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Zhou Y, Li X, Luo P, Chen H, Zhou Y, Zheng X, Yin Y, Wei H, Liu H, Xia W, Shi M, Li X. Identification of abemaciclib derivatives targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 using molecular dynamics, binding free energy calculation, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1154654. [PMID: 37234717 PMCID: PMC10206264 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1154654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CDK4/6 plays a crucial role in various cancers and is an effective anticancer drug target. However, the gap between clinical requirements and approved CDK4/6 drugs is unresolved. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop selective and oral CDK4/6 inhibitors, particularly for monotherapy. Here, we studied the interaction between abemaciclib and human CDK6 using molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, and energy decomposition. V101 and H100 formed stable hydrogen bonds with the amine-pyrimidine group, and K43 interacted with the imidazole ring via an unstable hydrogen bond. Meanwhile, I19, V27, A41, and L152 interacted with abemaciclib through π-alkyl interactions. Based on the binding model, abemaciclib was divided into four regions. With one region modification, 43 compounds were designed and evaluated using molecular docking. From each region, three favorable groups were selected and combined with each other to obtain 81 compounds. Among them, C2231-A, which was obtained by removing the methylene group from C2231, showed better inhibition than C2231. Kinase profiling revealed that C2231-A showed inhibitory activity similar to that of abemaciclib; additionally, C2231-A inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells to a greater extent than did abemaciclib. Based on molecular dynamics simulation, C2231-A was identified as a promising candidate compound with considerable inhibitory effects on human breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiandeng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peifang Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huiting Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueting Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoche Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongji Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingsong Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
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2
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Wang L, Lu D, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhong P, Yang Z. Binding selectivity-dependent molecular mechanism of inhibitors towards CDK2 and CDK6 investigated by multiple short molecular dynamics and free energy landscapes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:84-99. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2135511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peihua Zhong
- College of Computer Information and Engineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
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3
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Sager RA, Backe SJ, Ahanin E, Smith G, Nsouli I, Woodford MR, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:305-320. [PMID: 35264774 PMCID: PMC9306014 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced and metastatic kidney cancer has entered a golden era with the addition of more therapeutic options, improved survival and new targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade have all been shown to be promising strategies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, little is known about the best therapeutic approach for individual patients with RCC and how to combat therapeutic resistance. Cancers, including RCC, rely on sustained replicative potential. The cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are involved in cell-cycle regulation with additional roles in metabolism, immunogenicity and antitumour immune response. Inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 are now commonly used as approved and investigative treatments in breast cancer, as well as several other tumours. Furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibitors have been shown to work synergistically with other kinase inhibitors, including mTOR inhibitors, as well as with immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical cancer models. The effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors in kidney cancer is relatively understudied compared with other cancers, but the preclinical studies available are promising. Collectively, growing evidence suggests that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 in kidney cancer, alone and in combination with current therapeutics including mTOR and immune checkpoint inhibitors, might have therapeutic benefit and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Elham Ahanin
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Smith
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Imad Nsouli
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Rees DC. Medicines for millions of patients. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:7-12. [PMID: 35211673 PMCID: PMC8792827 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion piece I share personal anecdotes from three drug discovery projects, sugammadex an anaesthetic reversal agent from Organon Scotland, and ribociclib and erdafitinib, both oncology drugs arising from Astex UK collaborations with Novartis and Janssen respectively. These drugs have been used to treat millions of patients. The learnings from this research focus on innovation, teamwork, and collaborations. Drug discovery, even with its frustrations and disappointments can be a great career for scientists in industry, in academia, or in a not-for-profit institute, who want their research to alleviate human suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rees
- Astex Pharmaceuticals 436 Cambridge Science Park Cambridge CB4 0QA UK
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5
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Susanti NMP, Damayanti S, Kartasasmita RE, Tjahjono DH. A Search for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors by Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413423. [PMID: 34948218 PMCID: PMC8706085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G1 phase of cell cycle progression is regulated by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) as well as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6), and the acivities of these enzymes are regulated by the catalytic subunit, cyclin D. Cell cycle control through selective pharmacological inhibition of CDK4/6 has proven to be beneficial in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer, particularly improving the progression-free survival of patients. Thus, targeting specific inhibition on CDK4/6 is bound to increase therapeutic efficiency. This study aimed to obtain CDK4/6 inhibitors through a pharmacophore-based virtual screening of the ZINC15 purchasable compound database using the in silico method. The pharmacophore model was designed based on the FDA-approved cdk4/6 inhibitor structures, and molecular docking was performed to further screen the hit compounds obtained. A total of eight compounds were selected based on docking results and interactions with CDK4 and CDK6, using palbociclib as the reference drug. According to the results, the compounds of ZINC585292724 and ZINC585291674 were the best compounds based on free binding energy, as well as hydrogen bond stability, and, therefore, exhibit potential as starting points in the development of CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Made Pitri Susanti
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (N.M.P.S.); (S.D.); (R.E.K.)
- Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana, Jalan Bukit Jimbaran, Badung 80361, Indonesia
| | - Sophi Damayanti
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (N.M.P.S.); (S.D.); (R.E.K.)
| | - Rahmana Emran Kartasasmita
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (N.M.P.S.); (S.D.); (R.E.K.)
| | - Daryono Hadi Tjahjono
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (N.M.P.S.); (S.D.); (R.E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-812-2240-0120
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Chukwuemeka PO, Umar HI, Iwaloye O, Oretade OM, Olowosoke CB, Oretade OJ, Elabiyi MO. Predictive hybrid paradigm for cytotoxic activity of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as CDK6 inhibitors against human (MCF-7) breast cancer cell line and its structural modifications: rational for novel cancer therapeutics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8518-8537. [PMID: 33890551 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1913231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of cyclin-CDK6 interactions has been implicated in human breast cancer, providing a rationale for more therapeutic options. Recently, ATP-competitive inhibitors have been employed for managing breast cancer. These molecules, like most natural CDKs inhibitors, potently bind in the ATP-binding site of CDK6 to regulate trans-activation. Nonetheless, only a few numbers of these molecules are approved to mitigate breast cancer, thus, ensuring that the search for more selective inhibitors continues. In this study, we attempted to establish the selective predictive models for identifying potent CDK6 inhibitors against a human breast cancer cell-line using a dataset of fifty-two 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. The significant eight descriptor hybrid QSAR models generated exhibited encouraging statistical attributes including R2> 0.70, Q2LOO > 0.70, Q2LMO > 0.60, Qfn2 > 0.6. Furthermore, the study designed new compounds based on the activity and structural basis for selectivity of compounds for CDK6. While demonstrating good potency and modest selectivity, the compound C16, which showed significantly high activity of 5.5607 µM and binding energy value of -9.0 Kcal/mol, was used as template for compounds design to generate 10 novel series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole analogues containing benzisoselenazolone scaffolds, with significant pharmacological activity and better selectivity for CDK6. By our rationale, four of the designed compounds (C16b, C16h, C16i, and C16j) with activity values of 6.2584 µM, 6.7812 µM, 6.4717 µM, and 6.2666 µM respectively, and binding affinities of -10.0 kcal/mol, -9.9 kcal/mol, -9.9 kcal/mol, and -9.9 kcal/mol respectively, may emerge as therapeutic options for breast cancer treatment after extensive in vitro and in vivo studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Obed Chukwuemeka
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences (SOS), Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Haruna Isiyaku Umar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences (SOS), Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Iwaloye
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences (SOS), Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseyi Matthew Oretade
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences (SOS), Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | | | - Oyeyemi Janet Oretade
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Science (CHS), Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Omoniyi Elabiyi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences (SOS), Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
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7
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Belal A. 3D-Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking, and Virtual Screening for Discovery of Novel CDK4/6 Selective Inhibitors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021330013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yuan K, Wang X, Dong H, Min W, Hao H, Yang P. Selective inhibition of CDK4/6: A safe and effective strategy for developing anticancer drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:30-54. [PMID: 33532179 PMCID: PMC7838032 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustained cell proliferation resulting from dysregulation of the cell cycle and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is a hallmark of cancer. The inhibition of CDKs is a highly promising and attractive strategy for the development of anticancer drugs. In particular, third-generation CDK inhibitors can selectively inhibit CDK4/6 and regulate the cell cycle by suppressing the G1 to S phase transition, exhibiting a perfect balance between anticancer efficacy and general toxicity. To date, three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and 15 CDK4/6 inhibitors are in clinical trials for the treatment of cancers. In this perspective, we discuss the crucial roles of CDK4/6 in regulating the cell cycle and cancer cells, analyze the rationale for selectively inhibiting CDK4/6 for cancer treatment, review the latest advances in highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds, explain the mechanisms associated with CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance and describe solutions to overcome this issue, and briefly introduce proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), a new and revolutionary technique used to degrade CDK4/6.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CDK4/6
- CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinases
- CIP/KIP, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1/kinase inhibitory protein
- CKIs, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- CPU, China Pharmaceutical University
- CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer
- Cancer
- Cell cycle
- Drug resistance
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FLT, fms-like tyrosine kinase
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- INK4, inhibitors of CDK4
- JAK, janus kinase
- MCL, mantle cell lymphoma
- MM, multiple myeloma
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- ORR, overall response rates
- PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase
- PR, progesterone receptor
- PROTAC
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimera
- RB, retinoblastoma protein
- SPH, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd.
- STATs, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- Selectivity
- UNISA, University of South Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haojie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenjian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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9
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Discovery of new small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase 6 inhibitors through computational approaches. Mol Divers 2020; 25:367-382. [PMID: 32770459 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive cell proliferation due to cell cycle disorders is one of the hallmarks of breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are involved in the transition of the cell cycle from G1 phase to S phase by combining CDKs with cyclin, are considered promising targets with broad therapeutic potential based on their critical role in cell cycle regulation. Pharmacological evidence has shown that abnormal cell cycle due to the overexpression of CDK6 is responsible for the hyperproliferation of cancer cells. Blocking CDK6 expression inhibits tumour survival and growth. Therefore, CDK6 can be regarded as a potential target for anticancer therapeutics. Thus, small molecules that can be considered CDK inhibitors have been developed into promising anticancer drugs. In this study, combined structure-based and ligand-based in silicon models were created to identify new chemical entities against CDK6 with the appropriate pharmacokinetic properties. The database used to screen drug-like compounds in this thesis was based on the best E-pharmacophore hypothesis and the best ligand-based drug hypothesis. As a result, 147 common compounds were identified by further molecular docking. Surprisingly, the in vitro evaluation results of 20 of those compounds showed that the two had good CDK6 inhibitory effects. The best compound was subjected to kinase panel screening, followed by molecular dynamic simulations. The 50-ns MD studies revealed the pivotal role of VAL101 in the binding of inhibitors to CDK6. Overall, the identification of two new chemical entities with CDK6 inhibitory activity demonstrated the feasibility and potential of the new method.
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Accelerating pharmaceutical structure-guided drug design: a successful model. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:377-381. [PMID: 30448353 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact and value of structure-based drug design to pharmaceutical discovery across the industry are now undeniable, with many break-through therapies on the market that are structure based in nature. Enabling the structural research is the Industrial Macromolecular Crystallography Association-Collaborative Access Team (IMCA-CAT), formed over 25 years ago as a world-class research facility at the synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory. What makes IMCA-CAT unique is the strategy of the founding consortium to comprehensively provide for the evolving needs of industry in one facility. This includes year-round high-quality data, capabilities that match target portfolios, throughput and capacity that are never limiting, and unfailing security. Here, we illuminate the unique capabilities offered by IMCA-CAT and instruct how all industrial organizations can access this facility.
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Li Y, Luo X, Guo Q, Nie Y, Wang T, Zhang C, Huang Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zheng J, Yang S, Fan Y, Xiang R. Discovery of N1-(4-((7-Cyclopentyl-6-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)-N8-hydroxyoctanediamide as a Novel Inhibitor Targeting Cyclin-dependent Kinase 4/9 (CDK4/9) and Histone Deacetlyase1 (HDAC1) against Malignant Cancer. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29518312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongwei Nie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
- 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
- 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy of Ministry of Education, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Wang Y, Liu WJ, Yin L, Li H, Chen ZH, Zhu DX, Song XQ, Cheng ZZ, Song P, Wang Z, Li ZG. Design and synthesis of 4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-7-yl)-N-(5-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine as a highly potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors and the discovery of structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:974-978. [PMID: 29429832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 play an important role in regulation of cell cycle, and overexpress in a variety of cancers. Up to now, new CDK inhibitors still need to be developed due to its poor selectivity. Herein we report a novel series of 4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-7-yl)-N-(5-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)pyridine-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine anologues as potent CDK 4/6 inhibitors based on LY2835219 (Abemaciclib). Compound 10d, which exhibits approximate potency on CDK4/6 (IC50 = 7.4/0.9 nM), has both good pharmacokinetic characters and high selectivity on CDK1 compared with LY2835219. Overall, compound 10d could be a promising candidate and a good starting point as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Wen-Jian Liu
- Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Lei Yin
- Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Dian-Xi Zhu
- Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Xiu-Qing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Cheng
- Gan&lee Pharmaceuticals R&D, No.8 Jingsheng North 3rd Street, Majuqiao Town, Tongzhou, Beijing 101102, PR China
| | - Peng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- Beijing Handian Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kuntai International Building, Chaoyang, Beijing 100020, PR China.
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13
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Martin MP, Endicott JA, Noble MEM. Structure-based discovery of cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:439-452. [PMID: 29118092 PMCID: PMC6248306 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cell fate-determining roles played by members of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) family explain why their dysregulation can promote proliferative diseases, and identify them as potential targets for drug discovery in oncology and beyond. After many years of research, the first efficacious CDK inhibitors have now been registered for clinical use in a defined segment of breast cancer. Research is underway to identify inhibitors with appropriate CDK-inhibitory profiles to recapitulate this success in other disease settings. Here, we review the structural data that illustrate the interactions and properties that confer upon inhibitors affinity and/or selectivity toward different CDK family members. We conclude that where CDK inhibitors display selectivity, that selectivity derives from exploiting active site sequence peculiarities and/or from the capacity of the target CDK(s) to access conformations compatible with optimizing inhibitor-target interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P Martin
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Martin E M Noble
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
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14
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Abstract
HER2 and CDK4/6 are undoubted two most important biological targets for breast cancer. Anti-HER2 treatments enhance objective response and progression-free survival/disease-free survival as well as overall survival. Three CDK4/6 inhibitors consistently improve objective response and progression-free survival; however, overall survival data are waited. Optimization of chemotherapy and endocrine strategies remains an unmet need. Check point inhibitor-based immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy is a promising field, especially for triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific.5F, Tower C, Parkview Green, No.9, Dongdaqiao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minhao Fan
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4 917 Halei Road Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203 China
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15
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Hernandez Maganhi S, Jensen P, Caracelli I, Zukerman Schpector J, Fröhling S, Friedman R. Palbociclib can overcome mutations in cyclin dependent kinase 6 that break hydrogen bonds between the drug and the protein. Protein Sci 2017; 26:870-879. [PMID: 28168755 PMCID: PMC5368058 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 prevent cells from entering the synthesis phase of the cell cycle. CDK4 and 6 are therefore important drug targets in various cancers. The selective CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib is approved for the treatment of breast cancer and has shown activity in a cellular model of mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL)‐rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We studied the interactions of palbociclib and CDK6 using molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis of the simulations suggested several interactions that stabilized the drug in its binding site and that were not observed in the crystal structure of the protein‐drug complex. These included a hydrogen bond to His 100 that was hitherto not reported and several hydrophobic contacts. Evolutionary‐based bioinformatic analysis was used to suggest two mutants, D163G and H100L that would potentially yield drug resistance, as they lead to loss of important protein–drug interactions without hindering the viability of the protein. One of the mutants involved a change in the glycine of the well‐conserved DFG motif of the kinase. Interestingly, CDK6‐dependent human AML cells stably expressing either mutant retained sensitivity to palbociclib, indicating that the protein‐drug interactions are not affected by these. Furthermore, the cells were proliferative in the absence of palbociclib, indicating that the Asp to Gly mutation in the DFG motif did not interfere with the catalytic activity of the protein. PDB Code(s): 2EUF
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Jensen
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ignez Caracelli
- Department of Physics, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ran Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Centre of Excellence "Biomaterials Chemistry", Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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16
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Tadesse S, Yu M, Mekonnen LB, Lam F, Islam S, Tomusange K, Rahaman MH, Noll B, Basnet SKC, Teo T, Albrecht H, Milne R, Wang S. Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable 4-Thiazol-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 4 and 6 Inhibitors as Anticancer Drug Candidates: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1892-1915. [PMID: 28156111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D dependent kinases (CDK4 and CDK6) regulate entry into S phase of the cell cycle and are validated targets for anticancer drug discovery. Herein we detail the discovery of a novel series of 4-thiazol-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives as highly potent and selective inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6. Medicinal chemistry optimization resulted in 83, an orally bioavailable inhibitor molecule with remarkable selectivity. Repeated oral administration of 83 caused marked inhibition of tumor growth in MV4-11 acute myeloid leukemia mouse xenografts without having a negative effect on body weight and showing any sign of clinical toxicity. The data merit 83 as a clinical development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Laychiluh B Mekonnen
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Frankie Lam
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Saiful Islam
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Khamis Tomusange
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Muhammed H Rahaman
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Benjamin Noll
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sunita K C Basnet
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Robert Milne
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Center for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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17
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Recent progress of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:2047-2076. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the cell cycle is a common feature in human cancer. The inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play a crucial role in control of the cell cycle, has always been one of the most promising areas in cancer chemotherapy. This review first summarizes the biology of CDKs and then focuses on the recent advances in both broad-range and selective CDK inhibitors during the last 5 years. The design rationale, structural optimization and structure–activity relationships analysis of these small molecules have been discussed in detail and the key interactions with the amino-acid residues of the most important compounds are highlighted. Future perspectives for CDKs inhibitors will be defined in the development of highly selective CDK inhibitors, an accurate knowledge of gene control mechanism and further predictive biomarker research.
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18
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Tadesse S, Yu M, Kumarasiri M, Le BT, Wang S. Targeting CDK6 in cancer: State of the art and new insights. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3220-30. [PMID: 26315616 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1084445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) plays a vital role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle. More recently, CDK6 has also been shown to have a transcriptional role in tumor angiogenesis. Up-regulated CDK6 activity is associated with the development of several types of cancers. While CDK6 is over-expressed in cancer cells, it has a low detectable level in non-cancerous cells and CDK6-null mice develop normally, suggesting a specific oncogenic role of CDK6, and that its inhibition may represent an ideal mechanism-based and low toxic therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Identification of selective small molecule inhibitors of CDK6 is thus needed for drug development. Herein, we review the latest understandings of the biological regulation and oncogenic roles of CDK6. The potential clinical relevance of CDK6 inhibition, the progress in the development of small-molecule CDK6 inhibitors and the rational design of potential selective CDK6 inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Bich Thuy Le
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- a Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Center for Cancer Biology; and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia ; Adelaide , Australia
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19
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Davies TG, Jhoti H, Pathuri P, Williams G. Selecting the Right Targets for Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. FRAGMENT-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY LESSONS AND OUTLOOK 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527683604.ch02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Successful generation of structural information for fragment-based drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Synthesis and potent cytotoxicity of some novel imidazopyridine derivatives against MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3420-35. [PMID: 26115571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sustained proliferative capacity is a hallmark of cancer. In mammalian cells proliferation is controlled by the cell cycle, where cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate critical checkpoints. CDK4 and CDK6 are considered highly validated anticancer drug targets due to their essential role regulating cell cycle progression at the G1 restriction point. This review provides an overview of recent advances on cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors in general with special emphasis on CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors and compounds under clinical evaluation. Chemical structures, structure activity relationships, and relevant preclinical properties will be described.
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23
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Mahale S, Bharate SB, Manda S, Joshi P, Jenkins PR, Vishwakarma RA, Chaudhuri B. Antitumour potential of BPT: a dual inhibitor of cdk4 and tubulin polymerization. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1743. [PMID: 25950473 PMCID: PMC4669722 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product fascaplysin (1) is a potent Cdk4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4)-specific inhibitor, but is toxic to all cell types possibly because of its DNA-intercalating properties. Through the design and synthesis of numerous fascaplysin analogues, we intended to identify inhibitors of cancer cell growth with good therapeutic window with respect to normal cells. Among various non-planar tryptoline analogues prepared, N-(biphenyl-2-yl) tryptoline (BPT, 6) was identified as a potent inhibitor of cancer cell growth and free from DNA-binding properties owing to its non-planar structure. This compound was tested in over 60 protein kinase assays. It displayed inhibition of Cdk4-cyclin D1 enzyme in vitro far more potently than many other kinases including Cdk family members. Although it blocks growth of cancer cells deficient in the mitotic-spindle checkpoint at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, the block occurs primarily at the G2/M phase. BPT inhibits tubulin polymerization in vitro and acts as an enhancer of tubulin depolymerization of paclitaxel-stabilized tubulin in live cells. Western blot analyses indicated that, in p53-positive cells, BPT upregulates the expression of p53, p21 and p27 proteins, whereas it downregulates the expression of cyclin B1 and Cdk1. BPT selectively kills SV40-transformed mouse embryonic hepatic cells and human fibroblasts rather than untransformed cells. BPT inhibited the growth of several human cancer cells with an IC50<1 μM. The pharmacokinetic study in BALB/c mice indicated good plasma exposure after intravenous administration. It was found to be efficacious at 1/10th the maximum-tolerated dose (1000 mg/kg) against human tumours derived from HCT-116 (colon) and NCI-H460 (lung) cells in SCID (severe-combined immunodeficient) mice models. BPT is a relatively better anticancer agent than fascaplysin with an unusual ability to block two overlapping yet crucial phases of the cell cycle, mitosis and G0/G1. Its ability to effectively halt tumour growth in human tumour-bearing mice would suggest that BPT has the potential to be a candidate for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahale
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - S B Bharate
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - S Manda
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - P Joshi
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - P R Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - R A Vishwakarma
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - B Chaudhuri
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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24
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CDK1 structures reveal conserved and unique features of the essential cell cycle CDK. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6769. [PMID: 25864384 PMCID: PMC4413027 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK1 is the only essential cell cycle CDK in human cells and is required for successful completion of M-phase. It is the founding member of the CDK family and is conserved across all eukaryotes. Here we report the crystal structures of complexes of CDK1–Cks1 and CDK1–cyclin B–Cks2. These structures confirm the conserved nature of the inactive monomeric CDK fold and its ability to be remodelled by cyclin binding. Relative to CDK2–cyclin A, CDK1–cyclin B is less thermally stable, has a smaller interfacial surface, is more susceptible to activation segment dephosphorylation and shows differences in the substrate sequence features that determine activity. Both CDK1 and CDK2 are potential cancer targets for which selective compounds are required. We also describe the first structure of CDK1 bound to a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor and identify aspects of CDK1 structure and plasticity that might be exploited to develop CDK1-selective inhibitors. Cyclin-dependent kinases are the principal drivers of cell cycle progression. Here the authors present several crystal structures of Cdk1 in complex with cyclin B and/or the assembly factors Cks1/2 and a small molecule inhibitor to reveal key features of this essential mitotic kinase.
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25
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Jung H, Shin SY, Jung Y, Tran TA, Lee HO, Jung KY, Koh D, Cho SK, Lim Y. Quantitative Relationships Between the Cytotoxicity of Flavonoids on the Human Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells MCF7-SC and Their Structural Properties. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:496-508. [PMID: 25582302 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As some breast cancer-related deaths can be attributed to the metastasis of cancer stem cells, chemotherapeutic agents targeting breast cancer stem cells are of interest as a potential treatment. Flavonoids that exhibit cytotoxicity on breast cancer stem cells have rarely been observed. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure potential cytotoxic effects of 42 different flavonoids on the human breast cancer stem-like cell line, MCF7-SC. The relationship between flavonoid structural properties and cytotoxicity has not been reported previously; therefore, we determined quantitative structure-activity relationships using both comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity analysis. Further biological experiments including Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy were also conducted on the most cytotoxic 8-chloroflavanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryoung Jung
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Soon Young Shin
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Korea
| | - Yearam Jung
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Thao Anh Tran
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, 210-702, Korea
| | - Hye Ok Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Kang-Yeoun Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 136-714, Korea
| | - Dongsoo Koh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 136-714, Korea
| | - Somi Kim Cho
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, 210-702, Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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26
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Mortenson PN, Berdini V, O'Reilly M. Fragment-based approaches to the discovery of kinase inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 2014; 548:69-92. [PMID: 25399642 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397918-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most important families of drug targets, and aberrant kinase activity has been linked to a large number of disease areas. Although eminently targetable using small molecules, kinases present a number of challenges as drug targets, not least obtaining selectivity across such a large and relatively closely related target family. Fragment-based drug discovery involves screening simple, low-molecular weight compounds to generate initial hits against a target. These hits are then optimized to more potent compounds via medicinal chemistry, usually facilitated by structural biology. Here, we will present a number of recent examples of fragment-based approaches to the discovery of kinase inhibitors, detailing the construction of fragment-screening libraries, the identification and validation of fragment hits, and their optimization into potent and selective lead compounds. The advantages of fragment-based methodologies will be discussed, along with some of the challenges associated with using this route. Finally, we will present a number of key lessons derived both from our own experience running fragment screens against kinases and from a large number of published studies.
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27
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Macdonald J, Oldfield V, Bavetsias V, Blagg J. Regioselective C2-arylation of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2335-47. [PMID: 23429655 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27477b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show that N3-MEM-protected imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines undergo efficient C2-functionalisation via direct C-H arylation. Twenty-two substituted imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines are prepared and iterative, selective elaboration of functionalised imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines gives 2,7- and 2,6-disubstituted derivatives in good yields from common intermediates. Mechanistic observations are consistent with a concerted-metallation-deprotonation mechanism facilitated by coordination of copper(I)iodide to the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Macdonald
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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