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Mu B, Gao Y, Yang F, Wu W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yu J, Zhou J. The Bifunctional Silyl Reagent Me
2
(CH
2
Cl)SiCF
3
Enables Highly Enantioselective Ketone Trifluoromethylation and Related Tandem Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208861. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo‐Shuai Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yang Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Fu‐Ming Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Wen‐Biao Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jin‐Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry CAS Shanghai 200032 China
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Mu BS, Gao Y, Yang FM, Wu WB, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yu JS, Zhou J. The Bifunctional Silyl Reagent Me2(CH2Cl)SiCF3 Enabled Highly Enantioselective Ketone Trifluoromethylation and Related Tandem Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Shuai Mu
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Yang Gao
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Fu-Ming Yang
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Ying Zhang
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Xin Wang
- Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- East China Normal University Department of chemistry CHINA
| | - Jian Zhou
- East China Normal University Department of Chemistry 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, , 200062 Shanghai CHINA
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Liang Y, Zhang T, Zhao J, Li C, Zou H, Li F, Zhang J, Ren L. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated alleviation of inflammation by berberine: in vitro, in silico and in vivo investigations. Food Funct 2021; 12:11974-11986. [PMID: 34747965 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a natural dietary ingredient, berberine possesses multiple biological activities including anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated alleviation of inflammation by berberine was investigated by a combination of in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches. The fluorescence polarization assay showed that berberine bound to GR with an IC50 value of 9.14 ± 0.16 pM. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation suggested that berberine bound stably to the active site of GR via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Berberine induced GR nuclear translocation but did not activate the glucocorticoid response element in HeLa cells. Furthermore, both gene and protein expressions of PEPCK were significantly attenuated by berberine in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, berberine downregulated CBG mRNA and protein levels without up-regulating TAT mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells, demonstrating its dissociated characteristics that could separate transrepression from transactivation. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of berberine were confirmed in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells and in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis, respectively. In conclusion, berberine might serve as a potential selective GR modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chenfei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Fangyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Zhang K, Rombach D, Nötel NY, Jeschke G, Katayev D. Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible-Light-Promoted C-O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22487-22495. [PMID: 34289531 PMCID: PMC8518413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild and operationally simple trifluoroacylation strategy of olefines, that utilizes trifluoroacetic anhydride as a low‐cost and readily available reagent. This light‐mediated process is fundamentally different from conventional methodologies and occurs through a trifluoroacyl radical mechanism promoted by a photocatalyst, which triggers a C−O bond fragmentation. Mechanistic studies (kinetic isotope effects, spectroelectrochemistry, optical spectroscopy, theoretical investigations) highlight the evidence of a fleeting CF3CO radical under photoredox conditions. The trifluoroacyl radical can be stabilized under CO atmosphere, delivering the trifluoroacetylation product with higher chemical efficiency. Furthermore, the method can be turned into a trifluoromethylation protocol by simply changing the reaction parameters. Beyond simple alkenes, this method allows for chemo‐ and regioselective functionalization of small‐molecule drugs and common pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible‐Light‐Promoted C–O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Motati DR, Amaradhi R, Ganesh T. Azaindole therapeutic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115830. [PMID: 33161343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Azaindole structural framework is an integral part of several biologically active natural and synthetic organic molecules; and several FDA approved drugs for various diseases. In the last decade, quite a number of literature reports appeared describing the pharmacology, biological activity and therapeutic applications of a variety of azaindole molecules. This prompted the organic and medicinal chemistry community to develop novel synthetic methods for various azaindoles and test them for a bioactivity against a variety of biological targets. Herein, we have summarized the biological activity of therapeutically advanced clinical candidates and several preclinical candidate drugs that contain azaindole structural moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Van Moortel L, Gevaert K, De Bosscher K. Improved Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands: Fantastic Beasts, but How to Find Them? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:559673. [PMID: 33071974 PMCID: PMC7541956 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.559673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous glucocorticoids are widely used in the clinic for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and hematological cancers. Unfortunately, their use is associated with debilitating side effects, including hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, mood swings, and weight gain. Despite the continued efforts of pharma as well as academia, the search for so-called selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs), compounds with strong anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties but a reduced number or level of side effects, has had limited success so far. Although monoclonal antibody therapies have been successfully introduced for the treatment of certain disorders (such as anti-TNF for rheumatoid arthritis), glucocorticoids remain the first-in-line option for many other chronic diseases including asthma, multiple sclerosis, and multiple myeloma. This perspective offers our opinion on why a continued search for SEGRMs remains highly relevant in an era where small molecules are sometimes unrightfully considered old-fashioned. Besides a discussion on which bottlenecks and pitfalls might have been overlooked in the past, we elaborate on potential solutions and recent developments that may push future research in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Moortel
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research (TNRR) Laboratory, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research (TNRR) Laboratory, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Karolien De Bosscher
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Harcken C, Scholl P, Nabozny G, Thomson D, Bianchi D. Clinical profile of the functionally selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist BI 653048 in healthy male subjects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:489-496. [PMID: 30908082 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1599859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An efficacious anti-inflammatory corticosteroid with reduced side effects has been long sought. We report the pooled results from three clinical proof-of-mechanism Phase I studies of BI 653048 in healthy subjects, a functionally selective, nonsteroidal glucocorticoid (GC). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Three Phase I trials were conducted: a single rising-dose study and a multiple rising-dose study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BI 653048, and a multiple parallel-arm-dose study with intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge to assess in vivo pharmacodynamics. The pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of BI 653048 and prednisolone were compared. RESULTS Treatment with 200 mg BI 653048 was associated with a reduced expression of IL1R2, ITGB3, and SDPR versus 20 mg prednisolone; comparable levels of FKBP5, ZBTB16, and DDIT4 expression were observed. Changes in C-peptide, glucose, insulin, and cortisol were moderate compared with prednisolone. A greater reduction of osteocalcin was observed with 200 mg BI 653048 versus 20 mg prednisolone. Comparable anti-inflammatory efficacy was demonstrated for 200 mg BI 653048 and 20 mg prednisolone. BI 653048 was well tolerated in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION BI 653048 demonstrated the desired anti-inflammatory effects of the nonsteroidal GC; however, the undesirable side-effect profile associated with GC steroids could not be disassociated from BI 653048. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT02217644, NCT02217631, and NCT02224105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harcken
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Paul Scholl
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Gerald Nabozny
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - David Thomson
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Ridgefield , CT , USA
| | - Daniel Bianchi
- a Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Ridgefield , CT , USA
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Whitcup SM, Cidlowski JA, Csaky KG, Ambati J. Pharmacology of Corticosteroids for Diabetic Macular Edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1-12. [PMID: 29297055 PMCID: PMC5961100 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for inflammatory diseases almost 80 years after their first clinical use. Topical ophthalmic formulations of corticosteroids have been available to treat disease of the anterior segment of the eye, but the approval of corticosteroids to treat vitreoretinal diseases, including vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema, and uveitis, has occurred only recently. Although most diseases respond to corticosteroid therapy, some patients are resistant to this therapy and side effects, including cataract and elevated intraocular pressure, can limit their use. The purpose of this review is to detail the basic science of corticosteroids focusing on differences in potency, drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, and gene activation, and how these differences affect safety and efficacy in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Methods A review was conducted of basic science and pharmacology of the corticosteroids used to treat diabetic macular edema. Results Clinically available corticosteroids not only have differing potency and pharmacokinetics, but also activate different genes in different target tissues. These differences are associated with distinct efficacy, pharmacokinetic, and safety profiles. It is important to understand these differences in selecting corticosteroids to treat diabetic macular edema. Conclusions Recent advances in our understanding of the basic science of corticosteroids can explain clinical differences in these agents regarding efficacy and safety. Importantly, this understanding should allow the future discovery of additional novel corticosteroids to treat diabetic macular edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Whitcup
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangular Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Karl G Csaky
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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10
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Ripa L, Edman K, Dearman M, Edenro G, Hendrickx R, Ullah V, Chang HF, Lepistö M, Chapman D, Geschwindner S, Wissler L, Svanberg P, Lawitz K, Malmberg J, Nikitidis A, Olsson RI, Bird J, Llinas A, Hegelund-Myrbäck T, Berger M, Thorne P, Harrison R, Köhler C, Drmota T. Discovery of a Novel Oral Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator (AZD9567) with Improved Side Effect Profile. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1785-1799. [PMID: 29424542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) are essential for the treatment of a broad range of inflammatory diseases. However, their use is limited by target related adverse effects on, e.g., glucose homeostasis and bone metabolism. Starting from a nonsteroidal GR ligand (4) that is a full agonist in reporter gene assays, we exploited key functional triggers within the receptor, generating a range of structurally diverse partial agonists. Of these, only a narrow subset exhibited full anti-inflammatory efficacy and a significantly reduced impact on adverse effect markers in human cell assays compared to prednisolone. This led to the discovery of AZD9567 (15) with excellent in vivo efficacy when dosed orally in a rat model of joint inflammation. Compound 15 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials comparing the efficacy and side effect markers with those of prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ripa
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Matthew Dearman
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Goran Edenro
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Ramon Hendrickx
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Victoria Ullah
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Matti Lepistö
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Dave Chapman
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Petter Svanberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | | | - Jesper Malmberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Antonios Nikitidis
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Roine I Olsson
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - James Bird
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Antoni Llinas
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Tove Hegelund-Myrbäck
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
| | - Markus Berger
- Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , Berlin 13353 , Germany
| | - Philip Thorne
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood , Bakewell Road , Loughborough , Leicestershire LE11 5RH , U.K
| | - Richard Harrison
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood , Bakewell Road , Loughborough , Leicestershire LE11 5RH , U.K
| | - Christian Köhler
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Tomas Drmota
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal 43183 , Sweden
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Bartko J, Derhaschnig U, Neels T, Nabozny GH, Harcken C, Leuschner J, De Vries F, Jilma B. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulation inhibits cytokine responses in a canine model of mild endotoxemia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:215-223. [PMID: 28923543 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRMs) promise to reduce adverse events of glucocorticoids while maintaining anti-inflammatory potency. The present study tested the anti-inflammatory activity of two novel non-steroidal GRMs (GRM1: BI 607812 BS, GRM2: BI 653048 BS*H3PO4) in comparison to prednisolone in a canine model of low dose endotoxemia. This study compared the anti-inflammatory and pharmacokinetic profile of escalating daily oral doses of GRM1 (1, 2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) and GRM2 (0.1, 0.25 and 1mg/kg) with prednisolone (0.25 and 0.5mg/kg) and placebo after intravenous infusion of endotoxin (0.1μg/kg) to Beagle dogs. This was followed by a 14-day evaluation study of safety and pharmacokinetics. Endotoxin challenge increased TNF-α ∼2000-fold and interleukin-6 (IL-6) 100-fold. Prednisolone and both GRMs suppressed peak TNF-α and IL-6 by 71-82% as compared with placebo. The highest doses of GRM1 and GRM2 reduced the mean body temperature increase by ∼30%. The endotoxin-induced rise in plasma cortisol was strongly suppressed in all treatment groups. Pharmacokinetics of both GRMs were non-linear. Adverse effects of endotoxemia such as vomiting were mitigated by GRM2 and prednisolone, indicating an antiemetic effect. During the 14-day treatment period, the adverse event profile of both GRMs appeared to be similar to prednisolone. Both GRMs had anti-inflammatory effects comparable to prednisolone and showed good safety profiles. Compounds targeting the glucocorticoid receptor selectively may provide an alternative to traditional glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bartko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulla Derhaschnig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tania Neels
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jost Leuschner
- LPT Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Latli B, Reeves JT, Tan Z, Hrapchak M, Song JJ, Busacca CB, Senanayake CH. Synthesis of two potent glucocorticoid receptor agonists labeled with carbon-14 and stable isotopes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:445-52. [PMID: 26391408 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two potent glucocorticoid receptor agonists were prepared labeled with carbon-14 and with stable isotopes to perform drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioanalytical studies. Carbon-14 labeled (1) was obtained from an enantiopure alkyne (5) via a Sonogashira coupling to a previously reported 5-amino-4-iodo-[2-(14)C]pyrimidine [(14)C]-(6), followed by a base-mediated cyclization (1) in 72% overall radiochemical yield. Carbon-14 labeled (2) was prepared in five steps employing a key benzoic acid intermediate [(14)C]-(13), which was synthesized in one pot from enolization of trifluoromethylketone (12), followed by bromine-magnesium exchange and then electrophile trapping reaction with [(14)C]-carbon dioxide. A chiral auxiliary (S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine was then coupled to this acid to give [(14)C]-(15). Propargylation and separation of diastereoisomers by crystallizations gave the desired diastereomer [(14)C]-(17) in 34% yield. Sonogashira coupling to iodopyridine (10) followed by cyclization to the azaindole [(14)C]-(18) and finally removal of the chiral auxiliary gave [(14)C]-(2) in 7% overall yield. For stable isotope syntheses, [(13)C6]-(1) was obtained in three steps using [(13)C4]-(6) and trimethylsilylacetylene-[(13)C2] in 26% yield, while [(2)H5]-(2) was obtained by first preparing the iodopyridine [(2)H5]-(10) in five steps. Then, Sonogashira coupling to chiral alkyne (24) and cyclization gave [(2)H5]-(2) in 42% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Latli
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan T Reeves
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Zhulin Tan
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Matt Hrapchak
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jinhua J Song
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Carl B Busacca
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Chris H Senanayake
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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Cazzola M, Coppola A, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Novel glucocorticoid receptor agonists in the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1473-82. [PMID: 26293110 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1078310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroids are the only drugs that effectively suppress the airway inflammation, but they can induce considerable systemic and adverse effects when they are administered chronically at high doses. Consequently, the pharmaceutical industry is still searching for newer entities with an improved therapeutic index. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review the research in the glucocorticoid field to identify ligands of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). These ligands preferentially induce transrepression with little or no transactivating activity, in order to have a potent anti-inflammatory action and a low side-effects profile. EXPERT OPINION Several agents have been synthesized, but few have been tested in experimental models of asthma. Furthermore, only three (BI-54903, GW870086X and AZD5423) have entered clinical development, although the development of at least one of them (BI-54903) was discontinued. The reason for the limited success so far obtained is that the model of transactivation versus transrepression is a too simplistic representation of GR activity. It is difficult to uncouple the therapeutic and harmful effects mediated by GR, but some useful information that might change the current perspective is appearing in the literature. The generation of gene expression 'fingerprints' produced by different GR agonists in target and off-target human tissues could be useful in identifying drug candidates with an improved therapeutic ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- a 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy.,b 2 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Respiratory Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy .,c 3 University Hospital Tor Vergata, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Coppola
- a 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy.,c 3 University Hospital Tor Vergata, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- a 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy.,c 3 University Hospital Tor Vergata, Division of Respiratory Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- d 4 Second University of Naples, Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine , Naples, Italy
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Luz JG, Carson MW, Condon B, Clawson D, Pustilnik A, Kohlman DT, Barr RJ, Bean JS, Dill MJ, Sindelar DK, Maletic M, Coghlan MJ. Indole Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Active in a Model of Dyslipidemia Act via a Unique Association with an Agonist Binding Site. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To further elucidate the structural activity correlation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonism, the crystal structure of the GR ligand-binding domain (GR LBD) complex with a nonsteroidal antagonist, compound 8, was determined. This novel indole sulfonamide shows in vitro activity comparable to known GR antagonists such as mifepristone, and notably, this molecule lowers LDL (-74%) and raises HDL (+73%) in a hamster model of dyslipidemia. This is the first reported crystal structure of the GR LBD bound to a nonsteroidal antagonist, and this article provides additional elements for the design and pharmacology of clinically relevant nonsteroidal GR antagonists that may have greater selectivity and fewer side effects than their steroidal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Luz
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Matthew W Carson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Bradley Condon
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - David Clawson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Daniel T Kohlman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Robert J Barr
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - James S Bean
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - M Joelle Dill
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Dana K Sindelar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
| | - Milan Maletic
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121 United States
| | - Michael J Coghlan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co. , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 United States
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