density profile perpendicular to the water surface. Using a slab model, parameters such as thickness and density of the individual molecular regions, as well as the roughness of the individual interfaces, were determined. Later, X-ray and neutron reflectometry helped to understand the coverage and conformation of anchored and adsorbed polymers. Nowadays, they resolve molecular properties in emerging topics such as liquid metals and ionic liquids. Much is still to be learned about buried interfaces (e.g., liquid/liquid interfaces). In this Article, a historical and theoretical background of X-ray reflectivity is given, recent developments of X-ray and neutron reflectometry for polymers at interfaces and thin layers are highlighted, and emerging research topics involving these techniques are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of Biochemistry , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
- ZIK HIKE- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz , Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen , Fleischmannstraße 42 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Christiane A Helm
- Institute of Physics , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
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Carriere P, Onard S, Martin I, Chailan JF. Adjustable amine-epoxy composition in a stratified thin film with a spin-coating process: A useful tool for establishing relationships between the local glass-transition temperature at the interface and the network structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Carriere
- Laboratoire Matériaux; Polymères; Interfaces et Environnement Marin (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Avenue de l'Université 83957; La Garde Cedex France
| | - Sandra Onard
- Laboratoire Matériaux; Polymères; Interfaces et Environnement Marin (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Avenue de l'Université 83957; La Garde Cedex France
| | - Isabelle Martin
- Laboratoire Matériaux; Polymères; Interfaces et Environnement Marin (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Avenue de l'Université 83957; La Garde Cedex France
| | - Jean-François Chailan
- Laboratoire Matériaux; Polymères; Interfaces et Environnement Marin (EA 4323), Université de Toulon, Avenue de l'Université 83957; La Garde Cedex France
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Prabhu VM, Kang S, Sha J, Bonnesen PV, Satija S, Wu WL, Ober CK. Neutron reflectivity characterization of the photoacid reaction-diffusion latent and developed images of molecular resists for extreme ultraviolet lithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7665-7678. [PMID: 22577835 DOI: 10.1021/la301311m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lithographic feature size requirements have approached a few radius of gyration of photoresist polymers used in thin-film patterning. Furthermore, the feature dimensions are commensurate with the photoacid diffusion length that defines the underlying latent image. Smaller imaging building blocks may enable reduced feature sizes; however, resolution limits are also dependent upon the spatial extent of the photoacid-catalyzed reaction diffusion front and subsequent dissolution mechanism. The reaction-diffusion front was characterized by neutron reflectivity for ccc stereoisomer-purified, deuterium-labeled tert-butoxycarbonyloxy calix[4]resorcinarene molecular resists. The spatial extent of the reaction front exceeds the size of the molecular resist with an effective diffusion constant of (0.13 ± 0.06) nm(2)/s for reaction times longer than 60 s, with the maximum at shorter times. Comparison to a mean-field reaction-diffusion model shows that a photoacid trapping process provides bounds to the spatial and extent of reaction via a reaction-limited mechanism whereas the ratio of the reaction rate to trapping rate constants recovers the effective diffusion peak. Under the ideal step-exposure conditions, surface roughness was observed after either positive- or negative-tone development. However, negative-tone development follows a surface-restructuring mechanism rather than etch-like dissolution in positive-tone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek M Prabhu
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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Sahagun CM, Knauer KM, Morgan SE. Molecular network development and evolution of nanoscale morphology in an epoxy-amine thermoset polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Onard S, Martin I, Chailan JF, Crespy A, Carriere P. Nanostructuration in Thin Epoxy−Amine Films Inducing Controlled Specific Phase Etherification: Effect on the Glass Transition Temperatures. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Onard
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Martin
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Francois Chailan
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Alain Crespy
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Carriere
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
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Carriere P, Onard S, Mallarino S. Influence of substrate chemistry and the network homogeneity of ultra-thin cross-linked polymer films cured at their surface on the main relaxations temperatures probing by microthermal analysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang P, Kohls D, Hamilton WA, Schaefer DW. Water absorption and transport in bis-silane films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:161-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b808741e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Francius G, Hemmerlé J, Ohayon J, Schaaf P, Voegel JC, Picart C, Senger B. Effect of crosslinking on the elasticity of polyelectrolyte multilayer films measured by colloidal probe AFM. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:84-92. [PMID: 16456840 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A homemade colloidal probe atomic force microscope was used to perform nanoindentation with a spherical probe of 5 microm in diameter, at different approach velocities in order to extract the Young's modulus, E0, of poly(L-lysine)/hyaluronan (PLL/HA) films. This parameter is of prime importance to control cellular adhesion. The films were either kept in their native form or cross-linked with a mixture of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydrosulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS), where the EDC concentration was varied from 1 up to 100 mg mL(-1) (approximately from 5 to 500 mM). A model based on Hertz mechanics was used to account for the interactions between film and probe. It is shown that the Young's modulus varies with the approach velocity for the native (PLL/HA) films, whereas for cross-linked ones, E0 is independent from the velocity over the whole range investigated. It is found that for native films, E0 takes a value of 3 kPa at low approach velocities, a velocity domain that should be relevant in cellular adhesion processes. The Young's modulus increases with the EDC concentration used to cross-link the films and levels off at a value of about 400 kPa for EDC concentrations exceeding 40 mg mL(-1). Thus, it is possible by crosslinking PLL/HA films to control their elastic properties with the aim to alter their behavior as to the cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Francius
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 595, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire,Université Louis Pasteur, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Munz M, Sturm H, Stark W. Mechanical gradient interphase by interdiffusion and antiplasticisation effect—study of an epoxy/thermoplastic system. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jeon HS, Dixit PS, Yim H. Dewetting of thin polystyrene films absorbed on epoxy coated substrates. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:104707. [PMID: 15836345 DOI: 10.1063/1.1858853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various characteristics of dewetting of thin polystyrene (PS) films absorbed on highly cross-linked epoxy-coated and silicon oxide covered substrates are studied as a function of PS film thickness (20<h<1300 A) by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray and neutron reflectivity. For a silicon oxide covered substrate, the nucleation of holes and growth (NG) mechanism is observed for h>h(c1) whereas the spinodal dewetting (SD) occurs through the growth of surface undulations for h<h(c1), where h(c1) is approximately 4R(g). For an epoxy-coated substrate, the NG mechanism is observed for h>h(c2) while the SD mechanism is observed for h<h(c2), where h(c2) is approximately 6R(g). We demonstrate that the highly cross-linked epoxy-coated silicon substrate leads to retardation of the PS film dewetting in comparison to the silicon oxide covered silicon substrate. Moreover, we confirm that the epoxy-coated substrate leads to a significant decrease in the fraction of dewetted area at the apparent equilibrium stage of dewetting due to the anchoring effect of PS molecules caused from the cross-linked networks of the epoxy layer. In contrast the retardation effect of the epoxy-coated substrate on the rate of dewetting is more remarkable for relatively thinner PS films (h< approximately 800 A) than thicker films ( approximately 800<h<1300 A) since the short-range intermolecular interactions are dominant for relatively thin PS films. Thus the highly cross-linked epoxy-coated substrate has a large influence on the kinetics, morphology, and mechanism of dewetting of thin PS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Jeon
- Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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Benkoski JJ, Kramer EJ, Yim H, Kent MS, Hall J. The effects of network structure on the resistance of silane coupling agent layers to water-assisted crack growth. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:3246-58. [PMID: 15875854 DOI: 10.1021/la035920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Silane adhesion promoters are commonly used to improve the adhesion, durability, and corrosion resistance of polymer-oxide interfaces. The current study investigates a model interface consisting of the natural oxide of(100) Si and an epoxy cured from diglycidyl ether ofbisphenol A (DGEBA) and triethylenetetraamine (TETA). The thickness of (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPS) films placed between the two materials provided the structural variable. Five surface treatments were investigated: a bare interface, a rough monolayer film, a smooth monolayer film, a 5 nm thick film, and a 10 nm thick film. Previous neutron reflection experiments revealed large extension ratios (>2) when the 5 and 10 nm thick GPS films were exposed to deuterated nitrobenzene vapor. Despite the larger extension ratio for the 5 nm thick film, the epoxy/Si fracture energy (Gc) was equal to that of the 10 nm thick film under ambient conditions. Even the smooth monolayer exhibited the same Gc. Only when the monolayer included a significant number of agglomerates did the Gc drop to levels closer to that of the bare interface. When immersed in water at room temperature for 1 week, the threshold energy release rate (Gth) was nearly equal to Gc for the smooth monolayer, 5 nm thick film, and 10 nm thick film. While the Gth for all three films decreased with increasing water temperature, the Gth of the smooth monolayer decreased more rapidly. The bare interface was similarly sensitive to temperature; however, the Gth of the rough monolayer did not change significantly as the temperature was raised. Despite the influence of pH on hydrolysis, the Gth was insensitive to the pH of the water for all surface treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Benkoski
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Jeon H, Wyatt J, Harper-Nixon D, Weinkauf D. Characterization of thin polymer-like films formed by plasma polymerization of methylmethacrylate: A neutron reflectivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tang Y, Su TJ, Armstrong J, Lu JR, Lewis AL, Vick TA, Stratford PW, Heenan RK, Penfold J. Interfacial Structure of Phosphorylcholine Incorporated Biocompatible Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034647q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Study of the interfacial structure in epoxy bilayer films using neutron reflection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lenhart JL, Wu WL. Deviations in the Thermal Properties of Ultrathin Polymer Network Films. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011903v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Lenhart
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8541
| | - Wen-li Wu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8541
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Yim H, Kent MS, Hall JS, Benkoski JJ, Kramer EJ. Probing the Structure of Organosilane Films by Solvent Swelling and Neutron and X-ray Reflection. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0126006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tang Y, Lu JR, Lewis AL, Vick TA, Stratford PW. Swelling of Zwitterionic Polymer Films Characterized by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010476i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stevens MJ. Interfacial Fracture between Highly Cross-Linked Polymer Networks and a Solid Surface: Effect of Interfacial Bond Density. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000553u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Stevens
- Sandia National Laboratories, MS 1111, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1111
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