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Abstract
Therapeutic nanomaterials serve as an important platform for drug delivery under image guidance. Despite significant growth and broad applications, their design specifics remain a subject of continued interest primarily due to multifunctional factors involved, ranging from nanomaterial properties, imaging modalities, and therapeutic agents to activation strategies. This review article summarizes key findings on their design characteristics with a particular interest in strategies developed for therapeutic activation (release). First, their activation can be controlled using either an endogenous factor including low pH and glutathione or an external stimulation by light, ultrasound, or electromagnetic field. The former is passively controlled from a spatiotemporal aspect compared to the latter, which is otherwise actively controlled through drug linker photolysis, nanomaterial disassembly, or gate opening. Second, light stimulation serves a most notable strategy due to its essential role in controlled drug release, photothermal activation (hyperthermia), and photodynamic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Third, some of those activation strategies that rely on ultrasound, photothermal, photoacoustic, magnetic field, or X-ray radiation are dually functional due to their role in imaging modalities. In summary, this review article presents recent advances and new insights that pertain to nanotherapeutic delivery systems. It also addresses their technical limitations associated with tissue penetration (light), spatial resolution (ultrasound, hyperthermia), and occurrence of cellular resistance (ROS).
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2
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Choi SK. Photoactivation Strategies for Therapeutic Release in Nanodelivery Systems. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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3
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Anishiya Chella Daisy ER, Rajendran NK, Jeyaraj M, Ramu A, Rajan M. Retinal photoreceptors targeting SA- g-AA coated multilamellar liposomes carrier system for cytotoxicity and cellular uptake evaluation. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:203-216. [PMID: 32396763 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1768111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, the retinal targeting SA-g-AA coated multilamellar liposomes carrier synthesized to deliver the bioactive agents into the retinal region of the eye. The multilayered targeting macromolecules of liposomes prepared using a layer-by-layer assembly. The curcumin (CUR) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes loaded in a multilamellar vesicle (MLV) were synthesised by the lipid film hydration method. The sodium alginate grafted acrylic acid (SA-g-AA) conjugated with riboflavin (RB) was coated over MLV by O/W emulsion method followed by ionotropic gelation. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy techniques used to analyse the structural features of the MLV-SA-g-AA-RB. The results of DLS and TEM revealed that the carrier could be of uniform spheres, with a low polydispersity index, and outstanding performance in phrases of dye encapsulation and extended-release ability. An MTT assay investigated cell viability against Fibroblast WS1, and human embryonic stem cells-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (hESC-RPE) implied that the carrier is of excellent biocompatibility. Retina targeting nature of the system confirmed via cellular uptake results revealed that the increases the dye concentration in the cells. Overall, the outcomes suggested that carriers could lead to the improvement of a feasible two photoreceptors targeting drug carriers, and it has the potential to deliver the multidrug in the retinal region of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Anishiya Chella Daisy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India.,Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Rajendran
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Murugaraj Jeyaraj
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Andy Ramu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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4
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Darguzyte M, Drude N, Lammers T, Kiessling F. Riboflavin-Targeted Drug Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020295. [PMID: 32012715 PMCID: PMC7072493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Active targeting can improve the retention of drugs and drug delivery systems in tumors, thereby enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. In this context, vitamin receptors that are overexpressed in many cancers are promising targets. In the last decade, attention and research were mainly centered on vitamin B9 (folate) targeting; however, the focus is slowly shifting towards vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Interestingly, while the riboflavin carrier protein was discovered in the 1960s, the three riboflavin transporters (RFVT 1-3) were only identified recently. It has been shown that riboflavin transporters and the riboflavin carrier protein are overexpressed in many tumor types, tumor stem cells, and the tumor neovasculature. Furthermore, a clinical study has demonstrated that tumor cells exhibit increased riboflavin metabolism as compared to normal cells. Moreover, riboflavin and its derivatives have been conjugated to ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes. These conjugates have shown a high affinity towards tumors in preclinical studies. This review article summarizes knowledge on RFVT expression in healthy and pathological tissues, discusses riboflavin internalization pathways, and provides an overview of RF-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milita Darguzyte
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Natascha Drude
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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5
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Yamazaki S, Diaz MA, Carlino TM, Gotluru C, Mazza MMA, Scott AM. Ultrafast Spectroscopic Dynamics of Quinacrine-Riboflavin Binding Protein Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8291-8299. [PMID: 28762739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Redox active cofactors play a dynamic role inside protein binding active sites because the amino acids responsible for binding participate in electron transfer (ET) reactions. Here, we use femtosecond transient absorption (FsTA) spectroscopy to examine the ultrafast ET between quinacrine (Qc), an antimalarial drug with potential anticancer activity, and riboflavin binding protein (RfBP) with a known Kd = 264 nM. Steady-state absorption reveals a ∼ 10 nm red-shift in the ground state when QcH32+ is titrated with RfBP, and a Stern-Volmer analysis shows ∼84% quenching and a blue-shift of the QcH32+ photoluminescence to form a 1:1 binding ratio of the QcH32+-RfBP complex. Upon selective photoexcitation of QcH32+ in the QcH32+-RfBP complex, we observe charge separation in 7 ps to form 1[QcH3_red•+-RfBP•+], which persists for 138 ps. The FsTA spectra show the spectroscopic identification of QcH3_red•+, determined from spectroelectrochemical measurements in DMSO. We correlate our results to literature and report lifetimes that are 10-20× slower than the natural riboflavin, Rf-RfBP, complex and are oxygen independent. Driving force (ΔG) calculations, corrected for estimated dielectric constants for protein hydrophobic pockets, and Marcus theory depict a favorable one-electron ET process between QcH32+ and nearby redox active tyrosine (Tyr) or tryptophan (Trp) residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Yamazaki
- University of Miami , Department of Chemistry, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Matthew A Diaz
- University of Miami , Department of Chemistry, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Thomas M Carlino
- University of Miami , Department of Chemistry, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Chitra Gotluru
- University of Miami , Department of Chemistry, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Mercedes M A Mazza
- University of Miami , Department of Chemistry, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Amy M Scott
- University of Miami , Department of Chemistry, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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6
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Wong PT, Choi SK. Mechanisms of Drug Release in Nanotherapeutic Delivery Systems. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3388-432. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T. Wong
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute
for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute
for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Leistra AN, Han JH, Tang S, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM, Choi SK, Sinniah K. Force spectroscopy of multivalent binding of riboflavin-conjugated dendrimers to riboflavin binding protein. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5785-92. [PMID: 25872803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Putative riboflavin receptors are considered as biomarkers due to their overexpression in breast and prostate cancers. Hence, these receptors can be potentially exploited for use in targeted drug delivery systems where dendrimer nanoparticles with multivalent ligand attachments can lead to greater specificity in cellular interactions. In this study, the single molecule force spectroscopy technique was used to assess the physical strength of multivalent interactions by employing a riboflavin (RF)-conjugated generation 5 PAMAM dendrimer G5(RF)n nanoparticle. By varying the average RF ligand valency (n = 0, 3, 5), the rupture force was measured between G5(RF)n and the riboflavin binding protein (RFBP). The rupture force increased when the valency of RF increased. We observed at the higher valency (n = 5) three binding events that increased in rupture force with increasing loading rate. Assuming a single energy barrier, the Bell-Evans model was used to determine the kinetic off-rate and barrier width for all binding interactions. The analysis of our results appears to indicate that multivalent interactions are resulting in changes to rupture force and kinetic off-rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shengzhuang Tang
- ‡Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradford G Orr
- ‡Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,⊥Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- ‡Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,§Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- ‡Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,#Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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8
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Wong PT, Tang K, Coulter A, Tang S, Baker JR, Choi SK. Multivalent Dendrimer Vectors with DNA Intercalation Motifs for Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4134-45. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501169s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T. Wong
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine
and Biological Sciences and ‡Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kenny Tang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine
and Biological Sciences and ‡Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alexa Coulter
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine
and Biological Sciences and ‡Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shengzhuang Tang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine
and Biological Sciences and ‡Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James R. Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine
and Biological Sciences and ‡Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine
and Biological Sciences and ‡Department of
Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Witte AB, Leistra AN, Wong PT, Bharathi S, Refior K, Smith P, Kaso O, Sinniah K, Choi SK. Atomic force microscopy probing of receptor-nanoparticle interactions for riboflavin receptor targeted gold-dendrimer nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2872-82. [PMID: 24571134 PMCID: PMC3983334 DOI: 10.1021/jp412053w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Riboflavin receptors are overexpressed
in malignant cells from
certain human breast and prostate cancers, and they constitute a group
of potential surface markers important for cancer targeted delivery
of therapeutic agents and imaging molecules. Here we report on the
fabrication and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization of
a core–shell nanocomposite consisting of a gold nanoparticle
(AuNP) coated with riboflavin receptor-targeting poly(amido amine)
dendrimer. We designed this nanocomposite for potential applications
such as a cancer targeted imaging material based on its surface plasmon
resonance properties conferred by AuNP. We employed AFM as a technique
for probing the binding interaction between the nanocomposite and
riboflavin binding protein (RfBP) in solution. AFM enabled precise
measurement of the AuNP height distribution before (13.5 nm) and after
chemisorption of riboflavin-conjugated dendrimer (AuNP–dendrimer;
20.5 nm). Binding of RfBP to the AuNP–dendrimer caused a height
increase to 26.7 nm, which decreased to 22.8 nm when coincubated with
riboflavin as a competitive ligand, supporting interaction of AuNP–dendrimer
and its target protein. In summary, physical determination of size
distribution by AFM imaging can serve as a quantitative approach to
monitor and characterize the nanoscale interaction between a dendrimer-covered
AuNP and target protein molecules in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Witte
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College , 3201 Burton Street SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
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10
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Silpe JE, Sumit M, Thomas TP, Huang B, Kotlyar A, van Dongen MA, Banaszak Holl MM, Orr BG, Choi SK. Avidity modulation of folate-targeted multivalent dendrimers for evaluating biophysical models of cancer targeting nanoparticles. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2063-71. [PMID: 23855478 DOI: 10.1021/cb400258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated two types of generation 5 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, each conjugated stochastically with a mean number of 5 or 10 methotrexate (MTX) ligands per dendrimer (G5-MTX5, G5-MTX10), for their binding to surface-immobilized folate binding protein (FBP) as a function of receptor density. The binding study was performed under flow by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Two multivalent models were examined to simulate binding of the dendrimer to the receptor surface, showing that at relatively high receptor density, both dendrimer conjugates exhibit high avidity. However, upon reducing the receptor density by a factor of 3 and 13 relative to the high density level, the avidity of the lower-valent G5-MTX5 decreases by up to several orders of magnitude (KD = nM to μM), whereas the avidity of G5-MTX10 remains largely unaffected regardless of the density variation. Notably, on the 13-fold reduced FBP surface, G5-MTX5 displays binding kinetics similar to that of monovalent methotrexate, which is patently different from the still tight binding of the higher-valent G5-MTX10. Thus, the binding analysis demonstrates that avidity displayed by multivalent MTX conjugates varies in response to the receptor density and can be modulated for achieving tighter, more specific binding to the higher receptor density by modulation of ligand valency. We believe this study provides experimental evidence supportive of the mechanistic hypothesis of multivalent NP uptake to a cancer cell over a healthy cell where the diseased cell expresses the folate receptor at higher density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Silpe
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Madhuresh Sumit
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Thommey P. Thomas
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Baohua Huang
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Alina Kotlyar
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Mallory A. van Dongen
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Bradford G. Orr
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan
Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, ‡Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, §Program in Biomedical Sciences, ∥Department of Internal Medicine, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and #Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
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11
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Choi SK, Myc A, Silpe JE, Sumit M, Wong PT, McCarthy K, Desai AM, Thomas TP, Kotlyar A, Holl MMB, Orr BG, Baker JR. Dendrimer-based multivalent vancomycin nanoplatform for targeting the drug-resistant bacterial surface. ACS NANO 2013; 7:214-228. [PMID: 23259666 DOI: 10.1021/nn3038995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin represents the preferred ligand for bacteria-targeting nanosystems. However, it is inefficient for emerging vancomycin-resistant species because of its poor affinity to the reprogrammed cell wall structure. This study demonstrates the use of a multivalent strategy as an effective way for overcoming such an affinity limitation in bacteria targeting. We designed a series of fifth generation (G5) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers tethered with vancomycin at the C-terminus at different valencies. We performed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies to determine their binding avidity to two cell wall models, each made with either a vancomycin-susceptible (D)-Ala-(D)-Ala or vancomycin-resistant (D)-Ala-(D)-Lac cell wall precursor. These conjugates showed remarkable enhancement in avidity in the cell wall models tested, including the vancomycin-resistant model, which had an increase in avidity of four to five orders of magnitude greater than free vancomycin. The tight adsorption of the conjugate to the model surface corresponded with its ability to bind vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cells in vitro as imaged by confocal fluorescent microscopy. This vancomycin platform was then used to fabricate the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles by coating them with the dendrimer conjugates, and the resulting dendrimer-covered magnetic nanoparticles were demonstrated to rapidly sequester bacterial cells. In summary, this article investigates the biophysical basis of the tight, multivalent association of dendrimer-based vancomycin conjugates to the bacterial cell wall, and proposes a potential new use of this nanoplatform in targeting Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ki Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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12
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Zhu J, Shi X. Dendrimer-based nanodevices for targeted drug delivery applications. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4199-4211. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Ko E, Kamkaew A, Burgess K. Small Molecule Ligands For Active Targeting Of TrkC-expressing Tumor Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:1008-1012. [PMID: 23411915 DOI: 10.1021/ml300227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A small molecule motif was used in "active targeting" to deliver cytotoxic substances into tumor cells that express the TrkC receptor. Underlying this study was the hypothesis that internalization of targeted conjugates into cells would be facile if mediated by receptor binding and receptor-ligand internalization. Initial experiments using 6-mercaptopurine gave encouraging data, but demonstrated the importance of maintaining solubility and high cytotoxicity. Conjugates of the targeting agent with a cytotoxic rosamine (similar to a rhodamine) were more successful. Targeting of TrkC was observed, validated in a series of competition experiments featuring other TrkC ligands, and accumulation into lysosomes was observed, as expected for receptor-mediated internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhwa Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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Haynes RK, Cheu KW, Chan HW, Wong HN, Li KY, Tang MMK, Chen MJ, Guo ZF, Guo ZH, Sinniah K, Witte AB, Coghi P, Monti D. Interactions between artemisinins and other antimalarial drugs in relation to the cofactor model--a unifying proposal for drug action. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2204-26. [PMID: 23112085 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinins are proposed to act in the malaria parasite cytosol by oxidizing dihydroflavin cofactors of redox-active flavoenzymes, and under aerobic conditions by inducing their autoxidation. Perturbation of redox homeostasis coupled with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ensues. Ascorbic acid-methylene blue (MB), N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH)-MB, BNAH-lumiflavine, BNAH-riboflavin (RF), and NADPH-FAD-E. coli flavin reductase (Fre) systems at pH 7.4 generate leucomethylene blue (LMB) and reduced flavins that are rapidly oxidized in situ by artemisinins. These oxidations are inhibited by the 4-aminoquinolines piperaquine (PPQ), chloroquine (CQ), and others. In contrast, the arylmethanols lumefantrine, mefloquine (MFQ), and quinine (QN) have little or no effect. Inhibition correlates with the antagonism exerted by 4-aminoquinolines on the antimalarial activities of MB, RF, and artemisinins. Lack of inhibition correlates with the additivity/synergism between the arylmethanols and artemisinins. We propose association via π complex formation between the 4-aminoquinolines and LMB or the dihydroflavins; this hinders hydride transfer from the reduced conjugates to the artemisinins. The arylmethanols have a decreased tendency to form π complexes, and so exert no effect. The parallel between chemical reactivity and antagonism or additivity/synergism draws attention to the mechanism of action of all drugs described herein. CQ and QN inhibit the formation of hemozoin in the parasite digestive vacuole (DV). The buildup of heme-Fe(III) results in an enhanced efflux from the DV into the cytosol. In addition, the lipophilic heme-Fe(III) complexes of CQ and QN that form in the DV are proposed to diffuse across the DV membrane. At the higher pH of the cytosol, the complexes decompose to liberate heme-Fe(III) . The quinoline or arylmethanol reenters the DV, and so transfers more heme-Fe(III) out of the DV. In this way, the 4-aminoquinolines and arylmethanols exert antimalarial activities by enhancing heme-Fe(III) and thence free Fe(III) concentrations in the cytosol. The iron species enter into redox cycles through reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) largely mediated by reduced flavin cofactors and likely also by NAD(P)H-Fre. Generation of ROS through oxidation of Fe(II) by oxygen will also result. The cytotoxicities of artemisinins are thereby reinforced by the iron. Other aspects of drug action are emphasized. In the cytosol or DV, association by π complex formation between pairs of lipophilic drugs must adversely influence the pharmacokinetics of each drug. This explains the antagonism between PPQ and MFQ, for example. The basis for the antimalarial activity of RF mirrors that of MB, wherein it participates in redox cycling that involves flavoenzymes or Fre, resulting in attrition of NAD(P)H. The generation of ROS by artemisinins and ensuing Fenton chemistry accommodate the ability of artemisinins to induce membrane damage and to affect the parasite SERCA PfATP6 Ca(2+) transporter. Thus, the effect exerted by artemisinins is more likely a downstream event involving ROS that will also be modulated by mutations in PfATP6. Such mutations attenuate, but cannot abrogate, antimalarial activities of artemisinins. Overall, parasite resistance to artemisinins arises through enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Jayapaul J, Arns S, Lederle W, Lammers T, Comba P, Gätjens J, Kiessling F. Riboflavin carrier protein-targeted fluorescent USPIO for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8822-9. [PMID: 22959180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin (Rf) and its metabolic analogs flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are essential for normal cellular growth and function. Their intracellular transport is regulated by the riboflavin carrier protein (RCP), which has been shown to be over-expressed by metabolically active cancer cells. Therefore, FAD-decorated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FAD USPIO) were developed as the first carrier-protein-targeted molecular MR agents for visualizing tumor metabolism. FAD USPIO were synthesized using an adsorptive, fluorescent and non-polymeric coating method, and their physicochemical properties were characterized using TEM, SEM, FTIR, MRI and fluorescence spectroscopy. In vitro analyses showed the biocompatibility of FAD USPIO, and confirmed that they were strongly and specifically taken up by cancer (LnCap) and endothelial (HUVEC) cells. In vivo molecular MRI together with subsequent histological validation finally demonstrated that FAD USPIO efficiently accumulate in tumors and tumor blood vessels, indicating that RCP-targeted diagnostic nanoparticles are interesting new materials for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabadurai Jayapaul
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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16
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Thomas TP, Huang B, Choi SK, Silpe JE, Kotlyar A, Desai AM, Zong H, Gam J, Joice M, Baker JR. Polyvalent dendrimer-methotrexate as a folate receptor-targeted cancer therapeutic. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2669-2676. [PMID: 22827500 DOI: 10.1021/mp3002232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that a generation 5 dendrimer (G5) conjugated with both folic acid (FA) and methotrexate (MTX) has a higher chemotherapeutic index than MTX alone. Despite this, batch-to-batch inconsistencies in the number of FA and MTX molecules linked to each dendrimer led to conjugate batches with varying biological activity, especially when scaleup synthesis was attempted. Since the MTX is conjugated through an ester linkage, there were concerns that biological inconsistency could also result from serum esterase activity and differential bioavailability of the targeted conjugate. In order to resolve these problems, we undertook a novel approach to synthesize a polyvalent G5-MTX(n) conjugate through click chemistry, attaching the MTX to the dendrimer through an esterase-stable amide linkage. Surface plasmon resonance binding studies show that a G5-MTX(10) conjugate synthesized in this manner binds to the FA receptor (FR) through polyvalent interaction showing 4300-fold higher affinity than free MTX. The conjugate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, and induces cytotoxicity in FR-expressing KB cells through FR-specific cellular internalization. Thus, the polyvalent MTX on the dendrimer serves the dual role as a targeting molecule as well as a chemotherapeutic drug. The newly synthesized G5-MTX(n) conjugate may serve as a FR-targeted chemotherapeutic with potential for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thommey P Thomas
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Baohua Huang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Justin E Silpe
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alina Kotlyar
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ankur M Desai
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hong Zong
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeremy Gam
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melvin Joice
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James R Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Witte AB, Timmer CM, Gam JJ, Choi SK, Banaszak Holl MM, Orr BG, Baker JR, Sinniah K. Biophysical characterization of a riboflavin-conjugated dendrimer platform for targeted drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:507-16. [PMID: 22191428 DOI: 10.1021/bm201566g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the biophysical characterization of generation-five poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers conjugated with riboflavin (RF) as a cancer-targeting platform. Two new series of dendrimers were designed, each presenting the riboflavin ligand attached at a different site (isoalloxazine at N-3 and d-ribose at N-10) and at varying ligand valency. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the binding activity for riboflavin binding protein (RfBP) in a cell-free solution. The ITC data shows dendrimer conjugates have K(D) values of ≥ 465 nM on a riboflavin basis, an affinity ~93-fold lower than that of free riboflavin. The N-3 series showed greater binding affinity in comparison with the N-10 series. Notably, the affinity is inversely correlated with ligand valency. These findings are also corroborated by DSC, where greater protein-conjugate stability is achieved with the N-3 series and at lower ligand valency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Witte
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Calvin College, 3201 Burton Street South East, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
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Choi SK, Thomas TP, Li MH, Desai A, Kotlyar A, Baker JR. Photochemical release of methotrexate from folate receptor-targeting PAMAM dendrimer nanoconjugate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:653-60. [PMID: 22234658 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based targeted drug delivery involves cell-specific targeting followed by a subsequent therapeutic action from the therapeutic carried by the NP system. NPs conjugated with methotrexate (MTX), a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) localized in cytosol, have been under investigation as a delivery system to target cancer cells to enhance the therapeutic index of methotrexate, which is otherwise non-selectively cytotoxic. Despite improved therapeutic activity from MTX-conjugated NPs in vitro and in vivo, the therapeutic action of these conjugates following cellular entry is poorly understood; in particular it is unclear whether the therapeutic activity requires release of the MTX. This study investigates whether MTX must be released from a nanoparticle in order to achieve the therapeutic activity. We report herein light-controlled release of methotrexate from a dendrimer-based conjugate and provide evidence suggesting that MTX still attached to the nanoconjugate system is fully able to inhibit the activity of its enzyme target and the growth of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ki Choi
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Dendrimer-based multivalent methotrexates as dual acting nanoconjugates for cancer cell targeting. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 47:560-72. [PMID: 22142685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-targeting drug delivery can be based on the rational design of a therapeutic platform. This approach is typically achieved by the functionalization of a nanoparticle with two distinct types of molecules, a targeting ligand specific for a cancer cell, and a cytotoxic molecule to kill the cell. The present study aims to evaluate the validity of an alternative simplified approach in the design of cancer-targeting nanotherapeutics: conjugating a single type of molecule with dual activities to nanoparticles, instead of coupling a pair of orthogonal molecules. Herein we investigate whether this strategy can be validated by its application to methotrexate, a dual-acting small molecule that shows cytotoxicity because of its potent inhibitory activity against dihydrofolate reductase and that binds folic acid receptor, a tumor biomarker frequently upregulated on the cancer cell surface. This article describes a series of dendrimer conjugates derived from a generation 5 polyamidoamine (G5 PAMAM) presenting a multivalent array of methotrexate and also demonstrates their dual biological activities by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, a cell-free enzyme assay, and cell-based experiments with KB cancer cells.
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Haynes RK, Cheu KW, Li KY, Tang MMK, Wong HN, Chen MJ, Guo ZF, Guo ZH, Coghi P, Monti D. A partial convergence in action of methylene blue and artemisinins: antagonism with chloroquine, a reversal with verapamil, and an insight into the antimalarial activity of chloroquine. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1603-15. [PMID: 21994127 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinins rapidly oxidize leucomethylene blue (LMB) to methylene blue (MB); they also oxidize dihydroflavins such as the reduced conjugates RFH₂ of riboflavin (RF), and FADH₂ of the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), to the corresponding flavins. Like the artemisinins, MB oxidizes FADH₂, but unlike artemisinins, it also oxidizes NAD(P)H. Like MB, artemisinins are implicated in the perturbation of redox balance in the malaria parasite by interfering with parasite flavoenzyme disulfide reductases. The oxidation of LMB by artemisinin is inhibited by chloroquine (CQ), an inhibition that is abruptly reversed by verapamil (VP). CQ also inhibits artemisinin-mediated oxidation of RFH₂ generated from N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH)-RF, or FADH₂ generated from NADPH or NADPH-Fre, an effect that is also modulated by verapamil. The inhibition likely proceeds by the association of LMB or dihydroflavin with CQ, possibly involving donor-acceptor or π complexes that hinder oxidation by artemisinin. VP competitively associates with CQ, liberating LMB or dihydroflavin from their respective CQ complexes. The observations explain the antagonism between CQ-MB and CQ-artemisinins in vitro, and are reconcilable with CQ perturbing intraparasitic redox homeostasis. They further suggest that a VP-CQ complex is a means by which VP reverses CQ resistance, wherein such a complex is not accessible to the putative CQ-resistance transporter (PfCRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China.
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