1
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Niu ZX, Hu J, Sun JF, Wang YT. Fluorine in the pharmaceutical industry: Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved fluorine-enriched anti-infectious medications. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116446. [PMID: 38678824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The strategic integration of fluorine atoms into anti-infectious agents has become a cornerstone in the field of medicinal chemistry, owing to the unique influence of fluorine on the chemical and biological properties of pharmaceuticals. This review examines the synthetic methodologies that enable the incorporation of fluorine into anti-infectious drugs, and the resultant clinical applications of these fluorine-enriched compounds. With a focus on clinically approved medications, the discussion extends to the molecular mechanisms. It further outlines the specific effects of fluorination, which contribute to the heightened efficacy of anti-infective therapies. By presenting a comprehensive analysis of current drugs and their developmental pathways, this review underscores the continuing evolution and significance of fluorine in advancing anti-infectious treatment options. The insights offered extend valuable guidance for future drug design and the development of next-generation anti-infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xi Niu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin,133002, China.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Wei W, Xu Q, Wu L, Gong G, Tian Y, Huang H, Li Z. Drug development and potential targets for Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116333. [PMID: 38569434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a complex disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of cortisol, with Cushing's disease (CD), particularly associated with pituitary tumors, exhibiting heightened morbidity and mortality. Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) stands as the primary treatment for CD, there is a crucial need to optimize patient prognosis. Current medical therapy serves as an adjunctive measure due to its unsatisfactory efficacy and unpredictable side effects. In this comprehensive review, we delve into recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of CS and explore therapeutic options by conducting a critical analysis of potential drug targets and candidates. Additionally, we provide an overview of the design strategy employed in previously reported candidates, along with a summary of structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses and their biological efficacy. This review aims to contribute valuable insights to the evolving landscape of CS research, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Liuyi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangyue Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yucheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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3
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Pivonello R, Simeoli C, Paola ND, Larocca A, Crescenzo EM, Colao A. Osilodrostat: A Novel Potent Inhibitor of 11-Beta-Hydroxylase for the Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome. TOUCHREVIEWS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2024; 20:43-51. [PMID: 38812665 PMCID: PMC11132648 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2024.20.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Osilodrostat is a novel potent oral steroidogenesis inhibitor with a non-steroidal chemical structure, recently approved for the treatment of adult patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome, and Cushing's disease not cured bytab pituitary surgery or in whom pituitary surgery is not an option. Osilodrostat has been evaluated in different multicentre phase II and III clinical studies, and has shown to have notable effects, such as significant reductions in cortisol secretion, associated with significant improvement in body weight, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, psychological status and quality of life. The favourable safety profile, combined with the relevant efficacy, could make osilodrostat suitable as medical treatment in several phases of the Cushing's syndrome treatment journey: before surgery, as preoperative treatment, or instead of surgery, in cases where surgery is not an option or refused, as first-line treatment; after surgery, in cases of persistent or recurrent disease, as second-line treatment; after second surgery or radiotherapy following pituitary surgery as bridging treatment waiting for the definitive disease control, as third-line treatment. Further real-world clinical experience data are needed to confirm the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Larocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Erminio Massimo Crescenzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinicae Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologiae Nutrizione, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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4
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Yin C, Zhang R, Pan Y, Gao S, Ding X, Bai ST, Lang Q, Zhang X. PPM Ir-f-phamidol-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of γ-Amino Ketones Followed by Stereoselective Cyclization for Construction of Chiral 2-Aryl-pyrrolidine Pharmacophores. J Org Chem 2024; 89:527-533. [PMID: 38095905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysts with a million turnovers and excellent selectivity are rarely reported but are crucial for the industrial manufacture of optical pure pharmaceuticals, natural products, and fine chemicals. In this paper, we report an unprecedented aninoic Ir-f-phamidol catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation of γ-amino ketones followed by stereoselective cyclization for construction of valuable chiral 2-aryl-pyrrolidine pharmacophores. The Ir-f-phamidol catalyst showed up to 1,000,000 TON and >99% ee, as well as excellent tolerance of substrates and protecting groups, providing various chiral amino alcohol intermediates. Upon optimization of the conditions, the stereoselective cyclization reaction was highly smooth and efficient (quantitative conversions, 92 to >99% ee). Finally, this solution was applied in the preparation of high-value chiral entities containing such chiral 2-aryl-pyrrolidine pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Research Center of Green Pharmaceutical Technology and Process, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Runtong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Carbon-Neutrality Catalysis and Engineering and Institute of Carbon-Neutral Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingmin Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaobing Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao-Tao Bai
- Center for Carbon-Neutrality Catalysis and Engineering and Institute of Carbon-Neutral Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiwei Lang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Medi-X PingShan, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Maier P, Heinze B, Gabor S, Reese S, Hahner S, Schirbel A. Fluorinated aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2)-inhibitors for differential diagnosis between bilateral and unilateral conditions of primary aldosteronism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129501. [PMID: 37804995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is specifically expressed in aldosterone-producing tissue of the adrenal cortex and is overexpressed in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA). It therefore represents an ideal target for molecular imaging, particularly for the differential diagnosis between bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral APA in primary aldosteronism. However, the presence of the cortisol-producing enzyme 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) in the adrenal cortex remains very challenging owing to its high homology to CYP11B2. Within this study, we efficiently synthesized a variety of disubstituted fluorinated pyridines and pyrazines by Suzuki coupling reactions. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in transfected Y1 cells and in NCI-h295 cells. Several compounds were found to exhibit excellent affinity (IC50 < 10 nM) to CYP11B2 as well as strong selectivity (up to 125-fold) over CYP11B1. These findings support the further development of an analogous 18F-labelled PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Maier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; University Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University (OvGU), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Britta Heinze
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Gabor
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samario Reese
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Concepción-Zavaleta MJ, Armas CD, Quiroz-Aldave JE, García-Villasante EJ, Gariza-Solano AC, Durand-Vásquez MDC, Concepción-Urteaga LA, Zavaleta-Gutiérrez FE. Cushing disease in pediatrics: an update. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 28:87-97. [PMID: 37401055 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2346074.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushing disease (CD) is the main cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) and is produced by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenoma. Its relevance in pediatrics is due to the retardation of both growth and developmental processes because of hypercortisolism. In childhood, the main features of CS are facial changes, rapid or exaggerated weight gain, hirsutism, virilization, and acne. Endogenous hypercortisolism should be established after exogenous CS has been ruled out based on 24-hour urinary free cortisol, midnight serum or salivary cortisol, and dexamethasone suppression test; after that, ACTH dependence should be established. The diagnosis should be confirmed by pathology. The goal of treatment is to normalize cortisol level and reverse the signs and symptoms. Treatment options include surgery, medication, radiotherapy, or combined therapy. CD represents a challenge for physicians owing to its multiple associated conditions involving growth and pubertal development; thus, it is important to achieve an early diagnosis and treatment in order to control hypercortisolism and improve the prognosis. Its rarity in pediatric patients has led physicians to have limited experience in its management. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the current knowledge about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of CD in the pediatric population.
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7
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Perosevic M, Tritos NA. Clinical Utility of Osilodrostat in Cushing's Disease: Review of Currently Available Literature. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:1303-1312. [PMID: 37143705 PMCID: PMC10151255 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s315359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by endogenous hypercortisolism as a result of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion from a pituitary tumor. The condition is associated with multiple comorbidities and increased mortality. First-line therapy for CD is pituitary surgery, performed by an experienced pituitary neurosurgeon. Hypercortisolism may often persist or recur after initial surgery. Patients with persistent or recurrent CD will generally benefit from medical therapy, often administered to patients who underwent radiation therapy to the sella and are awaiting its salutary effects. There are three groups of medications directed against CD, including pituitary-targeted medications that inhibit ACTH secretion from tumorous corticotroph cells, adrenally-directed medications that inhibit adrenal steroidogenesis and a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist. The focus of this review is osilodrostat, a steroidogenesis inhibitor. Osilodrostat (LCI699) was initially developed to lower serum aldosterone levels and control hypertension. However, it was soon realized that osilodrostat also inhibits 11-beta hydroxylase (CYP11B1), leading to a reduction in serum cortisol levels. The focus of drug development then shifted from treatment of hypertension to treatment of hypercortisolism in CD. In a series of studies (LINC 1 through 4), osilodrostat was shown to be effective in normalizing 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC) in the majority of treated patients and was approved for patients with CD who have failed surgery or are not surgical candidates. Further study is needed to examine the role of combination therapy as well as long-term outcomes of treated patients. Osilodrostat was shown to have an overall good safety profile. Most common adverse effects include nausea, headache, fatigue, arthralgias, dizziness, prolonged QTc interval, hypokalemia. In females, the drug can cause hirsutism and acne. Osilodrostat is administered twice daily, making it a good choice for patients with difficulty adhering to more complex regimens. Osilodrostat has an important, albeit adjunctive, role in the management of patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Perosevic
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, South Shore Hospital, South Weymouth, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Tritos
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Lysenko V, Portiankin A, Shvydenko T, Shvydenko K, Shishkina S, Kostyuk A. Synthesis and functionalization of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2188221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Lysenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton Portiankin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Shvydenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn Shvydenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Shishkina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandr Kostyuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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9
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Loomis CL, Brixius-Anderko S, Scott EE. Redox partner adrenodoxin alters cytochrome P450 11B1 ligand binding and inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111934. [PMID: 35952394 PMCID: PMC9907956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 11B1 (CYP11B1) generation of the major glucocorticoid cortisol requires two electrons delivered sequentially by the iron‑sulfur protein adrenodoxin. While the expected adrenodoxin binding site is on the opposite side of the heme and 15-20 Å away, evidence is provided that adrenodoxin allosterically impacts CYP11B1 ligand binding and catalysis. The presence of adrenodoxin both decreases the dissociation constant (Kd) for substrate binding and increases the proportion of substrate that is bound at saturation. Adrenodoxin additionally decreases the Michaelis-Menten constant for the native substrate. Similar studies with several inhibitors also demonstrate the ability of adrenodoxin to modulate inhibition (IC50 values). Somewhat similar allosterism has recently been observed for the closely related CYP11B2/aldosterone synthase, but there are several marked differences in adrenodoxin effects on the two CYP11B enzymes. Comparison of the sequences and structures of these two CYP11B enzymes helps identify regions likely responsible for the functional differences. The allosteric effects of adrenodoxin on CYP11B enzymes underscore the importance of considering P450/redox partner interactions when evaluating new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Loomis
- Departments of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Emily E Scott
- Departments of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Gu J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, You Q, Wang L. A decade of approved first-in-class small molecule orphan drugs: Achievements, challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114742. [PMID: 36155354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade (2011-2020), there was a growing interest in the discovery and development of orphan drugs for the treatment of rare diseases. However, rare diseases only account for a population of 0.65‰-1‰ which usually occur with previously unknown biological mechanisms and lack of specific therapeutics, thus to increase the demands for the first-in-class (FIC) drugs with new biological targets or mechanisms. Considering the achievements in the past 10 years, a total of 410 drugs were approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which contained 151 FIC drugs and 184 orphan drugs, contributing to make up significant numbers of the approvals. Notably, more than 50% of FIC drugs are developed as orphan drugs and some of them have already been milestones in drug development. In this review, we aim to discuss the FIC small molecules for the development of orphan drugs case by case and highlight the R&D strategy with novel targets and scientific breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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11
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff EL, Fink SJ, Mahapatra S, Carney DW, Lindsey EA, DeForest JC, France SP, Berritt S, Bigi-Botterill SV, Gibson TS, Watson RB, Liu Y, O'Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2020. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9607-9661. [PMID: 35833579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced to the market are privileged structures that have affinities for biological targets implicated in human diseases and conditions. These new chemical entities (NCEs), particularly small molecules and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), provide insight into molecular recognition and simultaneously function as leads for the design of future medicines. This Review is part of a continuing series presenting the most likely process-scale synthetic approaches to 44 new chemical entities approved for the first time anywhere in the world during 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Flick
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A Leverett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma L McInturff
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erick A Lindsey
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Tony S Gibson
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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12
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Martino M, Aboud N, Lucchetti B, Salvio G, Arnaldi G. Osilodrostat oral tablets for adults with Cushing's disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:99-109. [PMID: 35220871 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2044789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare, multi-systemic condition resulting from chronic glucocorticoid excess sustained by a pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease, CD), an adrenal adenoma or, less frequently, a neuroendocrine tumor. The optimal first-line option is surgery, but when it is contraindicated/refused, or in case of severe, life-threatening disease, medical treatment is a first-line choice. Osilodrostat (LCI699, Isturisa®) is a new, orally active adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor currently approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of endogenous CS. AREAS COVERED We illustrate the pharmacologic profile of osilodrostat and summarize the efficacy and safety of osilodrostat from the first phase I studies to the most recent evidence. EXPERT OPINION Osilodrostat acts as a potent, reversible inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and 18-hydroxylase (or aldosterone synthase, CYP11B2), counteracting both gluco- and mineralocorticoid production. According to the results of the LINC1, LINC2, and LINC3 studies and the preliminary findings of LINC4, osilodrostat offers an excellent efficacy in controlling hypercortisolism with a good tolerability. The non-negligible risk of adrenal insufficiency/steroid withdrawal symptoms, hypokalemia, and hyperandrogenism disorders, and the possibility, albeit rare, of pituitary tumor enlargement, require further confirmation and careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nairus Aboud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Lucchetti
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Salvio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arnaldi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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13
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Lv Y, Luo G, Liu Q, Jin Z, Zhang X, Chi YR. Catalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral benzonitriles via chirality control during bond dissociation and CN group formation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:36. [PMID: 35013312 PMCID: PMC8748609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of axially chiral benzonitriles and their derivatives remain mostly unexplored due to their synthetic difficulties. Here we disclose an unusual strategy for atroposelective access to benzonitriles via formation of the nitrile unit on biaryl scaffolds pre-installed with stereogenic axes in racemic forms. Our method starts with racemic 2-arylbenzaldehydes and sulfonamides as the substrates and N-heterocyclic carbenes as the organocatalysts to afford axially chiral benzonitriles in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities. DFT calculations suggest that the loss of p-toluenesulfinate group is both the rate-determining and stereo-determining step. The axial chirality is controlled during the bond dissociation and CN group formation. The reaction features a dynamic kinetic resolution process modulated by both covalent and non-covalent catalytic interactions. The axially chiral benzonitriles from our method can be easily converted to a large set of functional molecules that show promising catalytic activities for chemical syntheses and anti-bacterial activities for plant protections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lv
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guoyong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138632, Singapore.
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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14
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Yu Y, Liu A, Dhawan G, Mei H, Zhang W, Izawa K, Soloshonok VA, Han J. Fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals approved by the FDA in 2020: Synthesis and biological activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Wu J, Ding X, Tan X. A patent review of aldosterone synthase inhibitors (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:13-28. [PMID: 34365871 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1965991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aldosterone synthase (AS) is a key enzyme involved in the final three rate-limiting steps of the biosynthesis pathway of aldosterone, and its inhibition has been considered as an effective strategy to treat hypertension, heart failure, and related cardio-metabolic diseases. AREA COVERED This review provides an update on the discovery and development of aldosterone synthase inhibitors by means of patents published between January 2014 and March 2021. The molecules are classified by pharmaceutical company with progress that has been made in clinical trials being highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) and aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASI) represent two of the main approaches for the blockade of aldosterone. Clinical success, as well as foreseen side effects of steroidal MRAs, prompted the discovery and development of ASI. Since the observation of decreased cortisol levels in clinical trials for LCI699, subsequent efforts have been largely focused on improving its selectivity over hCYP11B1. Candidates with improved potency and selectivity are under investigation across a wide range of indications. Whether ASI will provide an additional therapeutic advantage over current safe and selective non-steroidal MRAs is highly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
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16
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Brixius-Anderko S, Scott EE. Aldosterone Synthase Structure With Cushing Disease Drug LCI699 Highlights Avenues for Selective CYP11B Drug Design. Hypertension 2021; 78:751-759. [PMID: 34247511 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily E Scott
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (S.B.-A., E.E.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Pharmacology (E.E.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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17
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of Cushing's disease (CD) has been advanced well with the introduction of treatment options like transsphenoidal surgery, radiosurgery, bilateral adrenalectomy, and various classes of medication; however, many patients still fail to achieve disease remission. Osilodrostat, an orally bioavailable adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor, was approved in the USA and EU in 2020 for the treatment of CD. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of Cushing's disease and the newly FDA approved 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor, osilodrostat, for CD with a focus on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy data, and phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Osilodrostat has proven clinical efficacy and tolerability in phase 2 and 3 trials with CD patients who had an inadequate or reoccurring response to transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) and conventional first-line treatment. The phase 3 trial (LINC3) had 86% of the treatment group respond with normal urinary free cortisol (UFC) level compared to 29% in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Deemed as well-tolerated in all current pivotal trials, oral osilodrostat provides a noninvasive option for patients who cannot undergo surgery or patients who have reoccurring hypercortisolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Rasool
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian W Skinner
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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18
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New drug approvals for 2020: Synthesis and clinical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113284. [PMID: 33611190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
53 New drugs including 38 chemical entities and 15 biologics were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during 2020. Among the marketed drugs, 34 new small molecule drugs and 4 new diagnostic agents with privileged structures and novel clinical applications represent as promising leads for the development of new drugs with the similar indications and improved therapeutic efficacy. This review is mainly focused on the clinical applications and synthetic methods of 34 small-molecule drugs newly approved by the FDA in 2020.
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19
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Liu Y, Wu J, Zhou M, Chen W, Li D, Wang Z, Hornsperger B, Aebi JD, Märki HP, Kuhn B, Wang L, Kuglstatter A, Benz J, Müller S, Hochstrasser R, Ottaviani G, Xin J, Kirchner S, Mohr S, Verry P, Riboulet W, Shen HC, Mayweg AV, Amrein K, Tan X. Discovery of 3-Pyridyl Isoindolin-1-one Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6876-6897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Pivonello R, Ferrigno R, De Martino MC, Simeoli C, Di Paola N, Pivonello C, Barba L, Negri M, De Angelis C, Colao A. Medical Treatment of Cushing's Disease: An Overview of the Current and Recent Clinical Trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:648. [PMID: 33363514 PMCID: PMC7753248 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD) is a serious endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hypercortisolism, or Cushing's syndrome (CS), caused by a corticotroph pituitary tumor, which induces an excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and consequently cortisol secretion. CD presents a severe clinical burden, with impairment of the quality of life and increase in mortality. Pituitary surgery represents the first-line therapy, but it is non-curative in one third of patients, requiring additional treatments. Among second-line treatments, medical therapy is gradually gaining importance, although the current medical treatments are unable to reach optimal efficacy and safety profile. Therefore, new drugs and new formulations of presently available drugs are currently under clinical investigation in international clinical trials, in order to assess their efficacy and safety in CD, or in the general population of CS. Among pituitary-directed agents, pasireotide, in the twice-daily subcutaneous formulation, has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment both in clinical trials and in real-world studies, and extension studies of the phase II and III clinical trials reported evidence of long-term efficacy with general good safety profile, although associated with frequent hyperglycemia, which requires monitoring of glucose metabolism. Moreover, the most recent once-monthly intramuscular formulation, pasireotide long-acting release (LAR), showed similar efficacy and safety, but associated with potential better compliance profile in CD. Roscovitine is an experimental drug currently under investigation. Among adrenal-directed agents, metyrapone is the only historical agent currently under investigation in a prospective, multicenter, international clinical trial, that would likely clarify its efficacy and safety in a large population of patients with CS. Osilodrostat, a novel agent with a mechanism of action similar to metyrapone, seems to offer a rapid, sustained, and effective disease control of CD, according to recently completed clinical trials, whereas levoketoconazole, a different chemical formulation of the historical agent ketoconazole, is still under investigation in clinical trials, with preliminary evidences showing an effective and safe control of CS. ATR-101 is an experimental drug currently under investigation. Among glucocorticoid receptor-directed drugs, mifepristone has been demonstrated to improve clinical syndrome and comorbidities, especially hypertension and impairment of glucose metabolism, but the occurrence of hypokalemia and in women uterine disorders, due to the concomitant action on progestin receptor, requires caution, whereas the preliminary evidence on relacorilant, characterized by high selectivity for glucocorticoid receptor, suggested good efficacy in the control of hypertension and impairment of glucose metabolism, as well as a good safety profile, in CS. Finally, a limited experience has demonstrated that combination therapy might be an interesting approach in the management of CD. The current review provides a summary of the available evidences from current and recent clinical trials on CD, with a specific focus on preliminary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Livia Barba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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21
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Sparks SM, Danger DP, Hoekstra WJ, Leesnitzer T, Schotzinger RJ, Yates CM, Becherer JD. Development of Highly Selective Pyrimidine-Based Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1056-1060. [PMID: 31312408 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess aldosterone production and signaling are primary contributors to numerous cardiovascular disorders including primary aldosteronism and resistant hypertension. Recently, inhibition of aldosterone synthesis via the enzyme aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has been pursued to ameliorate the negative effects of elevated aldosterone. Herein, we report the development of aldosterone synthase inhibitors using a pyrimidine-based metal binding group leading to the highly selective CYP11B2 inhibitor 22. Superior selectivity combined with robust pharmacokinetics afforded highly selective in vivo aldosterone suppression in a monkey model of adrenal steroidogenesis, demonstrating the potential for selective aldosterone lowering in humans with pyrimidine 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Sparks
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Dana P. Danger
- OpAns, 4134 South Alston Avenue, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - William J. Hoekstra
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Tony Leesnitzer
- OpAns, 4134 South Alston Avenue, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Robert J. Schotzinger
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Christopher M. Yates
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - J. David Becherer
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
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22
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Lipson VV, Pavlovska TL, Svetlichnaya NV, Poryvai AA, Gorobets NY, Van der Eycken EV, Konovalova IS, Shiskina SV, Borisov AV, Musatov VI, Mazepa AV. Novel (2-amino-4-arylimidazolyl)propanoic acids and pyrrolo[1,2- c]imidazoles via the domino reactions of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with carbonyl and methylene active compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1032-1045. [PMID: 31164941 PMCID: PMC6541323 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The unexpectedly uncatalyzed reaction between 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles, aromatic aldehydes and Meldrum’s acid has selectively led to the corresponding Knoevenagel–Michael adducts containing a free amino group in the imidazole fragment. The adducts derived from Meldrum’s acid have been smoothly converted into 1,7-diaryl-3-amino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-ones and 3-(2-amino-4-aryl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-3-arylpropanoic acids. The interaction of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with aromatic aldehydes or isatins and acyclic methylene active compounds has led to the formation of pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole-6-carbonitriles, pyrrolo[1,2-с]imidazole-6-carboxylates and spiro[indoline-3,7'-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles], which can be considered as the analogues of both 3,3’-spirooxindole and 2-aminoimidazole marine sponge alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Lipson
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61074, Ukraine.,Antidiabetic Drug Laboratory, SI "V.Ya. Danilevsky Institute for Endocrine Pathology Problems", Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 10, Alchevskih St., Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana L Pavlovska
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61074, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya V Svetlichnaya
- Antidiabetic Drug Laboratory, SI "V.Ya. Danilevsky Institute for Endocrine Pathology Problems", Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 10, Alchevskih St., Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine
| | - Anna A Poryvai
- Chemistry Department, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine
| | - Nikolay Yu Gorobets
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61074, Ukraine
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Irina S Konovalova
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61074, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana V Shiskina
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61074, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine
| | | | - Vladimir I Musatov
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61074, Ukraine
| | - Alexander V Mazepa
- A.V. Bogatsky physico-chemical institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 86, Lustdorfskaya doroga, 65080, Odessa, Ukraine
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23
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. However, excess aldosterone can be deleterious as a driver of inflammation, vascular remodeling and tissue fibrosis associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists are current clinical therapies used to antagonize deleterious effects of aldosterone in patients. MRAs compete with aldosterone for binding at its cognate receptor thereby limiting its effect while RAS antagonists reduce aldosterone levels indirectly by blocking the stimulatory effect of angiotensin. Both MRAs and RAS antagonists can result in incomplete inhibition of the harmful effects of excess aldosterone. Aldosterone synthase (AS) inhibitors (ASI) attenuate the production of aldosterone directly and have been proposed as an alternative to MRAs and RAS blockers. Cortisol synthase (CS) is an enzyme closely related to AS and responsible for generating the important glucocorticoid cortisol, required for maintaining critical metabolic and immune responses. The importance of selectivity against CS is shown by early examples of ASIs that were only modestly selective and as such, attenuated cortisol responses when evaluated in patients. Recently, next-generation, highly selective ASIs have been described and are presently being evaluated in the clinic as an alternative to angiotensin and MR antagonists for cardiometabolic disease. Herein we provide a brief review of the challenges associated with discovery of selective ASIs and the transition from the early compounds that paved the way toward the next-generation of highly selective ASIs currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Weldon
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States.
| | - Nicholas F Brown
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
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24
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Akram M, Waratchareeyakul W, Haupenthal J, Hartmann RW, Schuster D. Pharmacophore Modeling and in Silico/in Vitro Screening for Human Cytochrome P450 11B1 and Cytochrome P450 11B2 Inhibitors. Front Chem 2017; 5:104. [PMID: 29312923 PMCID: PMC5742115 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol synthase (CYP11B1) is the main enzyme for the endogenous synthesis of cortisol and its inhibition is a potential way for the treatment of diseases associated with increased cortisol levels, such as Cushing's syndrome, metabolic diseases, and delayed wound healing. Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is the key enzyme for aldosterone biosynthesis and its inhibition is a promising approach for the treatment of congestive heart failure, cardiac fibrosis, and certain forms of hypertension. Both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 are structurally very similar and expressed in the adrenal cortex. To facilitate the identification of novel inhibitors of these enzymes, ligand-based pharmacophore models of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 inhibition were developed. A virtual screening of the SPECS database was performed with our pharmacophore queries. Biological evaluation of the selected hits lead to the discovery of three potent novel inhibitors of both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in the submicromolar range (compounds 8–10), one selective CYP11B1 inhibitor (Compound 11, IC50 = 2.5 μM), and one selective CYP11B2 inhibitor (compound 12, IC50 = 1.1 μM), respectively. The overall success rate of this prospective virtual screening experiment is 20.8% indicating good predictive power of the pharmacophore models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Institute of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Watcharee Waratchareeyakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University, Chanthaburi, Thailand
| | - Joerg Haupenthal
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Hoyt SB, Taylor J, London C, Ali A, Ujjainwalla F, Tata J, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Clemas J, Zhou G, MacNeil D, Duffy R, Xiong Y. Discovery of indazole aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors as potential treatments for hypertension. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2384-2388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Petrilli WL, Hoyt SB, London C, McMasters D, Verras A, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Chen Q, Li Y, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Knemeyer I, Karanam B, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Shipley CA, MacNeil DJ, Duffy R, Tata JR, Ujjainwalla F, Ali A, Xiong Y. Discovery of Spirocyclic Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors as Potential Treatments for Resistant Hypertension. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:128-132. [PMID: 28105288 PMCID: PMC5238464 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery and hit-to-lead optimization of a series of spirocyclic piperidine aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors. Compounds from this series display potent CYP11B2 inhibition, good selectivity versus related CYP enzymes, and lead-like physical and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L. Petrilli
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott B. Hoyt
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bindhu Karanam
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph Clemas
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carrie Ann Shipley
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Douglas J. MacNeil
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ruth Duffy
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James R. Tata
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feroze Ujjainwalla
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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27
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Imidazopyridyl compounds as aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:143-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Weldon SM, Cerny MA, Gueneva-Boucheva K, Cogan D, Guo X, Moss N, Parmentier JH, Richman JR, Reinhart GA, Brown NF. Selectivity of BI 689648, a Novel, Highly Selective Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitor: Comparison with FAD286 and LCI699 in Nonhuman Primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 359:142-50. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Ma L, Yin L, Hu Q. Therapeutic compounds for Cushing's syndrome: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1307-1323. [PMID: 27454103 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1217331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a set of disorders caused by chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids induced by neuroendocrine tumors in pituitary, adrenals, and infrequently other sites (ectopic ACTH syndrome). Due to various comorbidities, CS patients exhibit higher risks of cardiovascular diseases and thus increased mortality. Pharmaceutical therapy is an important constituent of treatment regimen. Areas covered: Patents published since 2012 are reviewed, which claim therapeutic compounds interfering with ACTH secretion and down-stream signal transduction, inhibiting cortisol biosynthesis and antagonizing glucocorticoid receptors. Advances focus on a) new analogues with improved efficacy and PK properties or less off-target toxicity; b) existing drugs (candidates) being repurposed to treat CS; and c) novel strategies such as selective inhibition of CYP11B1. Expert opinion: New compounds against established targets need to be developed because current drugs lack selectivity leading to off-target toxicity. Selective inhibition of CYP11B1 is a novel alternative strategy and is potentially versatile in controlling all types of hypercortisolism. Selective multi-targeting enzymes in steroidogenesis network is promising due to potential synergistic effects. However, doses toward each targets are not feasible to adjust because the corresponding intrinsic potencies are rigid. Targeting PRKACA mutations is promising in treating CS caused by adrenal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- a College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China PR
| | | | - Qingzhong Hu
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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30
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Gobbi S, Hu Q, Zimmer C, Belluti F, Rampa A, Hartmann RW, Bisi A. Targeting Steroidogenic Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) with 6-Substituted 1-Imidazolylmethylxanthones. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1770-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Universitätscampus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Christina Zimmer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Universitätscampus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Universitätscampus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
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31
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Papillon JPN, Lou C, Singh AK, Adams CM, Ksander GM, Beil ME, Chen W, Leung-Chu J, Fu F, Gan L, Hu CW, Jeng AY, LaSala D, Liang G, Rigel DF, Russell KS, Vest JA, Watson C. Discovery of N-[5-(6-Chloro-3-cyano-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)-pyridin-3-ylmethyl]-ethanesulfonamide, a Cortisol-Sparing CYP11B2 Inhibitor that Lowers Aldosterone in Human Subjects. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9382-94. [PMID: 26540564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical studies conducted with LCI699 established aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibition as a promising novel mechanism to lower arterial blood pressure. However, LCI699's low CYP11B1/CYP11B2 selectivity resulted in blunting of adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated cortisol secretion. This property of LCI699 prompted its development in Cushing's disease, but limited more extensive clinical studies in hypertensive populations, and provided an impetus for the search for cortisol-sparing CYP11B2 inhibitors. This paper summarizes the discovery, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic data in preclinical species and human subjects of the selective CYP11B2 inhibitor 8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Beil
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Jennifer Leung-Chu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y Jeng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | | | - Dean F Rigel
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
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32
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Hoyt SB, Petrilli W, London C, Liang GB, Tata J, Hu Q, Yin L, van Koppen CJ, Hartmann RW, Struthers M, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Cai TQ, Stribling S, Pai LY, Ma X, Metzger J, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Buist N, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Maxwell CA, Lassman M, McLaughlin T, Castro-Perez J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Xiong Y. Discovery of Triazole CYP11B2 Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Rhesus Monkeys. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:861-5. [PMID: 26288685 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hit-to-lead efforts resulted in the discovery of compound 19, a potent CYP11B2 inhibitor that displays high selectivity vs related CYPs, good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and rhesus, and lead-like physical properties. In a rhesus pharmacodynamic model, compound 19 displays robust, dose-dependent aldosterone lowering efficacy, with no apparent effect on cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Hoyt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Whitney Petrilli
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jim Tata
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Yin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tom Wisniewski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sloan Stribling
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Metzger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Clemas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Mike Lassman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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33
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Papillon JPN, Adams CM, Hu QY, Lou C, Singh AK, Zhang C, Carvalho J, Rajan S, Amaral A, Beil ME, Fu F, Gangl E, Hu CW, Jeng AY, LaSala D, Liang G, Logman M, Maniara WM, Rigel DF, Smith SA, Ksander GM. Structure–Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Activity of CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4749-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien P. N. Papillon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Changgang Lou
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alok K. Singh
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jose Carvalho
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Srinivan Rajan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Adam Amaral
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael E. Beil
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Eric Gangl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y. Jeng
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Logman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wieslawa M. Maniara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Sherri A. Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary M. Ksander
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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34
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Hoyt SB, Park MK, London C, Xiong Y, Tata J, Bennett DJ, Cooke A, Cai J, Carswell E, Robinson J, MacLean J, Brown L, Belshaw S, Clarkson TR, Liu K, Liang GB, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Cai TQ, Stribling S, Pai LY, Ma X, Metzger J, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Buist N, Kuethe J, Rivera N, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Maxwell CA, Lassman M, McLaughlin T, Castro-Perez J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Ali A. Discovery of Benzimidazole CYP11B2 Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Rhesus Monkeys. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:573-8. [PMID: 26005536 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a benzimidazole series of CYP11B2 inhibitors. Hit-to-lead and lead optimization studies identified compounds such as 32, which displays potent CYP11B2 inhibition, high selectivity versus related CYP targets, and good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and rhesus. In a rhesus pharmacodynamic model, 32 produces dose-dependent aldosterone lowering efficacy, with no apparent effect on cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Hoyt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Min K. Park
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jim Tata
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Andrew Cooke
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaqiang Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Carswell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - John Robinson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - John MacLean
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Belshaw
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Clarkson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tom Wisniewski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sloan Stribling
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Metzger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeff Kuethe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nelo Rivera
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Clemas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Mike Lassman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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35
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Hu Q, Kunde J, Hanke N, Hartmann RW. Identification of 4-(4-nitro-2-phenethoxyphenyl)pyridine as a promising new lead for discovering inhibitors of both human and rat 11β-Hydroxylase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:139-50. [PMID: 25874338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of 11β-hydroxylase is a promising strategy for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, in particular for the recurrent and subclinical cases. To achieve proof of concept in rats, efforts were paid to identify novel lead compounds inhibiting both human and rat CYP11B1. Modifications on a potent promiscuous inhibitor of hCYP11B1, hCYP11B2 and hCYP19 (compound IV) that exhibited moderate rCYP11B1 inhibition led to compound 8 as a new promising lead compound. Significant improvements compared to starting point IV were achieved regarding inhibitory potency against both human and rat CYP11B1 (IC50 values of 2 and 163 nM, respectively) as well as selectivity over hCYP19 (IC50 = 1900 nM). Accordingly, compound 8 was around 7- and 28-fold more potent than metyrapone regarding the inhibition of human and rat CYP11B1 and exhibited a comparable selectivity over hCYP11B2 (SF of 3.5 vs 4.9). With further optimizations on this new lead compound 8, drug candidates with satisfying profiles are expected to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Kunde
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hanke
- Elexopharm GmbH, Campus A1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Discovery of new 7-substituted-4-imidazolylmethyl coumarins and 4′-substituted-2-imidazolyl acetophenones open analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of steroid-11β-hydroxylase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ménard J, Rigel DF, Watson C, Jeng AY, Fu F, Beil M, Liu J, Chen W, Hu CW, Leung-Chu J, LaSala D, Liang G, Rebello S, Zhang Y, Dole WP. Aldosterone synthase inhibition: cardiorenal protection in animal disease models and translation of hormonal effects to human subjects. J Transl Med 2014; 12:340. [PMID: 25491597 PMCID: PMC4301837 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aldosterone synthase inhibition provides the potential to attenuate both the mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent and independent actions of aldosterone. In vitro studies with recombinant human enzymes showed LCI699 to be a potent, reversible, competitive inhibitor of aldosterone synthase (Ki = 1.4 ± 0.2 nmol/L in humans) with relative selectivity over 11β-hydroxylase. Methods Hormonal effects of orally administered LCI699 were examined in rat and monkey in vivo models of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin-II-stimulated aldosterone release, and were compared with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone in a randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted in 99 healthy human subjects. The effects of LCI699 and eplerenone on cardiac and renal sequelae of aldosterone excess were investigated in a double-transgenic rat (dTG rat) model overexpressing human renin and angiotensinogen. Results Rat and monkey in vivo models of stimulated aldosterone release predicted human dose– and exposure–response relationships, but overestimated the selectivity of LCI699 in humans. In the dTG rat model, LCI699 dose-dependently blocked increases in aldosterone, prevented development of cardiac and renal functional abnormalities independent of blood pressure changes, and prolonged survival. Eplerenone prolonged survival to a similar extent, but was less effective in preventing cardiac and renal damage. In healthy human subjects, LCI699 0.5 mg selectively reduced plasma and 24 h urinary aldosterone by 49 ± 3% and 39 ± 6% respectively (Day 1, mean ± SEM; P < 0.001 vs placebo), which was associated with natriuresis and an increase in plasma renin activity. Doses of LCI699 greater than 1 mg inhibited basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol. Eplerenone 100 mg increased plasma and 24 h urinary aldosterone while stimulating natriuresis and increasing renin activity. In contrast to eplerenone, LCI699 increased the aldosterone precursor 11-deoxycorticosterone and urinary potassium excretion. Conclusions These results provide new insights into the cardiac and renal effects of inhibiting aldosterone synthase in experimental models and translation of the hormonal effects to humans. Selective inhibition of aldosterone synthase appears to be a promising approach to treat diseases associated with aldosterone excess. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0340-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Ménard
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine and INSERM/AP-HP Clinical Investigation Center, Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Dean F Rigel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Catherine Watson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Arco Y Jeng
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA. .,Current address: Golda Och Academy, 1418 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA.
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Michael Beil
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Jing Liu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Sam Rebello
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - William P Dole
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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