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Liu Y, Xiao H, Qi H. Saccharide branched cellulose with controllable molecular structure and excellent water retention ability. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121651. [PMID: 38171674 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In this work, saccharide branched cellulose (saccharide b-Cel) was synthesized by combining reducing saccharides with cellulose molecules using Ugi four-component reaction (Ugi-4CR). First, the carboxyl groups required for Ugi-4CR are obtained by carboxymethylating cellulose molecules. Then, saccharide b-Cel with a controlled molecular structure is formed when the terminal aldehyde group of reducing saccharides combines with the carboxyl group and auxiliary functional group. The types of saccharides, the degree of substitution of carboxymethyl groups, and the degree of branching all affect the molecular structure of saccharide b-Cel. Through molecular structural regulation, the relationship between the branching structure and water retention ability of saccharide b-Cel was examined in detail. This work not only provides new insights into the synthesis of cellulose derivatives, but it also provides a template for the synthesis of other biomass derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hongcai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Haisong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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Guo H, Su Y, Guo C, Chen Q, Liu Z, Geng H, Mu K, Wang J, Chen D. Polysaccharide based drug delivery systems for Chinese medicines. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Darvishi S, Tavakoli S, Kharaziha M, Girault HH, Kaminski CF, Mela I. Advances in the Sensing and Treatment of Wound Biofilms. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202112218. [PMID: 38505642 PMCID: PMC10946914 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Wound biofilms represent a particularly challenging problem in modern medicine. They are increasingly antibiotic resistant and can prevent the healing of chronic wounds. However, current treatment and diagnostic options are hampered by the complexity of the biofilm environment. In this review, we present new chemical avenues in biofilm sensors and new materials to treat wound biofilms, offering promise for better detection, chemical specificity, and biocompatibility. We briefly discuss existing methods for biofilm detection and focus on novel, sensor-based approaches that show promise for early, accurate detection of biofilm formation on wound sites and that can be translated to point-of-care settings. We then discuss technologies inspired by new materials for efficient biofilm eradication. We focus on ultrasound-induced microbubbles and nanomaterials that can both penetrate the biofilm and simultaneously carry active antimicrobials and discuss the benefits of those approaches in comparison to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Shima Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry-Ångstrom LaboratoryUppsala UniversitySE75121UppsalaSweden
| | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Department of Materials EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan84156-83111Iran
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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Darvishi S, Tavakoli S, Kharaziha M, Girault HH, Kaminski CF, Mela I. Advances in the Sensing and Treatment of Wound Biofilms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112218. [PMID: 34806284 PMCID: PMC9303468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Wound biofilms represent a particularly challenging problem in modern medicine. They are increasingly antibiotic resistant and can prevent the healing of chronic wounds. However, current treatment and diagnostic options are hampered by the complexity of the biofilm environment. In this review, we present new chemical avenues in biofilm sensors and new materials to treat wound biofilms, offering promise for better detection, chemical specificity, and biocompatibility. We briefly discuss existing methods for biofilm detection and focus on novel, sensor‐based approaches that show promise for early, accurate detection of biofilm formation on wound sites and that can be translated to point‐of‐care settings. We then discuss technologies inspired by new materials for efficient biofilm eradication. We focus on ultrasound‐induced microbubbles and nanomaterials that can both penetrate the biofilm and simultaneously carry active antimicrobials and discuss the benefits of those approaches in comparison to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Mahshid Kharaziha
- Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Hubert H Girault
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SWITZERLAND
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Cambridge University: University of Cambridge, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnolo, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ioanna Mela
- University of Cambridge, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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Luan F, Wei L, Zhang J, Tan W, Chen Y, Wang P, Dong F, Li Q, Guo Z. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of N-Quaternized and N-Diquaternized Chitin Derivatives. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Lijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wenqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Binzhou Medical University Hospital; Binzhou 256603 China
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yantai 264003 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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Bui VKH, Park D, Lee YC. Chitosan Combined with ZnO, TiO₂ and Ag Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Wound Healing Applications: A Mini Review of the Research Trends. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E21. [PMID: 30970696 PMCID: PMC6432267 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polymer that has been widely utilized for many purposes in the food, textile, agriculture, water treatment, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Based on its characteristics, including biodegradability, non-toxicity and antimicrobial properties, it has been employed effectively in wound healing applications. Importantly, however, it is necessary to improve chitosan's capacities by combination with zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). In this review of many of the latest research papers, we take a closer look at the antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan combined with ZnO, TiO₂ and Ag NPs and also evaluate the specific wound healing application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Khac Hoang Bui
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Duckshin Park
- Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176 Cheoldobakmulkwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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Li P, Linhardt RJ, Cao Z. Structural Characterization of Oligochitosan Elicitor from Fusarium sambucinum and Its Elicitation of Defensive Responses in Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2076. [PMID: 27973408 PMCID: PMC5187876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharide elicitors from pathogens have been shown to play major roles in host plant defense responses involving plant-pathogen chemoperception and interaction. In the present study, chitosan and oligochitosan were prepared from pathogen Fusarium sambucinum, and their effects on infection of Zanthoxylum bungeanum stems were investigated. Results showed that oligochitosan inhibited the infection of the pathogen, and that the oligochitosan fraction with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 5 and 6 showed the optimal effect. Oligochitosan DP5 was purified from fraction DP5-6 and was structurally characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Oligochitosan DP5 showed significant inhibition against the infection of the pathogenic fungi on host plant stems. An investigation of the mechanism underlying this effect showed that oligochitosan DP5 increased the activities of defensive enzymes and accumulation of phenolics in host Z. bungeanum. These results suggest that oligochitosan from pathogenic fungi can mediate the infection of host plants with a pathogen by acting as an elicitor that triggers the defense system of a plant. This information will be valuable for further exploration of the interactions between the pathogen F. sambucinum and host plant Z. bungeanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Li
- Department of Forest Pathology, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Zhimin Cao
- Department of Forest Pathology, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Chekin F, Bagheri S. Tyrosine sensing on phthalic anhydride functionalized chitosan and carbon nanotube film coated glassy carbon electrode. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193515120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synthesis of chitosan 3,6-diphenylcarbamate-2-urea derivatives and their applications as chiral stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1365:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Petrova VA, Bochek AM, Lebedeva MF, Gofman IV, Popova EN, Vlasova EN, Volchek BZ, Nud’ga LA. Chitosan-dextran branched copolymers: Synthesis and properties. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090414030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sugita K, Tanabe Y, Kodaira N, Hirakawa M, Yamaguchi S, Shibata A, Shimojoh M, Kurita K. Facile synthesis of branched chitin by glycosylation of fully trimethylsilylated chitin with a glucosamine-derived oxazoline. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Cellulose–chitin hybrids: synthesis of branched amino polysaccharides by regioselective introduction of (N-acetyl-)d-glucosamine branches into cellulose. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-1062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Umemura T, Hirakawa M, Yoshida Y, Kurita K. Quantitative protection of chitin by one-step tritylation and benzylation to synthesize precursors for chemical modifications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mohy Eldin MS, Soliman EA, Hashem AI, Tamer TM. Antimicrobial activity of novel aminated chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and some properties of silylated chitins as key intermediates for chemical modifications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kurita K, Matsumura Y, Takahara H, Hatta K, Shimojoh M. Synthesis and macrophage activation of lentinan-mimic branched amino polysaccharides: curdlans having N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine branches. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2267-74. [PMID: 21526779 DOI: 10.1021/bm200353m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine branches were incorporated at the C-6 position of curdlan, a linear β-1,3-d-glucan, and the resulting nonnatural branched polysaccharides were evaluated in terms of the immunomodulation activities in comparison with lentinan, a β-1,3-d-glucan having d-glucose branches at C-6. To incorporate the amino sugar branches, we conducted a series of regioselective protection-deprotections of curdlan involving triphenylmethylation at C-6, phenylcarbamoylation at C-2 and C-4, and detriphenylmethylation. Subsequent glycosylation with a d-glucosamine-derived oxazoline, followed by deprotection gave rise to the branched curdlans with various substitution degrees. The products exhibited remarkable solubility in both organic solvents and water. Their immunomodulation activities were determined using mouse macrophagelike cells, and the secretions of both the tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide proved to be significantly higher than those with lentinan. These results conclude that the amino sugar/curdlan hybrid materials are promising as a new type of polysaccharide immunoadjuvants useful for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Syntheses and Characterization of Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Graft-Polycaprolactone Copolymer I Thermal and Spherulite Morphology Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermoplastic graft copolymers of chitosan oligosaccharide (PHCSO-g-PCL) were successfully synthesized via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL) through an amino group protection route using phthaloyl chitosan oligosaccharide (PHCSO) as intermediate. The graft reaction was carried out in Pyridine at 120 °C with a chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO) initiator and a tin 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn (Oct)2) catalyst. The prepared copolymer was characterized by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). DSC analysis of PHCSO-g-PCL showed higher melting point at 54.8 °C than linear PCL. The TGA analysis showed that PHCSO-g-PCL was more thermal stable than original CSO. The banded spherulite structure of PHCSO-g-PCL and the growth of spherulite were observed by polarized optical microscope (POM); this was further proven by WAXD results.
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Shimojoh M, Kojima T, Nakajima K, Hatta K, Katoh A, Kurita K. Branched chitins as nonnatural immunomodulatory biopolymers: secretions of TNF-alpha and NO by direct stimulation of macrophages. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1212-6. [PMID: 20415471 DOI: 10.1021/bm9013793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In view of the interesting properties of branched polysaccharides occurring in nature, biological activities of nonnatural branched chitins having beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine branches on the poly(beta-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) backbone have been studied. The immunostimulatory activities of the branched chitins were determined and compared with those of lentinan, a beta-1,3-D-glucan having beta-1,6-D-glucose branches, using the mouse macrophagelike cell line RAW264.7 in vitro. The secretions of the tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide proved to be significantly higher with the branched chitins than with lentinan. Moreover, when interferon-gamma was used in conjunction with the branched chitins on macrophage treatment, a marked augmentation of nitric oxide production was observed. These results are interpreted as the direct stimulation of macrophages by the branched chitins, and the distinctive activities suggest the possibility of developing new types of polysaccharide antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shimojoh
- Research and Development Department, Toyo Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Kohnan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8501, Japan.
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Finely selective protections and deprotections of multifunctional chitin and chitosan to synthesize key intermediates for regioselective chemical modifications. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chemoselective protection of chitosan by dichlorophthaloylation: preparation of a key intermediate for chemical modifications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kurita K, Ikeda H, Shimojoh M, Yang J. N-Phthaloylated Chitosan as an Essential Precursor for Controlled Chemical Modifications of Chitosan: Synthesis and Evaluation. Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2007032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu L, Chen L, Fang Y. Self-Catalysis of Phthaloylchitosan for Graft Copolymerization ofɛ-Caprolactone with Chitosan. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Satoh T, Kano H, Nakatani M, Sakairi N, Shinkai S, Nagasaki T. 6-Amino-6-deoxy-chitosan. Sequential chemical modifications at the C-6 positions of N-phthaloyl-chitosan and evaluation as a gene carrier. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2406-13. [PMID: 16879814 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The C-6 positions of chitosan were successively modified in a highly regioselective manner. The starting material, N-phthaloyl-chitosan, was successfully converted into the corresponding 6-deoxy-6-halo derivatives by reaction with N-halosuccinimides and triphenylphosphine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The resulting chloride and bromide derivatives were then substituted with azido groups by reaction with sodium azide at 120 and 80 degrees C, respectively. The azido groups were then reduced to amines via formation of the triphenylphosphinimine intermediate followed by hydrolysis using aqueous hydrazine, which also led to the removal of the N-phthaloyl groups at the C-2 positions. This sequence gave 6-amino-6-deoxy-chitosan, which, unlike chitosan, is soluble in water at neutral pH. The synthesized 6-amino-6-deoxy-chitosan derivative was evaluated as a gene carrier, and the transfection efficiency for COS-1 cells was shown to be superior to chitosan. In addition, the cytotoxicity was similar to chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Satoh
- Department of Applied and Bioapplied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Je JY, Kim SK. Chitosan derivatives killed bacteria by disrupting the outer and inner membrane. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:6629-33. [PMID: 16939319 DOI: 10.1021/jf061310p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Six kinds of water-soluble chitosan were prepared by grafting aminofunctionality onto chitosan at the C-6 position, and their antimicrobial activities were investigated against three Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacteria. Among the derivatives, dimethylaminoethyl-chitosan (DMAEC) has the highest potential to suppress the growth of bacteria. To elucidate detailed antimicrobial modes of action against bacteria, cell integrity, outer membrane (OM), and inner membrane (IM) permeabilization assays were investigated. When treated with DMAEC, the release of 260 nm absorbing materials quickly increased for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but the absorbance value was different due to the difference in cell structures. In OM and IM permeabilization assays, DMAEC rapidly increased 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine uptake and the release of cytoplasmic beta-galactosidase via an increase in the permeability of OM and IM. Moreover, DMAEC90 prepared from 90% deacetylated chitosan had more activity than DMAEC50 prepared from 50% deacetylated chitosan, and these results revealed that the antimicrobial action of water-soluble chitosans was dependent on the degree of deacetylation and the substituted group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Je
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Rabea EI, El Badawy M, Rogge TM, Stevens CV, Steurbaut W, Höfte M, Smagghe G. Enhancement of fungicidal and insecticidal activity by reductive alkylation of chitosan. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:890-7. [PMID: 16847817 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of N-alkyl chitosan (NAC) derivatives were synthesized using a reductive alkylation reaction to examine their fungicidal and insecticidal activity. The chemical structures were characterized by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and the degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 0.02 to 0.37. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast pathogen Pyricularia grisea Sacc [Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr] by a radial growth bioassay. It was of interest that most of the NAC derivatives were more active against both fungi than chitosan itself. The most active derivative was N-(2,2-diphenylethyl)chitosan with EC50 values of 0.031 and 0.23 g L(-1) against B. cinerea and P. grisea respectively. In addition, some derivatives, at higher concentrations up to 1.0 g L(-1), inhibited the mycelial growth and spore formation of P. grisea. Bioassays against larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with the NAC derivatives at a rate of 5.0 g kg(-1) in artificial diet demonstrated that N-(3-phenylbutyl)chitosan was the most active compound. In addition, N-propylchitosan, N-undecanylchitosan and N-(3-phenylpropyl)chitosan derivatives strongly inhibited larval weight gain in S. littoralis, with respective reductions of 76, 66 and 65% after 4 days of feeding on treated diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entsar I Rabea
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kurita K. Chitin and chitosan: functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:203-26. [PMID: 16532368 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan, typical marine polysaccharides as well as abundant biomass resources, are attracting a great deal of attention because of their distinctive biological and physicochemical characteristics. To fully explore the high potential of these specialty biopolymers, basic and application researches are being made extensively. This review deals with the fundamental aspects of chitin and chitosan such as the preparation of chitin and chitosan, crystallography, extent of N-acetylation, and some properties. Recent progress of their chemistry is then discussed, focusing on elemental modification reactions including acylation, alkylation, Schiff base formation and reductive alkylation, carboxyalkylation, phthaloylation, silylation, tosylation, quaternary salt formation, and sulfation and thiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan.
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Ramos V, Rodríguez N, Henning I, Díaz M, Monachesi M, Rodríguez M, Abarrategi A, Correas-Magaña V, López-Lacomba J, Agulló E. Poly(ethylene glycol)-crosslinked N-methylene phosphonic chitosan. Preparation and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang M, Xia X, Zhang Z, Liu L, Fang Y. Homogeneous graft copolymerization of chitosan with butyl acrylate by γ-irradiation via a 6-O-maleoyl-N-phthaloyl-chitosan intermediate. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li Y, Liu L, Shen X, Fang YE. Preparation of chitosan/poly(butyl acrylate) hybrid materials by radiation-induced graft copolymerization based on phthaloylchitosan. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mi FL, Shyu SS, Peng CK. Characterization of ring-opening polymerization of genipin and pH-dependent cross-linking reactions between chitosan and genipin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shahidi F, Abuzaytoun R. Chitin, chitosan, and co-products: chemistry, production, applications, and health effects. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2005; 49:93-135. [PMID: 15797344 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(05)49003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Liu L, Wang Y, Shen X, Fang Y. Preparation of chitosan-g-polycaprolactone copolymers through ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone onto phthaloyl-protected chitosan. Biopolymers 2005; 78:163-70. [PMID: 15861381 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The new biodegradable chitosan graft copolymer, chitosan-g-polycaprolactone, was synthesized by the ring-opening graft copolymerization of epsilon-caprolactone onto phthaloyl-protected chitosan (PHCS) at the hydroxyl group in the presence of tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate catalyst via a protection-graft-deprotection procedure. Toluene acted as a swelling agent in this heterogeneous system. The grafting reactions were conducted with various PHCS/monomer/toluene feed ratios to obtain chitosan-g-polycaprolactone copolymers with various polycaprolactone contents. The chemical structure of the chitosan-g-polycaprolactone was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. After deprotection, the phthaloyl group was removed and the amino group was regenerated. Thus the obtained chitosan-g-polycaprolactone was an amphoteric hybrid with a large amount of free amino groups and hydrophobic polycaprolactone side chains. Some properties of the final product were also investigated, such as crystallinity, thermal property, and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China
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Kadokawa J, Takei E, Yamamoto M, Tagaya H. Synthesis of branched aminopolysaccharides by acid-catalyzed polymerization of sugar oxazoline monomer. Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KURITA K, HIRAKAWA M, KIKUCHI S, YAMANAKA H, YANG J. Trimethylsilylation of chitosan and some properties of the product. Carbohydr Polym 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Holappa J, Nevalainen T, Savolainen J, Soininen P, Elomaa M, Safin R, Suvanto S, Pakkanen T, Másson M, Loftsson T, Järvinen T. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan N-Betainates Having Various Degrees of Substitution. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0358780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Holappa
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tapio Nevalainen
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jouko Savolainen
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Matti Elomaa
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rustam Safin
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sari Suvanto
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tuula Pakkanen
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Már Másson
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tomi Järvinen
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland; and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Yang H, Zhou S, Deng X. Preparation and properties of hydrophilic-hydrophobic chitosan derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kurita K, Hirakawa M, Aida K, Yang J, Nishiyama Y. Trimethylsilylated Chitosan: A Convenient Precursor for Chemical Modifications. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kurita K, Akao H, Yang J, Shimojoh M. Nonnatural branched polysaccharides: synthesis and properties of chitin and chitosan having disaccharide maltose branches. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1264-8. [PMID: 12959593 DOI: 10.1021/bm034074p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and properties of chitin and chitosan derivatives having beta-maltoside branches at C-6 have been studied. Chitosan was first transformed into an organosoluble acceptor having a reactive group only at C-6, 3-O-acetyl-2-N-phthaloyl-6-O-trimethylsilylchitosan. Glycosylation with an ortho ester from d-maltose was performed successfully at room temperature in dichloromethane in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as the catalyst. The degree of substitution could be controlled by the reaction conditions and was up to 0.56. Full deprotection gave chitosan with maltoside branches, and the subsequent N-acetylation resulted in the formation of the corresponding chitin derivative. The introduced disaccharide unit improved hydrophilic properties considerably compared to monosaccharide units as confirmed by high solubility in water and moisture absorption and retention ability. The enzymatic degradability and antimicrobial activity were moderate probably because of the bulky nature of the branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Seikei University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
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Lim SH, Hudson SM. Review of Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents and Their Uses as Textile Chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-120020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kurita K, Inoue M, Harata M. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto mercaptochitin and some properties of the resulting hybrid materials. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3:147-52. [PMID: 11866567 DOI: 10.1021/bm0101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto mercaptochitin and some properties of the resulting graft copolymers have been studied. Methyl methacrylate was efficiently graft copolymerized onto mercaptochitin in dimethyl sulfoxide, and the grafting percentage reached 1300% under appropriate conditions. Although the side-chain ester groups were resistant to aqueous alkali, hydrolysis could be achieved with a mixture of aqueous sodium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Subsequent treatment with acetic anhydride in methanol transformed the sodium carboxylate groups into carboxyl groups. Although the graft copolymers exhibited an improved affinity for organic solvents, those having sodium carboxylate or carboxyl units were characterized by a much more enhanced solubility and were soluble in common solvents. The hygroscopic nature of chitin decreased with an increase in the grafting extent but increased significantly upon hydrolysis of the ester groups. The enzymatic degradability of the graft copolymers, as evaluated with lysozyme, was also dependent on the grafting extent and much higher than that of the original chitin. DSC measurements revealed the presence of a glass transition phenomenon, which could be ascribed to the poly(methyl methacrylate) side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Seikei University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Lee
- Departments of Biologic & Materials Sciences, Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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