1
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Zlotos DP, Abdelmalek CM, Botros LS, Banoub MM, Mandour YM, Breitinger U, El Nady A, Breitinger HG, Sotriffer C, Villmann C, Jensen AA, Holzgrabe U. C-2-Linked Dimeric Strychnine Analogues as Bivalent Ligands Targeting Glycine Receptors. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:382-394. [PMID: 33596384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strychnine is the prototypic antagonist of glycine receptors, a family of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. Recent high-resolution structures of homomeric glycine receptors have confirmed the presence of five orthosteric binding sites located in the extracellular subunit interfaces of the receptor complex that are targeted by strychnine. Here, we report the synthesis and extensive pharmacological evaluation of bivalent ligands composed of two strychnine pharmacophores connected by appropriate spacers optimized toward simultaneous binding to two adjacent orthosteric sites of homomeric α1 glycine receptors. In all bivalent ligands, the two strychnine units were linked through C-2 by amide spacers of various lengths ranging from 6 to 69 atoms. Characterization of the compounds in two functional assays and in a radioligand binding assay indicated that compound 11a, with a spacer consisting of 57 atoms, may be capable of bridging the homomeric α1 GlyRs by simultaneous occupation of two adjacent strychnine-binding sites. The findings are supported by docking experiments to the crystal structure of the homomeric glycine receptor. Based on its unique binding mode, its relatively high binding affinity and antagonist potency, and its slow binding kinetics, the bivalent strychnine analogue 11a could be a valuable tool to study the functional properties of glycine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Carine M Abdelmalek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Liza S Botros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha M Banoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine M Mandour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capitol, 11865 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Nady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hans-Georg Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Villmann
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Peschel A, Cardoso FC, Walker AA, Durek T, Stone MRL, Braga Emidio N, Dawson PE, Muttenthaler M, King GF. Two for the Price of One: Heterobivalent Ligand Design Targeting Two Binding Sites on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Slows Ligand Dissociation and Enhances Potency. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12773-12785. [PMID: 33078946 PMCID: PMC7667638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Voltage-gated
sodium (NaV) channels are pore-forming
transmembrane proteins that play essential roles in excitable cells,
and they are key targets for antiepileptic, antiarrhythmic, and analgesic
drugs. We implemented a heterobivalent design strategy to modulate
the potency, selectivity, and binding kinetics of NaV channel
ligands. We conjugated μ-conotoxin KIIIA, which occludes the
pore of the NaV channels, to an analogue of huwentoxin-IV,
a spider-venom peptide that allosterically modulates channel gating.
Bioorthogonal hydrazide and copper-assisted azide–alkyne cycloaddition
conjugation chemistries were employed to generate heterobivalent ligands
using polyethylene glycol linkers spanning 40–120 Å. The
ligand with an 80 Å linker had the most pronounced bivalent effects,
with a significantly slower dissociation rate and 4–24-fold
higher potency compared to those of the monovalent peptides for the
human NaV1.4 channel. This study highlights the power of
heterobivalent ligand design and expands the repertoire of pharmacological
probes for exploring the function of NaV channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Peschel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - M Rhia L Stone
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nayara Braga Emidio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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3
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 PMCID: PMC8281448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Corresponding author: Amy H. Newman: Phone: (443)-740-2887. Fax: (443)-740-2111.
| | - Francisco O. Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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4
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Botta J, Appelhans J, McCormick PJ. Continuing challenges in targeting oligomeric GPCR-based drugs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 169:213-245. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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5
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Yamini G, Nestorovich EM. Multivalent Inhibitors of Channel-Forming Bacterial Toxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 406:199-227. [PMID: 27469304 PMCID: PMC6814628 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of multivalent molecules represents a remarkable modern tool to transform weak non-covalent interactions into strong binding by creating multiple finely-tuned points of contact between multivalent ligands and their supposed multivalent targets. Here, we describe several prominent examples where the multivalent blockers were investigated for their ability to directly obstruct oligomeric channel-forming bacterial exotoxins, such as the pore-forming bacterial toxins and B component of the binary bacterial toxins. We address problems related to the blocker/target symmetry match and nature of the functional groups, as well as chemistry and length of the linkers connecting the functional groups to their multivalent scaffolds. Using the anthrax toxin and AB5 toxin case studies, we briefly review how the oligomeric toxin components can be successfully disabled by the multivalent non-channel-blocking inhibitors, which are based on a variety of multivalent scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goli Yamini
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 20064, USA
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6
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Castriconi F, Paolino M, Grisci G, Francini CM, Reale A, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Giorgi G, Mennuni L, Sabatini C, Lanza M, Caselli G, Cappelli A. Development of subnanomolar-affinity serotonin 5-HT 4 receptor ligands based on quinoline structures. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1466-1471. [DOI: 10.1039/c8md00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A structure–affinity relationship study led to the discovery of 7h–j as novel 5-HT4 receptor ligands showing Ki values in the subnanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Giorgio Grisci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Cinzia Maria Francini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
- Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022)
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- 53100 Siena
- Italy
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7
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Castriconi F, Paolino M, Donati A, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Mennuni L, Sabatini C, Lanza M, Caselli G, Makovec F, Sbraccia M, Molinari P, Costa T, Cappelli A. Multivalent ligands for the serotonin 5-HT 4 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:647-651. [PMID: 30108781 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00458j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5-HT4 receptors are known to form constitutive dimers in membranes. To explore whether multivalency can enhance ligand interactions and/or efficacy in 5-HT4 receptors, the structure of the partial agonist ML10302 was modified with oligo(ethylene glycol) chains, thus generating, by a gradual approach, short and long tethered bivalent or tetravalent ligands and the corresponding spanner-linked monovalent controls. Both bivalent and tetravalent ligands displayed a 10-20-fold increase in binding affinity compared to appropriate controls, but no multivalent ligand showed greater binding energy than ML10302 itself. Furthermore, the direct assessment of receptor-Gs interaction and studies of cAMP signalling indicated that multivalency does not enhance the efficacy of ML10302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Alessandro Donati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
| | - Laura Mennuni
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | - Chiara Sabatini
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | - Marco Lanza
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | | | - Francesco Makovec
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l. , Via Valosa di Sopra 3 , 20900 Monza , Italy
| | - Maria Sbraccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Paola Molinari
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , Università degli Studi di Siena , Via A. Moro 2 , 53100 Siena , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 0577 234320
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8
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Paolino M, Komber H, Mennuni L, Caselli G, Appelhans D, Voit B, Cappelli A. Supramolecular Glycodendrimer-Based Hybrid Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3985-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse
6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Mennuni
- Rottapharm Biotech S.r.l., Via Valosa
di Sopra 3, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse
6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse
6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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9
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Thompson AJ, Lummis SCR. Discriminating between 5-HT₃A and 5-HT₃AB receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:736-47. [PMID: 23489111 PMCID: PMC3687655 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT3B subunit was first cloned in 1999, and co-expression with the 5-HT3A subunit results in heteromeric 5-HT₃AB receptors that are functionally distinct from homomeric 5-HT₃A receptors. The affinities of competitive ligands at the two receptor subtypes are usually similar, but those of non-competitive antagonists that bind in the pore often differ. A competitive ligand and allosteric modulator that distinguishes 5-HT₃A from 5-HT₃AB receptors has recently been described, and the number of non-competitive antagonists identified with this ability has increased in recent years. In this review, we discuss the differences between 5-HT₃A and 5-HT₃AB receptors and describe the possible sites of action of compounds that can distinguish between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Paolino M, Mennuni L, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Lanza M, Caselli G, Galimberti C, Menziani MC, Donati A, Cappelli A. Dendrimeric tetravalent ligands for the serotonin-gated ion channel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8582-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Castriconi F, Paolino M, Giuliani G, Anzini M, Campiani G, Mennuni L, Sabatini C, Lanza M, Caselli G, De Rienzo F, Menziani MC, Sbraccia M, Molinari P, Costa T, Cappelli A. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies in serotonin 5-HT4 receptor ligands based on a benzo[de][2,6]naphthridine scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:36-46. [PMID: 24871995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A small series of serotonin 5-HT4 receptor ligands has been designed from flexible 2-methoxyquinoline compounds 7a,b by applying the conformational constraint approach. Ligands 7a,b and the corresponding conformationally constrained analogues 8a-g were synthesized and their interactions with the 5-HT4 receptor were examined by measuring both binding affinity and the ability to promote or inhibit receptor-G protein coupling. Ester derivative 7a and conformationally constrained compound 8b were demonstrated to be the most interesting compounds showing a nanomolar 5-HT4R affinity similar to that shown by reference ligands cisapride (1) and RS-23,597-190 (4). The result was rationalized by docking studies in term of high similarity in the binding modalities of flexible 7a and conformationally constrained 8b. The intrinsic efficacy of some selected ligands was determined by evaluating the receptor-G protein coupling and the results obtained demonstrated that the nature and the position of substituents play a critical role in the interaction of these ligands with their receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castriconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Mennuni
- Rottapharm Madaus, Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Sabatini
- Rottapharm Madaus, Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Lanza
- Rottapharm Madaus, Via Valosa di Sopra 9, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | | | - Francesca De Rienzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Sbraccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Molinari
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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12
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Approaching the 5-HT₃ receptor heterogeneity by computational studies of the transmembrane and intracellular domains. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:491-509. [PMID: 23771549 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 receptor (5-HT₃), an important target of many neuroactive drugs, is a cation selective transmembrane pentamer whose functional stoichiometries and subunit arrangements are still debated, due to the extreme complexity of the system. The three dimensional structure of the 5-HT₃R subunits has not been solved so far. Moreover, most of the available structural and functional data is related to the extracellular ligand-binding domain, whereas the transmembrane and the intracellular receptor domains are far less characterised, although they are crucial for receptor function. Here, for the first time, 3D homology models of the transmembrane and the intracellular receptor domains of all the known human 5-HT₃ subunits have been built and assembled into homopentameric (5-HT(3A)R, 5-HT(3B)R, 5-HT(3C)R, 5-HT(3D)R and 5-HT(3E)R) and heteropentameric receptors (5-HT(3AB), 5-HT(3AC), 5-HT(3AD) and 5-HT(3AE)), on the basis of the known three-dimensional structures of the nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor and of the ligand gated channel from Erwinia chrysanthemi. The comparative analyses of sequences, modelled structures, and computed electrostatic properties of the single subunits and of the assembled pentamers shed new light both on the stoichiometric composition and on the physicochemical requirements of the functional receptors. In particular, it emerges that a favourable environment for the crossing of the pore at the transmembrane and intracellular C terminus domain levels by Ca²⁺ ions is granted by the maximum presence of two B subunits in the 5-HT₃ pentamer.
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13
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Thompson AJ. Recent developments in 5-HT3 receptor pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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