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Mondal R, Brahmbhatt N, Sandhu SK, Shah H, Vashi M, Gandhi SK, Patel P. Applications of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) as a Genetic Scalpel for the Treatment of Cancer: A Translational Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e50031. [PMID: 38186450 PMCID: PMC10767422 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a global health challenge with high prevalence and mortality rates, imposing significant financial and emotional burdens on affected families. However, hope lies in genetic manipulation, with a focus on innovative approaches to combat genetically linked cancers. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), an adaptive immune system found in various bacteria and archaea, hold immense potential. We searched articles on PubMed Central, Medline, and PubMed databases indexed journals. The keywords from the research topic, i.e., "CRISPR AND genetic therapy," were searched, and we found 3397 articles. Following this, we explored the medical subject headings (MeSH) glossary and created a search strategy "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats"[Mesh] AND "Genetic Therapy"[Majr] and after applying a variety of filters we included 30 studies in our review. CRISPR consists of unique spacers and CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes, operating through acquisition, CRISPR ribonucleic acid (crRNA) biogenesis, and target interference phases. The type II CRISPR-Cas9 system is a well-researched avenue for gene editing, with Cas9 cleaving specific genomic regions and initiating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair mechanisms. Cancer results from genetic alterations, leading to tumor development with properties like metastasis. CRISPR/Cas9 offers precise genome editing to inhibit tumor formation by removing specific genomic sequences and promoting DNA repair. Challenges in CRISPR's use for cancer therapy, including delivery methods, cell adaptation, and ethical concerns, are recognized. Beyond cancer, CRISPR finds diverse applications in infectious diseases and non-cancerous conditions, signifying its transformative potential in modern medicine. CRISPR technology represents a groundbreaking frontier in cancer therapy and beyond, offering insights into genetic editing, disease mechanisms, and potential cures. Despite challenges and ethical considerations, precise genome editing promises improved cancer treatments and innovative medical interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Mondal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Kolkata, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Niki Brahmbhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society (GMERS) Medical College Sola, Ahmedabad, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Sahibjot K Sandhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Hetvi Shah
- Department of Anesthesia, Dr L H Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Mandeepsinh Vashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research, Surat, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Siddharth Kamal Gandhi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Priyansh Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College Baroda, Vadodara, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, OneStepForward Research Initiative, Ahmedabad, IND
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Tilden SG, Ricco MH, Hemann EA, Anchordoquy TJ. Reducing off-target drug accumulation by exploiting a type-III interferon response. J Control Release 2023; 358:729-738. [PMID: 37230293 PMCID: PMC10389760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines have been touted as the future of cancer therapy for decades. However, the field of tumor-targeted nanomedicine has failed to significantly advance toward becoming the primary choice for cancer intervention. One of the largest obstacles that has yet to be overcome is off-target accumulation of the nanoparticles. We propose a novel approach to tumor delivery by focusing on decreasing off-target accumulation of nanomedicines rather than directly increasing tumor delivery. Acknowledging a poorly understood "refractory" response to intravenously injected gene therapy vectors observed in ours and other studies, we hypothesize that virus-like particles (lipoplexes) can be utilized to initiate an anti-viral innate immune response that limits off-target accumulation of subsequently administered nanoparticles. Indeed, our results show a significant reduction in the deposition of both dextran and Doxil® in major organs with a concurrent increase in plasma and tumor accumulation when injection occurred 24 h after a lipoplex injection. Furthermore, our data showing that the direct injection of interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is capable of eliciting this response demonstrates a central role for this type III interferon in limiting accumulation in non-tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Tilden
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Madison H Ricco
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Ohio State University, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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Mashreghi M, Faal Maleki M, Askarizadeh A, Farshchi H, Farhoudi L, Nasrollahzadeh MS, Rezazade Bazaz M, Hadizadeh F, Jaafari MR. A novel and easy to prepare azo-based bioreductive linker and its application in hypoxia-sensitive cationic liposomal doxorubicin: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies in mice bearing C26 tumor. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 247:105226. [PMID: 35850240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study designed and synthesized a cost-effective azo-based hypoxia-sensitive linker (AHSL) using commercially accessible, inexpensive raw materials and simple methods to apply in cationic nanoliposomes. Then, AHSL was post-inserted into the cationic liposome (Cat-lip), and PEG-Azo-Cat-lip was prepared and characterized using DLS. The decrease in the zeta-potential of formulation from + 18.4 mV for Cat-lip to + 6.1 mV and the increase in the size of the PEG-Azo-Cat-lip indicated the successful post insertion of AHSL into the liposomes. The Doxorubicin (Dox) release study showed that PEGylation results in a more stable PEG-Azo-Cat-lip than the Cat-lip. The increased cytotoxicity of the PEG-Azo-Cat-lip in the hypoxic condition also indicated the cleavage of the AHSL in the hypoxic environment. In vivo biodistribution using animal imaging has shown higher tumor accumulation of the MPEG-Azo-Cat-lip than Cat-lip during the 120 h of the study. The results of anti-tumor activities and biosafety of the formulations also showed the higher efficiency of the MPEG-Azo-Cat-lip compared with the Cat-lip. The results of this study indicated the antitumor efficacy of this hypoxia-sensitive which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mashreghi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Faal Maleki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Helaleh Farshchi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Farhoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahda Sadat Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahere Rezazade Bazaz
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Betker JL, Anchordoquy TJ. The Effect of Repeat Administration of Lipoplexes on Gene Delivery, Biodistribution, and Cytokine Response in Immunocompetent Tumor-bearing Mice. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1926-1936. [PMID: 34929156 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the intravenous administration of nanoparticles elicits an immune response that compromises delivery efficiency and can be life threatening. This study investigated both the systemic and tissue-level cytokine response to repeat administration of lipoplexes coated with either lactose or PEG. We report that blood cytokine levels differ significantly from that observed in individual tissues. While we consistently observed a reduced cytokine response to lactosylated particles, this did not result in enhanced delivery or expression as compared to PEGylated formulations. We also document that repeat injection did not increase plasmid levels in the liver, lung, or spleen, but delivery to the tumor was enhanced under these conditions. In addition, we show that changes in neither blood nor tissue cytokines correlated strongly with reporter gene expression, and we observed relatively constant expression efficiencies (RLU/ng plasmid) across all tissues despite a considerably reduced cytokine response in the tumor. Together, these results indicate that both biodistribution and cytokine responses are dramatically altered by a repeat intravenous injection of lipoplexes, and that the mechanisms regulating reporter gene expression are not straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Betker
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Betker JL, Anchordoquy TJ. The Use of Lactose as an Alternative Coating for Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1573-1580. [PMID: 32004536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has long utilized PEGylation as a mechanism for reducing uptake by the reticuloendothelial system and extending circulation lifetimes. However, studies over the past 2 decades have established that immune responses to PEG can promote clearance on repeat injection and elicit life-threatening anaphylactic reactions in some patients. As a potential alternative to PEGylation, we explored the ability of utilizing lactose, a naturally occurring sugar that is common on the surface of blood cells, as a coating for lipoplexes. Our data indicate that lactose imparts similar effects as PEG in terms of reducing leukocyte uptake, extending circulation half-life, and enhancing delivery to the tumor and other organs. In addition, measurements of blood cytokine levels after repeat injection indicate that reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNFα) are elicited in response to lipoplexes coated with lactose as compared to PEG. These data indicate that a lactose coating on lipoplexes results in slightly improved tumor accumulation as compared to PEGylated formulations while eliciting a reduced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Betker
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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Fete MG, Betker JL, Shoemaker RK, Anchordoquy TJ. A novel method for conjugating the terminal amine of peptide ligands to cholesterol: synthesis iRGD-cholesterol. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:11-20. [PMID: 30730822 PMCID: PMC6664274 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Conventional conjugation reactions often involve the use of activated PEG as a linker, but concerns about PEG-mediated reduction in intracellular delivery and enhanced immunogenicity have generated interest in developing methods that eliminate the need for a PEG linker. MATERIALS & METHODS Reaction conditions were identified that specifically couples the terminal amine of a cyclic iRGD peptide (CRGDRGPDC) to the hydroxyl moiety of cholesterol through a short carbamate linker. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Using this method for synthesizing iRGD-cholesterol, peptide ligands can be incorporated into lipid-based delivery systems, thereby eliminating concerns about adverse reactions to PEG. Toxicity and stability data indicate low toxicity and adequate serum stability at low ligand levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Fete
- School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College, Regis University, 3333 Regis Blvd, Denver, CO 80221 USA
| | - Jamie L Betker
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Richard K Shoemaker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Betker JL, Jones D, Childs CR, Helm KM, Terrell K, Nagel MA, Anchordoquy TJ. Nanoparticle uptake by circulating leukocytes: A major barrier to tumor delivery. J Control Release 2018; 286:85-93. [PMID: 30030182 PMCID: PMC6936323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research into improving drug delivery to tumors has documented uptake of particulate delivery systems by resident macrophages in the lung, liver, and spleen, and correlated short circulation times with reduced tumor accumulation. An implicit assumption in these studies is that nanoparticles present in the blood are available for distribution to the tumor. This study documents significant levels of lipoplex uptake by circulating leukocytes, and its effect on distribution to the tumor and other organs. In agreement with previous studies, PEGylation dramatically extends circulation times and enhances tumor delivery. However, our studies suggest that this relationship is not straightforward, and that particle sequestration by leukocytes can significantly alter biodistribution, especially with non-PEGylated nanoparticle formulations. We conclude that leukocyte uptake should be considered in biodistribution studies, and that delivery to these circulating cells may present opportunities for treating viral infections and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Betker
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dallas Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christine R Childs
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karen M Helm
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristina Terrell
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Abstract
The relevance of using nude mouse models for evaluating drug delivery to human tumors has recently been questioned by numerous researchers. While the immune response is known to play a critical role in cancer, this study assesses the effect of using immunocompromised "nude" mice on drug delivery. By inoculating both nude and immunocompetent mice with a mouse mammary carcinoma cell line (4T1), differences in the "first pass effect", distribution, and reporter gene expression due to the use of the nude mouse model could be elucidated. Our results indicate that initial tumor deposition (5 min) was slightly lower in nude mice but comparable after 24 h. In addition, some small differences in tissue deposition/accumulation and reporter gene expression were observed between the two mouse models. The results with this one tumor model suggest that delivery studies conducted in nude mice can provide comparable results to those in immunocompetent mouse models.
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Betker JL, Anchordoquy TJ. Nonadditive Effects of Repetitive Administration of Lipoplexes in Immunocompetent Mice. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:872-881. [PMID: 27887890 PMCID: PMC5657239 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive administration is routinely used to maintain therapeutic drug levels, but previous studies have documented an accelerated blood clearance of some lipid-based delivery systems under these conditions. To assess the effect of repetitive administration, non-PEGylated lipoplexes (+/-0.5) were administered 4 times via tail vein injection at 3-day intervals to immunocompetent BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors. This study measured the effect of repeat administration of nontargeted lipoplexes on clearance, cytokine/chemokine response, plasmid distribution, reporter gene expression, and liver toxicity. We do not observe a refractory period or a statistically significant difference in blood clearance between the first administration and subsequent injections of this lipoplex formulation, consistent with the absence of a cytokine/chemokine response. However, we do see a significant effect on both plasmid accumulation and expression, an enhancement of 26-fold and 10-fold in tumor plasmid levels and expression, respectively, after 4 injections as compared to that after a single injection. In addition, in vivo imaging suggests that expression in other organs had diminished rapidly 72 h after each administration, in contrast to relatively constant expression in the tumor. Taken together, the findings indicate that gene delivery to tumors can be dramatically enhanced by employing repetitive administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Betker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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Suga K, Akizaki K, Umakoshi H. Quantitative Monitoring of Microphase Separation Behaviors in Cationic Liposomes Using HHC, DPH, and Laurdan: Estimation of the Local Electrostatic Potentials in Microdomains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3630-3636. [PMID: 27022833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microphase separation behaviors of cationic liposomes have been investigated using a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe with 4-heptadecyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (HHC), 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, and 6-lauroyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene, and to estimate localized electrostatic potentials. Shifts of the apparent pKa values of HHC were observed in cationic liposomes in proportion to the amount of cationic lipids. Two pKa values were obtained with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/3β-[N(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] cholesterol hydrochloride (DC-Ch) liposomes, while only one pKa value was generated with either DOPC/1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) or DOPC/dimethyldioctadecylammonium-bromide (DODAB) liposomes. The physicochemical membrane property analyses, focusing on membrane fluidity and membrane polarity, revealed heterogeneity among DOPC/DC-Ch liposomes. By analyzing the pH titration curves using sigmoidal fitting, the localized electrostatic potentials were estimated. For DOPC/DOTAP = (7/3), the membrane was in the liquid-disordered phase and the density of cationic molecules was 0.41 cation/nm(2). For DOPC/DC-Ch = (7/3), the membrane was heterogeneous and the densities of cationic molecules in liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered phases were 0.25 and 1.24 cation/nm(2), respectively. We thereby conclude that the DC-Ch molecules can form nanodomains when these molecules are concentrated to 59%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Suga
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kei Akizaki
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Effect of charge ratio on lipoplex-mediated gene delivery and liver toxicity. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:1243-53. [PMID: 26608720 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of studies investigating gene delivery have utilized cationic delivery vehicles, but anionic nanoparticles can also possess high transfection activity, and offer significant benefits in terms of ease of preparation and reduced toxicity. RESULTS Our study on lipoplexes possessing cholesterol nanodomains demonstrates that in vitro transfection after exposure to serum can be high at anionic charge ratios, and that this effect is also evident in studies assessing delivery to tumors in vivo, despite reduced circulation times. In addition, accumulation in the liver and lungs is reduced as compared with lipoplexes formulated at cationic charge ratios. CONCLUSION Lipoplexes prepared at anionic charge ratios offer comparable tumor delivery and reduced liver toxicity despite shorter circulation times.
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