Synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic sulfamide derivatives as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors

Exploration of newly synthesized amantadine-thiourea conjugates for their DNA binding, anti-elastase, and anti-glioma potentials

Three newly synthesized amantadine thiourea conjugates namely MS-1 N-(((3 s,5 s,7 s)-adamantan-1-yl)carbamothioyl)benzamide, MS-2 N-(((3 s,5 s,7 s)-adamantan-1-yl)carbamothioyl)-4-methylbenzamide and MS-3 N-((3 s,5 s,7 s)-adamantan-1-ylcarbamothioyl)-4-chlorobenzamide were investigated for their structures, bindings (DNA/ elastase), and for their impact on healthy and cancerous cells. Theoretical (DFT/docking) and experimental {UV-visible (UV-), fluorescence (Flu-), and cyclic voltammetry (CV)} studies indicated binding interactions of each conjugate with DNA and elastase enzyme. Theoretically and experimentally calculated binding parameters for conjugate - DNA interaction revealed MS-3 - DNA to have most significant binding with comparatively greater values of binding parameters {(Kb/M-1: docking, 3.8 × 105; UV-, 5.95 × 103; Flu-,1.55 × 105; CV, 1.52 × 104), (∆G/ kJmol-1: docking, -32.09; UV-, -22.40; Flu-,-30.81; CV, -24.82)}. The docked structures, greater bindings site size values (n), and the trend in DNA viscosity changes in the presence of each conjugate concentration confirmed a mixed binding mode of interaction among them. Conjugate - elastase binding by docking agreed with the experimental anti-elastase findings. Cytotoxicity studies of each tested conjugate demonstrated greater cytotoxicity for cancerous (MG-U87) cells in comparison to control, while for the normal (HEK-293) cells the cytotoxicity was found comparatively low. Overall exploration suggested that MS-3 is the most effective candidate for DNA binding, anti-elastase, and for anti-glioma activities.

11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Potential Treatment Target in Cardiovascular Diseases

Glucocorticoids (GCs) belong to the group of steroid hormones. Their representative in humans is cortisol. GCs are involved in most physiological processes of the body and play a significant role in important biological processes, including reproduction, growth, immune responses, metabolism, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, functioning of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. The availability of cortisol to the glucocorticoid receptor is locally controlled by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Evidence of changes in intracellular GC metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications highlights the role of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the pharmacotherapy of these diseases. This paper discusses the role of 11β-HSD1 in MetS and its cardiovascular complications and the importance of selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1.

Synthesis and Selective Functionalization of Thiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides with Efficacy in a Model of Huntington's Disease

The scope of the acid-mediated 3-component synthesis of thiadiazines was investigated. A selective functionalization of the six-membered heterocyclic core structure was accomplished by sequential alkylations, saponifications, and coupling reactions. Several new analogs of a dihydropyrimidinone Hsp70 chaperone agonist, MAL1-271, showed promising activity in a cell based model of Huntington's disease.

Application of carbamyl in structural optimization

Carbamyl is considered a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. It has a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-epilepsy, for which the best evidence is a number of marketed carbamyl-containing drugs. Carbamyl is formed of primary amine and carbonyl moieties that act as hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen acceptors with residues of targets respectively, which are benefit for improving pharmacological activities. In other cases, the introduced carbamyl improves drug-like properties including oral bioavailability. In this review, we introduce the carbamyl-containing drugs and the application of carbamyl in structural optimization as a result of enhancing activities or/and drug-like properties.

Progress in 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases: A comprehensive guide to their chemical structure diversity in drug development

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyzing the intracellular conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to physiologically active ones. Work over the past decade has demonstrated the aberrant overexpression of 11β-HSD1 contributed to the pathophysiological process of metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing 11β-HSD1 inhibitors based on the diverse molecular scaffolds. This review focused on the structural features of the most important 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and categorized them into natural products derivatives and synthetic compounds. We also briefly discussed the optimization process, binding modes, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and biological evaluations of each inhibitor. Moreover, the challenges and directions for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were discussed, which might provide some useful clues to guide the future discovery of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.

Stereocontrolled synthesis of bicyclic ureas and sulfamides via Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions

The synthesis of bicyclic ureas and sulfamides via palladium-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions between aryl/alkenyl halides/triflates and alkenes bearing pendant cyclic sulfamides and ureas is described. The substrates for these reactions are generated in 3-5 steps from commercially available materials, and products are obtained in good yield with up to >20:1 diastereoselectivity. The stereochemical outcome of the sulfamide alkene addition is consistent with a mechanism involving anti-aminopalladation of the alkene, whereas the stereochemical outcome of the urea alkene addition is consistent with a syn-aminopalladation mechanism.

Development of CINPA1 analogs as novel and potent inverse agonists of constitutive androstane receptor

Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) and pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) are master regulators of endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism and disposition. Because CAR is constitutively active in certain cellular contexts, inhibiting CAR might reduce drug-induced hepatotoxicity and resensitize drug-resistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. We recently reported a novel CAR inhibitor/inverse agonist CINPA1 (11). Here, we have obtained or designed 54 analogs of CINPA1 and used a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay to evaluate their CAR inhibition potency. Many of the 54 analogs showed CAR inverse agonistic activities higher than those of CINPA1, which has an IC50 value of 687 nM. Among them, 72 has an IC50 value of 11.7 nM, which is about 59-fold more potent than CINPA1 and over 10-fold more potent than clotrimazole (an IC50 value of 126.9 nM), the most potent CAR inverse agonist in a biochemical assay previously reported by others. Docking studies provide a molecular explanation of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) observed experimentally. To our knowledge, this effort is the first chemistry endeavor in designing and identifying potent CAR inverse agonists based on a novel chemical scaffold, leading to 72 as the most potent CAR inverse agonist so far. The 54 chemicals presented are novel and unique tools for characterizing CAR's function, and the SAR information gained from these 54 analogs could guide future efforts to develop improved CAR inverse agonists.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of α-sulfonamido-N-adamantanecarboxamide derivatives as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors

A series of α-sulfonamido-N-adamantanecarboxamide derivatives was synthesized and shown to have good in vitro and ex vivo efficacy.

A novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor improves diabesity and osteoblast differentiation

Selective inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) have considerable potential as treatment for osteoporosis as well as metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we investigated the anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, and anti-osteoporotic activity of KR-67500, as a novel selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. Cellular 11β-HSD1 activity was tested based on a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence method. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) levels were measured in diet-induced obese (DIO)-C57BL/6 mice administered KR-67500 (50  mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 28 days and, additionally, its anti-diabetic effect was evaluated by OGTT and ITT. The in vitro anti-adipogenic effect of KR-67500 was determined by Oil Red O Staining. The in vitro anti-osteoporotic activity of KR-67500 was evaluated using bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced osteoblast differentiation and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation model systems. KR-67500 improved the in vivo glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in DIO-C57BL/6 mice. KR-67500 suppressed cortisone-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. KR-67500 enhanced BMP2-induced osteoblastogenesis in C2C12 cells and inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. KR-67500, a new selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, may provide a new therapeutic window in the prevention and/or treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and/or osteoporosis.

Discovery of 2-Alkyl-1-arylsulfonylprolinamides as 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors

On the basis of scaffold hopping, a novel series of 2-alkyl-1-arylsulfonylprolinamides was discovered as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1) inhibitors. A representative compound 4ek, obtained through SAR and structure optimization studies, demonstrates excellent in vitro potency against 11β-HSD-1 and dose-dependent in vivo inhibition of 11β-HSD-1 in a prednisone/prednisolone transformation biomarker study in mice.