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Kowal-Chwast A, Gabor-Worwa E, Gaud N, Gogola D, Piątek A, Zarębski A, Littlewood P, Smoluch M, Brzózka K, Kuś K. Novel method of measurement of in vitro drug uptake in OATP1B3 overexpressing cells in the presence of dextran. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:400-415. [PMID: 38530582 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In predictions about hepatic clearance (CLH), a number of studies explored the role of albumin and transporters in drug uptake by liver cells, challenging the traditional free-drug theory. It was proposed that liver uptake can occur for transporter substrate compounds not only from the drug's unbound form but also directly from the drug-albumin complex, a phenomenon known as uptake facilitated by albumin. In contrast to albumin, dextran does not exhibit binding properties for compounds. However, as a result of its inherent capacity for stabilization, it is widely used to mimic conditions within cells. METHODS The uptake of eight known substrates of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) was assessed using a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), which stably overexpresses this transporter. An inert polymer, dextran, was used to simulate cellular conditions, and the results were compared with experiments involving human plasma and human serum albumin (HSA). RESULTS This study is the first to demonstrate that dextran increases compound uptake in cells with overexpression of the OATP1B3 transporter. Contrary to the common theory that highly protein-bound ligands interact with hepatocytes to increase drug uptake, the results indicate that dextran's interaction with test compounds does not significantly increase concentrations near the cell membrane surface. CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the effect of dextran on the uptake of known substrates using OATP1B3 overexpressed in the HEK293 cell line, and we suggest that its impact on drug concentrations in liver cells may differ from the traditional role of plasma proteins and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowal-Chwast
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Gabor-Worwa
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nilesh Gaud
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piątek
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Zarębski
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzózka
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Kuś
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
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2
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Orozco CC, Neuvonen M, Bi YA, Cerny MA, Mathialagan S, Tylaska L, Rago B, Costales C, King-Ahmad A, Niemi M, Rodrigues AD. Characterization of Bile Acid Sulfate Conjugates as Substrates of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37134201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug interactions involving the inhibition of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1 and OATP1B3 are considered important. Therefore, we sought to study various sulfated bile acids (BA-S) as potential clinical OATP1B1/3 biomarkers. It was determined that BA-S [e.g., glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-O-sulfate (GCDCA-S) and glycodeoxycholic acid 3-O-sulfate (GDCA-S)] are substrates of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and sodium-dependent taurocholic acid cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells, with minimal uptake evident for other solute carriers (SLCs) like OATP2B1, organic anion transporter 2, and organic cation transporter 1. It was also shown that BA-S uptake by plated human hepatocytes (PHH) was inhibited (≥96%) by a pan-SLC inhibitor (rifamycin SV), and there was greater inhibition (≥77% versus ≤12%) with rifampicin (OATP1B1/3-selective inhibitor) than a hepatitis B virus myristoylated-preS1 peptide (NTCP-selective inhibitor). Estrone 3-sulfate was also used as an OATP1B1-selective inhibitor. In this instance, greater inhibition was observed with GDCA-S (76%) than GCDCA-S (52%). The study was expanded to encompass the measurement of GCDCA-S and GDCA-S in plasma of SLCO1B1 genotyped subjects. The geometric mean GDCA-S concentration was 2.6-fold (90% confidence interval 1.6, 4.3; P = 2.1 × 10-4) and 1.3-fold (1.1, 1.7; P = 0.001) higher in individuals homozygous and heterozygous for the SLCO1B1 c.521T > C loss-of-function allele, respectively. For GCDCA-S, no significant difference was noted [1.2-fold (0.8, 1.7; P = 0.384) and 0.9-fold (0.8, 1.1; P = 0.190), respectively]. This supported the in vitro data indicating that GDCA-S is a more OATP1B1-selective substrate (versus GCDCA-S). It is concluded that GCDCA-S and GDCA-S are viable plasma-based OATP1B1/3 biomarkers, but they are both less OATP1B1-selective when compared to their corresponding 3-O-glucuronides (GCDCA-3G and GDCA-3G). Additional studies are needed to determine their utility versus more established biomarkers, such as coproporphyrin I, for assessing inhibitors with different OATP1B1 (versus OATP1B3) inhibition signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Orozco
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew A Cerny
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Laurie Tylaska
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian Rago
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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3
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Silveira AMR, Duarte GHB, Fernandes AMADP, Garcia PHD, Vieira NR, Antonio MA, Carvalho PDO. Serum Predose Metabolic Profiling for Prediction of Rosuvastatin Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Volunteers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:752960. [PMID: 34867363 PMCID: PMC8633954 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosuvastatin is a well-known lipid-lowering agent generally used for hypercholesterolemia treatment and coronary artery disease prevention. There is a substantial inter-individual variability in the absorption of statins usually caused by genetic polymorphisms leading to a variation in the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters, which may affect drug therapy safety and efficacy. Therefore, the investigation of metabolic markers associated with rosuvastatin inter-individual variability is exceedingly relevant for drug therapy optimization and minimizing side effects. This work describes the application of pharmacometabolomic strategies using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate endogenous plasma metabolites capable of predicting pharmacokinetic parameters in predose samples. First, a targeted method for the determination of plasma concentration levels of rosuvastatin was validated and applied to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters from 40 enrolled individuals; then, predose samples were analyzed using a metabolomic approach to search for associations between endogenous metabolites and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters. Data processing using machine learning revealed some candidates including sterols and bile acids, carboxylated metabolites, and lipids, suggesting the approach herein described as promising for personalized drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nelson Rogerio Vieira
- Integrated Unit of Pharmacology and Gastroenterology (UNIFAG), São Francisco University-USF, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Marcia Aparecida Antonio
- Integrated Unit of Pharmacology and Gastroenterology (UNIFAG), São Francisco University-USF, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Hussner J, Foletti A, Seibert I, Fuchs A, Schuler E, Malagnino V, Grube M, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. Differences in transport function of the human and rat orthologue of the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100418. [PMID: 34628357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The human drug transporter Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (hOATP)2B1 facilitates cellular uptake of its substrates. Various studies suggest that hOATP2B1 is involved in intestinal absorption, but preclinical evaluations performed in rodents do not support this. Thus, our study aimed to compare the expression and function of hOATP2B1 with its orthologue in rats (rOatp2b1). Even if the general expression pattern was comparable, the transporters exhibited substantial differences on functional level. While bromosulfophthalein and atorvastatin were substrates of both transporters, the steroid sulfate conjugates estrone 3-sulfate (E1S), progesterone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were only transported by hOATP2B1. To further elucidate these functional differences, experiments searching for the E1S substrate recognition site were conducted generating human-rat chimera as well as partly humanized variants of rOatp2b1. The rOatp2b1-329-hOATP2B1 chimera led to a significant increase in E1S uptake suggesting the C-terminal part of the human transporter is involved. However, humanization of various regions within this part, namely of the transmembrane domain (TMD)-9, TMD-10 or the extracellular loop-5 did not significantly change E1S transport function. Replacement of the intracellular loop-3, slightly enhanced cellular accumulation of sulfated steroids. Taken together, we report that OATP2B1 exhibited differences in recognition of steroid sulfate conjugates comparing the rat and human orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hussner
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annalise Foletti
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabell Seibert
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Schuler
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Malagnino
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Grube
- Institute of Pharmacology, C_DAT Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 Is a Potential Reporter for Dual MR and Optical Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168797. [PMID: 34445497 PMCID: PMC8395777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins responsible for transporting magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescent contrast agents are of particular importance because they are potential reporter proteins in noninvasive molecular imaging. Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA), a liver-specific MR contrast agent, has been used globally for more than 10 years. However, the corresponding molecular transportation mechanism has not been validated. We previously reported that the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3 has an uptake capability for both MR agents (Gd-EOB-DTPA) and indocyanine green (ICG), a clinically available near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye. This study further evaluated OATP1B1, another polypeptide of the OATP family, to determine its reporter capability. In the OATP1B1 transfected 293T transient expression model, both Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA uptake were confirmed through 1.5 T MR imaging. In the constant OAPT1B1 and OATP1B3 expression model in the HT-1080 cell line, both HT-1080-OAPT1B1 and HT-1080-OATP1B3 were observed to ingest Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA. Lastly, we validated the ICG uptake capability of both OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. OAPT1B3 exhibited a superior ICG uptake capability to that of OAPT1B1. We conclude that OATP1B1 is a potential reporter for dual MR and NIR fluorescent molecular imaging, especially in conjunction with Gd-BOPTA.
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Tuerkova A, Ungvári O, Laczkó-Rigó R, Mernyák E, Szakács G, Özvegy-Laczka C, Zdrazil B. Data-Driven Ensemble Docking to Map Molecular Interactions of Steroid Analogs with Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3109-3127. [PMID: 34105971 PMCID: PMC8243326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides—OATP1B1,
OATP1B3, and OATP2B1—are expressed at the basolateral membrane
of hepatocytes, being responsible for the uptake of a wide range of
natural substrates and structurally unrelated pharmaceuticals. Impaired
function of hepatic OATPs has been linked to clinically relevant drug–drug
interactions leading to altered pharmacokinetics of administered drugs.
Therefore, understanding the commonalities and differences across
the three transporters represents useful knowledge to guide the drug
discovery process at an early stage. Unfortunately, such efforts remain
challenging because of the lack of experimentally resolved protein
structures for any member of the OATP family. In this study, we established
a rigorous computational protocol to generate and validate structural
models for hepatic OATPs. The multistep procedure is based on the
systematic exploration of available protein structures with shared
protein folding using normal-mode analysis, the calculation of multiple
template backbones from elastic network models, the utilization of
multiple template conformations to generate OATP structural models
with various degrees of conformational flexibility, and the prioritization
of models on the basis of enrichment docking. We employed the resulting
OATP models of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 to elucidate binding
modes of steroid analogs in the three transporters. Steroid conjugates
have been recognized as endogenous substrates of these transporters.
Thus, investigating this data set delivers insights into mechanisms
of substrate recognition. In silico predictions were complemented
with in vitro studies measuring the bioactivity of a compound set
on OATP expressing cell lines. Important structural determinants conferring
shared and distinct binding patterns of steroid analogs in the three
transporters have been identified. Overall, this comparative study
provides novel insights into hepatic OATP-ligand interactions and
selectivity. Furthermore, the integrative computational workflow for
structure-based modeling can be leveraged for other pharmaceutical
targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Tuerkova
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary.,Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. Elucidation of OATP1B1 and 1B3 transporter function using transgenic rodent models and commonly known single nucleotide polymorphisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Fang Z, Huang J, Chen J, Xu S, Xiang Z, Hong M. Transmembrane Domain 1 of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 Is Essential for Transporter Function and Stability. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:842-849. [PMID: 29871943 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, gene symbol SLCO) are important membrane transporter proteins that mediate the uptake of wide ranges of endogenous and exogenous compounds. OATP2B1 has been found in multiple organs and tissues, including the liver, small intestine, kidney, brain, placenta, heart, skin, as well as skeletal muscle, and is proposed to be involved in the uptake of orally administered drugs. Quite a few reports have demonstrated that transmembrane domains (TMs) are crucial for proper functions of OATP family members. Comparative modeling proposed that TM1, along with TM2, 4, and 5 of the N-terminal half of OATP2B1, may be localized within the substrate interaction pocket and are important for uptake function of the transporter. Alanine scanning of the putative transmembrane domain 1 of OATP2B1 revealed that substitution of L58 with alanine dramatically altered the Km value, and mutation of V52, H55, Q59, and L69 resulted in significantly reduced substrate turnover number, whereas A61V, Q62A, and S66A exhibited significant change in both Km and Vmax values. In addition, phenylalanine at position 51 seems to play an important role in maintaining proper folding of OATP2B1 because alanine replacement of F51 caused accelerated degradation of the transporter protein. Although proteasome and lysosome inhibitors could partially recover protein level, the mutant transporter remained nonfunctional. Taken together, the identification of nine essential amino acid residues within TM1 of OATP2B1 suggested that the transmembrane domain is important for maintaining proper function of the transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Fang
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiujiu Huang
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojian Xiang
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Hong
- College of Life Sciences (Z.F., J.H., J.C., S.X., Z.X., M.H.) and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms (J.H., M.H.), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Mitra P, Weinheimer S, Michalewicz M, Taub ME. Prediction and Quantification of Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Uptake of Pitavastatin Utilizing a Combination of the Relative Activity Factor Approach and Mechanistic Modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:953-963. [PMID: 29666154 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the fraction transported (ft) by a particular transporter will facilitate more robust estimations of transporter interactions. Using pitavastatin as a model uptake transporter substrate, we investigated the utility of the relative activity factor (RAF) approach and mechanistic modeling to estimate ft in hepatocytes. The transporters evaluated were organic anion-transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. Transporter-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells and human hepatocytes were used for determining RAF values, which were then incorporated into the mechanistic model to simulate hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin over time. There was excellent agreement between simulated and observed hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin, indicating the suitability of this approach for translation of uptake from individual transporter-expressing cells to more holistic in vitro models. Subsequently, ft values were determined. The largest contributor to hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin was OATP1B1, which correlates with what is known about the in vivo disposition of pitavastatin. The ft values were then used for evaluating in vitro-in vivo correlations of hepatic uptake inhibition with OATP inhibitors rifampicin and cyclosporine. Predictions were compared with previously reported plasma exposure changes of pitavastatin with these inhibitors. Although hepatic uptake inhibition of pitavastatin was 2-3-fold underpredicted, incorporation of scaling factors (SFs) into RAF values significantly improved the predictive ability. We propose that calibration of hepatocytes with standard transporter substrates and inhibitors would allow for determination of system-specific SFs, which could subsequently be used for refining predictions of clinical DDI potential for new chemical entities that undergo active hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Mitra
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Samantha Weinheimer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Meeghan Michalewicz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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11
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Alam K, Crowe A, Wang X, Zhang P, Ding K, Li L, Yue W. Regulation of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP) 1B1- and OATP1B3-Mediated Transport: An Updated Review in the Context of OATP-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29538325 PMCID: PMC5877716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 are important hepatic transporters that mediate the uptake of many clinically important drugs, including statins from the blood into the liver. Reduced transport function of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 can lead to clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Considering the importance of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in hepatic drug disposition, substantial efforts have been given on evaluating OATP1B1/1B3-mediated DDIs in order to avoid unwanted adverse effects of drugs that are OATP substrates due to their altered pharmacokinetics. Growing evidences suggest that the transport function of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 can be regulated at various levels such as genetic variation, transcriptional and post-translational regulation. The present review summarizes the up to date information on the regulation of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transport function at different levels with a focus on potential impact on OATP-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondoker Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA.
| | - Alexandra Crowe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA.
| | - Xueying Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA.
| | - Lang Li
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA.
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Hong M. Biochemical studies on the structure-function relationship of major drug transporters in the ATP-binding cassette family and solute carrier family. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:3-20. [PMID: 27317853 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human drug transporters often play key roles in determining drug accumulation within cells. Their activities are often directly related to therapeutic efficacy, drug toxicity as well as drug-drug interactions. However, the progress for interpretation of their crystal structures is relatively slow. Hence, conventional biochemical studies together with computer modeling became useful manners to reveal essential structures of these membrane proteins. Over the years, quite a few structure-function relationship information had been obtained for members of the two major transporter families: the ATP-binding cassette family and the solute carrier family. Critical structural features of drug transporters include transmembrane domains, post-translational modification sites and domains for cell surface assembly and protein-protein interactions. Alterations at these important sites may affect protein stability, trafficking to the plasma membrane and/or ability of transporters to interact with substrates.
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Woo HI, Kim SR, Huh W, Ko JW, Lee SY. Association of genetic variations with pharmacokinetics and lipid-lowering response to atorvastatin in healthy Korean subjects. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1135-1146. [PMID: 28435225 PMCID: PMC5391214 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s131487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Statins are effective agents in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but treatment response to statins varies among individuals. We analyzed multiple genetic polymorphisms and assessed pharmacokinetic and lipid-lowering responses after atorvastatin 80 mg treatment in healthy Korean individuals. Methods Atorvastatin 80 mg was given to 50 healthy Korean male volunteers. Blood samples were collected to measure plasma atorvastatin and lipid concentrations up to 48 hours after atorvastatin administration. Subjects were genotyped for 1,936 drug metabolism and transporter genetic polymorphisms using the Affymetrix DMET plus array. Results The pharmacokinetics and lipid-lowering effect of atorvastatin showed remarkable interindividual variation. Three polymorphisms in the SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and ABCC2 genes were associated with either the maximum concentration (Cmax) of atorvastatin or changes in total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Minor homozygotes (76.5 ng/mL) of SLCO1B1 c.-910G>A showed higher Cmax than heterozygotes (34.0 ng/mL) and major homozygotes (33.5 ng/mL, false discovery rate P=0.040). Cmax and the area under the plasma concentration curve from hour 0 to infinity (AUC∞) were higher in carriers of the SLCO1B1*17 haplotype that included c.-910G>A than in noncarriers (46.1 vs 32.8 ng/mL for Cmax; 221.5 vs 154.2 ng/mL for AUC∞). SLCO1B3 c.334G>T homozygotes (63.0 ng/mL) also showed higher Cmax than heterozygotes (34.7 ng/mL) and major homozygotes (31.4 ng/mL, FDR P=0.037). A nonsynonymous ABCC2 c.1249G>A was associated with small total cholesterol and LDL-C responses (0.23% and −0.70% for G/A vs −11.9% and −17.4% for G/G). The Cmax tended to increase according to the increase in the number of minor allele of SLCO1B1 c. −910G>A and SLCO1B3 c.334G>T. Conclusion Genetic polymorphisms in transporter genes, including SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, and ABCC2, may influence the pharmacokinetics and lipid-lowering response to atorvastatin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Woo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Suk Ran Kim
- Clinical Research and Development, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Wooseong Huh
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
| | - Jae-Wook Ko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gruetz M, Sticht H, Glaeser H, Fromm MF, König J. Analysis of amino acid residues in the predicted transmembrane pore influencing transport kinetics of the hepatic drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2894-2902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shen H, Su H, Liu T, Yao M, Mintier G, Li L, Fancher RM, Iyer R, Marathe P, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. Evaluation of Rosuvastatin as an Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) Probe Substrate: In Vitro Transport and In Vivo Disposition in Cynomolgus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:380-91. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides or OATPs are central transporters in the disposition of drugs and other xenobiotics. In addition, they mediate transport of a wide variety of endogenous substrates. The critical role of OATPs in drug disposition has spurred research both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. Translational aspects with clinical questions are the focus in academia, while the pharmaceutical industry tries to define and understand the role these transporters play in pharmacotherapy. The present overview summarizes our knowledge on the interaction of food constituents with OATPs and on the OATP transport mechanisms. Further, it gives an update on the available information on the structure-function relationship of the OATPs and, finally, covers the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Ohnishi S, Hays A, Hagenbuch B. Cysteine scanning mutagenesis of transmembrane domain 10 in organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2261-70. [PMID: 24673529 PMCID: PMC4004239 DOI: 10.1021/bi500176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
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Organic anion transporting polypeptide
(OATP) 1B1 is an important
drug transporter expressed in human hepatocytes. Previous studies
have indicated that transmembrane (TM) domain 2, 6, 8, 9, and in particular
10 might be part of the substrate binding site/translocation pathway.
To explore which amino acids in TM10 are important for substrate transport,
we mutated 34 amino acids individually to cysteines, expressed them
in HEK293 cells, and determined their surface expression. Transport
activity of the two model substrates estrone-3-sulfate and estradiol-17β-glucuronide
as well as of the drug substrate valsartan for selected mutants was
measured. Except for F534C and F537C, all mutants were expressed at
the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells. Mutants Q541C and A549C did not
transport estradiol-17β-glucuronide and showed negligible estrone-3-sulfate
transport. However, A549C showed normal valsartan transport. Pretreatment
with the anionic and cell impermeable sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(MTSES) affected the transport of each substrate differently. Pretreatment
of L545C abolished estrone-3-sulfate uptake almost completely, while
it stimulated estradiol-17β-glucuronide uptake. Further analyses
revealed that mutant L545C in the absence of MTSES showed biphasic
kinetics for estrone-3-sulfate that was converted to monophasic kinetics
with a decreased apparent affinity, explaining the previously seen
inhibition. In contrast, the apparent affinity for estradiol-17β-glucuronide
was not changed by MTSES treatment, but the Vmax value was increased about 4-fold, explaining the previously
seen stimulation. Maleimide labeling of L545C was affected by preincubation
with estrone-3-sulfate but not with estradiol-17β-glucuronide.
These results strongly suggest that L545C is part of the estrone-3-sulfate
binding site/translocation pathway but is not directly involved in
binding/translocation of estradiol-17β-glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
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Hagenbuch B, Stieger B. The SLCO (former SLC21) superfamily of transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:396-412. [PMID: 23506880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily (OATPs) are classified within the SLCO solute carrier family. All functionally well characterized members are predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains and are sodium-independent transport systems that mediate the transport of a broad range of endo- as well as xenobiotics. Substrates are mainly amphipathic organic anions with a molecular weight of more than 300Da, but some of the known transported substrates are also neutral or even positively charged. Among the well characterized substrates are numerous drugs including statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, antibiotics, antihistaminics, antihypertensives and anticancer drugs. Based on their amino acid sequence identities, the different OATPs cluster into families (in general with more than 40% amino acid sequence identity) and subfamilies (more than 60% amino acid identity). With the sequencing of genomes from different species and the computerized prediction of encoded proteins more than 300 OATPs can be found in the databases, however only a fraction of them have been identified in humans, rodents, and some additional species important for pharmaceutical research like the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and the pig (Sus scrofa). These OATPs form 6 families (OATP1-OATP6) and 13 subfamilies. In this review we try to summarize what is currently known about OATPs with respect to endogenous substrates, tissue distribution, transport mechanisms, regulation of expression, structure-function relationship and mutations and polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Williamson B, Soars AC, Owen A, White P, Riley RJ, Soars MG. Dissecting the relative contribution of OATP1B1-mediated uptake of xenobiotics into human hepatocytes using siRNA. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:920-31. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.776194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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