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Çalbaş B, Keobounnam AN, Korban C, Doratan AJ, Jean T, Sharma AY, Wright TA. Protein-polymer bioconjugation, immobilization, and encapsulation: a comparative review towards applicability, functionality, activity, and stability. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2841-2864. [PMID: 38683585 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymer-based biomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their biomedical, agricultural, and industrial potential. Soluble protein-polymer bioconjugates, immobilized proteins, and encapsulated proteins have been shown to tune enzymatic activity, improved pharmacokinetic ability, increased chemical and thermal stability, stimuli responsiveness, and introduced protein recovery. Controlled polymerization techniques, increased protein-polymer attachment techniques, improved polymer surface grafting techniques, controlled polymersome self-assembly, and sophisticated characterization methods have been utilized for the development of well-defined polymer-based biomaterials. In this review we aim to provide a brief account of the field, compare these methods for engineering biomaterials, provide future directions for the field, and highlight impacts of these forms of bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Çalbaş
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashley N Keobounnam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Korban
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ainsley Jade Doratan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tiffany Jean
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aryan Yashvardhan Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zhu Y, Yu X, Thamphiwatana SD, Zheng Y, Pang Z. Nanomedicines modulating tumor immunosuppressive cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2054-2074. [PMID: 33304779 PMCID: PMC7714985 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has veered the paradigm of cancer treatment. Despite recent advances in immunotherapy for improved antitumor efficacy, the complicated tumor microenvironment (TME) is highly immunosuppressive, yielding both astounding and unsatisfactory clinical successes. In this regard, clinical outcomes of currently available immunotherapy are confined to the varied immune systems owing in large part to the lack of understanding of the complexity and diversity of the immune context of the TME. Various advanced designs of nanomedicines could still not fully surmount the delivery barriers of the TME. The immunosuppressive TME may even dampen the efficacy of antitumor immunity. Recently, some nanotechnology-related strategies have been inaugurated to modulate the immunosuppressive cells within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for robust immunotherapeutic responses. In this review, we will highlight the current understanding of the immunosuppressive TIME and identify disparate subclasses of TIME that possess an impact on immunotherapy, especially those unique classes associated with the immunosuppressive effect. The immunoregulatory cell types inside the immunosuppressive TIME will be delineated along with the existing and potential approaches for immunosuppressive cell modulation. After introducing the various strategies, we will ultimately outline both the novel therapeutic targets and the potential issues that affect the efficacy of TIME-based nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangrong Yu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Soracha D. Thamphiwatana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
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Killing Is Not Enough: How Apoptosis Hijacks Tumor-Associated Macrophages to Promote Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 930:205-39. [PMID: 27558823 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a group of heterogeneous cells of the innate immune system that are crucial to the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation. Moreover, they control tissue homeostasis in healthy tissue and command a broad sensory arsenal to detect disturbances in tissue integrity. Macrophages possess a remarkable functional plasticity to respond to irregularities and to initiate programs that allow overcoming them in order to return back to normal. Thus, macrophages kill malignant or transformed cells, rearrange extracellular matrix, take up and recycle cellular as well as molecular debris, initiate cellular growth cascades, and favor directed migration of cells. As an example, apoptotic death of bystander cells is sensed by macrophages, initiating functional responses that support all hallmarks of cancer. In this chapter, we describe how tumor cell apoptosis hijacks tumor-associated macrophages to promote tumor growth. We propose that tumor therapy should not only kill malignant cells but also target the interaction of the host with apoptotic cancer cells, as this might be efficient to limit the protumor action of apoptotic cells and boost the antitumor potential of macrophages. Leaving the apoptotic cell/macrophage interaction untouched might also limit the benefit of conventional tumor cell apoptosis-focused therapy since surviving tumor cells might receive overwhelming support by the wound healing response that apoptotic tumor cells will trigger in local macrophages, thereby enhancing tumor recurrence.
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Xu Y, Zhong X, Zhang X, Lv W, Yu J, Xiao Y, Liu S, Huang J. Preparation of intravenous injection nanoformulation via co-assemble between cholesterylated gemcitabine and cholesterylated mPEG: enhanced cellular uptake and intracellular drug controlled release. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:185-194. [PMID: 28378597 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1316323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare the CHS-mPEG/CHS-dFdC nanoformulation could be administrated through intravenous injection in nude mice. Particularly, CHS-mPEG was selected to co-assemble with CHS-dFdC to improve the prodrug concentration and enhance the stability of nanoformulation. The nanoformulation could be prepared by codissolution-coprecipitation. All of the nanoformulations kept stable in PBS at 4 °C or simulative human plasma at 37 °C. As molar ratios of CHS-mPEG1900/CHS-dFdC increased from 0.1/1 to 2/1, the weight concentration of CHS-dFdC increased from 2.5 to 15 mg/mL. It was found the optimal CHS-mPEG1900/CHS-dFdC nanoformulation displayed controlled drug release in simulative lysosome condition. The amount of released dFdC reached up to 90% within 10 h. It also exhibited enhanced cellular uptake ability, 7-folds higher than that of dFdC during 2.5 h incubation. And it showed superior cytotoxicity resulted from the enhanced cellular uptake ability on BxPC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Xu
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xin Zhong
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Wei Lv
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- a Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Yi Xiao
- b Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Changzheng Hospital, The Second Millitary Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- b Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Changzheng Hospital, The Second Millitary Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing , PR China
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Role of Phosphatidylserine-Derived Negative Surface Charges in the Recognition and Uptake of Intravenously Injected B16BL6-Derived Exosomes by Macrophages. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:168-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ando M, Fujimoto M, Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Hamana A, Takakura Y. Targeted Delivery of Interferon Gamma Using a Recombinant Fusion Protein of a Fibrin Clot-Binding Peptide With Interferon Gamma for Cancer Gene Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:892-897. [PMID: 27939375 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated formation of fibrin clots in a tumor microenvironment can be used for targeted delivery of interferon gamma (IFNγ) to tumor cells. Here, we selected cysteine-arginine-glutamic acid-lysine-alanine (CREKA) as the fibrin clot-binding peptide and designed 2 types of fusion proteins for tumor targeting. The CREKA peptide was fused to IFNγ's C-terminus, with or without a matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2)-cleavable linker (IFNγ-mmp-CREKA or IFNγ-CREKA, respectively). The former was designed to release IFNγ from IFNγ-mmp-CREKA bound to fibrin clots, to ensure IFNγ's function in the tumor milieu. IFNγ-activated sequence-dependent reporter gene expression in B16-BL6 cells revealed that the biological activities of IFNγ-CREKA and IFNγ were comparable, whereas that of IFNγ-mmp-CREKA was approximately 60% that of IFNγ. Plasma concentrations of IFNγ-CREKA and IFNγ-mmp-CREKA remained at effective levels for at least 4 weeks after gene transfer into mice. After gene transfer to tumor-bearing mice, intratumoral concentration of IFNγ in pCpG-IFNγ-mmp-CREKA group was tended to be higher than those of the other groups. Inhibition of colon-26 tumor growth was significantly more with gene transfer of IFNγ-mmp-CREKA than with IFNγ or IFNγ-CREKA. These results indicate that targeted delivery of IFNγ to fibrin clots through IFNγ-mmp-CREKA fusion can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of IFNγ in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Ando
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mai Fujimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hamana
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Takayama T, Ukawa M, Kanazawa Y, Ando H, Shimizu T, Ishida T. Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Injection as a Simple Tool for Yielding Extended Transgene Expression in Solid Tumors. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1555-8. [PMID: 27582335 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic tail vein injection was considered an in vivo transfection method that yields a higher level of gene expression mainly in the liver. This method has been applied to cancer gene therapy targeting both hepatic and non-hepatic cancers. However, intratumor transgene expression in non-hepatic tumors has not been well studied. In this study, we showed an extended transgene expression of β-galactosidase (LacZ), a nonsecretory protein, in a subcutaneously implanted murine solid tumor following the hydrodynamic injection of plasmid DNA (LacZ pDNA). Our result may indicate that the hydrodynamic injection method is a powerful tool that can be used to gain transgene expression not only in the liver but also in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Takayama
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Subdivision of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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Xu Y, Meng H, Du F, Lu W, Liu S, Huang J, Yu J. Preparation of intravenous injection nanoformulation of VESylated gemcitabine by co-assembly with TPGS and its anti-tumor activity in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:792-7. [PMID: 26410754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our recent publication showed that VES-dFdC nanocapsules in pure water could be obtained via the self-assembling of VES-dFdC prodrug synthesized by coupling gemcitabine (dFdC) with vitamin E succinate (VES). To prepare the intravenous injection nanoformulation, we present here a novel strategy to improve the stability and drug concentration of VES-dFdC nanoformulation in PBS or isotonic solution. Particularly, D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), usually used as drug solubilizer and coincidentally contains the same VES moiety as VES-dFdC prodrug and PEG chain, is selected to co-assemble with VES-dFdC prodrug. The zeta potentials of all the TPGS/VES-dFdC co-assemblies were close to 0 mV, and their particle size measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) decreased from 113 to 36 nm with increasing TPGS/VES-dFdC molar ratios from 0.15 to 1.5. Stable colloidal suspensions were obtained without aggregates in PBS at 4 °C in one month or isotonic solution at 37 °C in one week, and the weight concentration of VES-dFdC prodrug increased from 7 to 17 mg/mL when the molar ratios of TPGS/VES-dFdC ranged from 0.5/1 to 1.5/1. The concentration of VES-dFdC prodrug was high enough to be used as intravenous injection nanoformulation in nude mice. Interestingly, along with the increase of TPGS/VES-dFdC molar ratios from 0.3/1 to 1.5/1, the morphology of TPGS/VES-dFdC co-assemblies changed from loose nanocapsule to compact micelle revealed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Finally, the co-assembly of TPGS/VES-dFdC (TPGS/VES-dFdC: 1/1) was selected as intravenous injection nanoformulation to evaluate the antitumor activity. Compared with native dFdC, TPGS/VES-dFdC nanoformulation with 0.2mmol/kg of dosage showed similar low toxicity in vivo, but 4.7 times high of tumor inhibition rate in nude mice with pre-established BxPC-3 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Haijing Meng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Fang Du
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Takustr. 3 14195, Germany
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, ChangZheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China.
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Contribution of Epigenetic Modifications to the Decline in Transgene Expression from Plasmid DNA in Mouse Liver. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:199-212. [PMID: 26262639 PMCID: PMC4588195 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term expression of transgenes is one of the problems frequently associated with non-viral in vivo gene transfer. To obtain experimental evidence for the design of sustainable transgene expression systems, the contribution of epigenetic modifications to the decline in transgene expression needs to be investigated. Bisulfite sequencing and reactivation by hydrodynamic injection of isotonic solution were employed to investigate methylation statues of CpG in transiently expressing plasmid, pCMV-Luc, in mouse liver after hydrodynamic delivery. The cytosines of CpGs in the promoter region of pCMV-Luc were methylated in mouse liver, but the methylation was much later than the decline in the expression. The expression from pre-methylated pCMV-Luc was insensitive to reactivation. Neither an inhibitor of DNA methylation nor an inhibitor of histone deacetylation had significant effects on transgene expression after hydrodynamic injection of pCMV-Luc. Partial hepatectomy, which reduces the transgene expression from the non-integrated vector into the genome, significantly reduced the transgene expression of human interferon γ from a long-term expressing plasmid pCpG-Huγ, suggesting that the CpG-reduced plasmid was not significantly integrated into the genomic DNA. These results indicate that the CpG-reduced plasmids achieve prolonged transgene expression without integration into the host genome, although the methylation status of CpG sequences in plasmids will not be associated with the prolonged expression.
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Handoko HY, Rodero MP, Muller HK, Khosrotehrani K, Walker GJ. Lack of Evidence From a Transgenic Mouse Model that the Activation and Migration of Melanocytes to the Epidermis after Neonatal UVR Enhances Melanoma Development. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2897-2900. [PMID: 26035152 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herlina Y Handoko
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mathieu P Rodero
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Konrad Muller
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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