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Hazra A, Samanta SK. Main-Chain Cationic Polyelectrolytes: Design, Synthesis, and Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2417-2438. [PMID: 38253020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes have attracted a lot of attention spanning across disciplines, including polymer chemistry, materials chemistry, chemical biology, chemical engineering, as well as device physics, as a result of their widespread applications in sensing, biomedicine, food industry, wastewater treatment, optoelectronic devices, and renewable energy. In this review, we focus on the crucial synthetic strategies of structurally different classes of main-chain cationic polyelectrolytes. As a result of the presence of charged moieties in the main polymeric backbone, their solubility and photophysical properties can be easily tuned. Main-chain cationic polyelectrolytes provide various unique characteristics, including solubility in aqueous and organic solvents, easy processability, ease of film formation, ionic interaction, main-chain-directed charge transport, high conductivity, and aggregation. These properties make the main-chain polyelectrolyte a potential candidate for numerous applications ranging from chemo- and biosensing, antibacterial activity, optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, water splitting, ion conduction, to dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Suman Kalyan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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2
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Sun H, Barboza-Ramos I, Wang X, Schanze KS. Phosphonium-Substituted Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Display Efficient Visible-Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38265208 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
We report the light-activated antibacterial activity of a new class of phosphonium (R-PMe3+)-substituted conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs). These polyelectrolytes feature a poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) conjugated backbone substituted with side groups with the structure -O-(CH2)nPMe3+, where n = 3 or 6. The length of the side groups has an effect on the hydrophobic character of the CPEs and their propensity to interact with bacterial membranes. In a separate study, these phosphonium-substituted PPE CPEs were demonstrated to photosensitize singlet oxygen (1O2) and reactive oxygen species, a key factor for the photoinduced inactivation of bacteria. In this study, in vitro antibacterial assays against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus were performed by employing the series of polyelectrolytes under both dark and illumination conditions. In general, the phosphonium-substituted CPEs displayed profound light-activated biocidal activity, with >99% colony forming unit (CFU) reduction after 15 min of light exposure (16 mW cm-2) at a ≤20 μM CPE concentration. Strong biocidal activity was also observed in the dark for a CPE concentration of 20 μM against S. aureus; however, higher concentrations (200 μM) were needed to enable dark inactivation of E. coli. The dark activity is ascribed to bacterial membrane disruption by the CPEs, supported by a correlation of dark biocidal activity with the chain length of the side groups. The light-activated biocidal activity is associated with the ability of the CPEs to sensitize ROS, which is cytotoxic to the microorganisms. Serial dilution bacterial plating experiments revealed that the series of CPEs was able to induce a >5-log kill versus E. coli with 15 min of exposure to a blue LED source (16 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Isaí Barboza-Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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Wang J, Yang X, Zhao P, Deng H, Zhuo LG, Wang G, Yang Y, Wei H, Zhou Z, Liao W. Investigating Antibacterial Efficiency and Mechanism of Oligo-thiophenes under White Light and Specific Biocidal Activity against E. coli in Dark. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3561-3570. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Gang Zhuo
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanquan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchuan Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Sichuan 215123, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Wei
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Sichuan 215123, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu, Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Sichuan 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liao
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 64 Mianshan Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Wang S, Jagadesan P, Sun H, Hu R, Li Z, Huang Y, Liu L, Wang S, Younus M, Schanze KS. Fluorescence Imaging of Mammalian Cells with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
| | - Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611-7200 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA San Antonio TX, 78249 USA
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Jagadesan P, Schanze KS. Poly(phenylene ethynylene) Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Synthesized via Chain-Growth Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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6
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Zeman CJ, Schanze KS. Elucidating the Effects of Solvating Side Chains on the Rigidity and Aggregation Tendencies of Conjugated Polymers with Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using DFT Tight Binding. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3293-3299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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Yoon KY, Xue Y, Dong G. Three-Step Synthesis of a Less-Aggregated Water-Soluble Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) with Meta Side Chains via Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yazhen Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Du Y, Feng Y, Yan H, Huang W, Yuan L, Bai L. Fluorescence emission from hyperbranched polycarbonate without conventional chromohpores. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Wu T, Li Z, Zhang Y, Ji J, Huang Y, Yuan H, Feng F, Schanze KS. Remarkable Amplification of Polyethylenimine-Mediated Gene Delivery Using Cationic Poly(phenylene ethynylene)s as Photosensitizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24421-24430. [PMID: 29957922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers can serve as good photosensitizers in biomedical applications. However, it remains unknown whether they are phototoxic to the supercoiled structure of DNA in improving gene delivery by the photochemical internalization (PCI) strategy, which complicates the application of conjugated polymers in gene delivery. In this work, we introduced a trace amount of cationic poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (cPPEs) into the polymeric shell of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI)/DNA complexes, studied the photosensitization of singlet oxygen by cPPEs, and confirmed that the supercoiled DNA is undamaged by the singlet oxygen generated by the photoexcitation of cPPEs. By taking advantage of the cPPE-mediated PCI effect, we report that the addition of the trace amount of cPPEs to the outer shell of the BPEI/DNA polyplexes could greatly amplify the transfection of gene green fluorescent protein on tumor cells with the efficiency from 14 to 86% without decreasing the cell viabilities, well solving the problem with a poor transfection capability of BPEI under low DNA-loading conditions. Our strategy to employ conjugated polymers as photosensitizing agents in gene delivery systems is simple, safe, efficient, and promising for broad applications in gene delivery areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Functional Molecules , Jiangsu Second Normal University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210013 , PR China
| | | | - Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | | | | | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
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10
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Melnikov AR, Davydova MP, Sherin PS, Korolev VV, Stepanov AA, Kalneus EV, Benassi E, Vasilevsky SF, Stass DV. X-ray Generated Recombination Exciplexes of Substituted Diphenylacetylenes with Tertiary Amines: A Versatile Experimental Vehicle for Targeted Creation of Deep-Blue Electroluminescent Systems. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1235-1252. [PMID: 29283574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Customizable and technology-friendly functional materials are one of the mainstays of emerging organic electronics and optoelectronics. We show that recombination exciplexes of simple substituted diphenylacetylenes with tertiary amines can be a convenient source of tunable deep-blue emission with possible applications in organic electroluminescent systems. The optically inaccessible exciplexes were produced via recombination of radiation-generated radical ion pairs in alkane solution, which mimics charge transport and recombination in the active layer of practical organic light-emitting diodes in a simple solution-based experiment. Despite varying and rather poor intrinsic emission properties, diphenylacetylene and its prototypical methoxy (donor) or trifluoromethyl (acceptor) monosubstituted derivatives readily form recombination exciplexes with N,N-dimethylaniline and other tertiary amines that produce emission with maxima ranging from 385 to 435 nm. The position of emission band maximum linearly correlates with readily calculated gas-phase electron affinity of the corresponding diphenylacetylene, which can be used for fast computational prescreening of the candidate molecules, and various substituted diphenylacetylenes can be synthesized via relatively simple and universal cross-coupling reactions of Sonogashira and Castro. Together, the simple solution-based experiment, computationally cheap prescreening method, and universal synthetic strategy may open a very broad and chemically convenient class of compounds to obtain OLEDs and OLED-based multifunctional devices with tunable emission spectrum and high conversion efficiency that has yet not been seriously considered for these purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly R Melnikov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University , 2, Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maria P Davydova
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Peter S Sherin
- Novosibirsk State University , 2, Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,International Tomography Center , 3a, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Valeri V Korolev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Stepanov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V Kalneus
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Enrico Benassi
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University , 53, Qabanbay Batyr Ave., 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan.,University of Oklahoma , 660 Parrington Oval, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Sergei F Vasilevsky
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Stass
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS , 3, Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University , 2, Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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11
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Kale TS, Tovar JD. Regulation of peptide-π-peptide nanostructure bundling: the impact of ‘cruciform’ π-electron segments. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Samanta SK, Scherf U. Cationic Main-Chain Polyelectrolytes with Pyridinium-Basedp-Phenylenevinylene Units and Their Aggregation-Induced Gelation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kalyan Samanta
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology; Wuppertal University; Gauss-Strasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group and Institute for Polymer Technology; Wuppertal University; Gauss-Strasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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13
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Niu S, Yan H, Li S, Xu P, Zhi X, Li T. Bright Blue Photoluminescence Emitted from the Novel Hyperbranched Polysiloxane-Containing Unconventional Chromogens. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Niu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Shaanxi Province; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Shaanxi Province; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Shaanxi Province; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Peilun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Shaanxi Province; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Xiaoli Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Shaanxi Province; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Shaanxi Province; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710129 China
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Parthasarathy A, Pappas HC, Hill EH, Huang Y, Whitten DG, Schanze KS. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Imidazolium Solubilizing Groups. Properties and Application to Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:28027-34. [PMID: 26079205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports an investigation of the photophysical properties and the light- and dark-biocidal activity of two poly(phenyleneethynylene) (PPE)-based conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) bearing cationic imidazolium solubilizing groups. The two polymers feature the same PPE-type backbone, but they differ in the frequency of imidazoliums on the chains: PIM-4 features two imidazolium units on every phenylene repeat, whereas PIM-2 contains two imidazolium units on every other phenylene unit. Both polymers are very soluble in water and polar organic solvents, but their propensity to aggregate in water differs with the density of the imidazolium units. The polymers are highly fluorescent, and they exhibit the amplified quenching effect when exposed to a low concentration of anionic electron-acceptor anthraquinone disulfonate. The CPEs are also quenched by a relatively low concentration of pyrophosphate by an aggregation-induced quenching mechanism. The biocidal activity of the cationic imidazolium CPEs was studied against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the dark and under blue-light illumination. Both polymers are effective biocides, exhibiting greater than 3 log kill with 30-60 min of light exposure at concentrations of ≤10 μg mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Parthasarathy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Harry C Pappas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
| | - Eric H Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - David G Whitten
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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15
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Darwish GH, Karam P. Nanohybrid conjugated polyelectrolytes: highly photostable and ultrabright nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15149-15158. [PMID: 26255590 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a general and straightforward one-step approach to enhance the photophysical properties of conjugated polyelectrolytes. Upon complexation with an amphiphilic polymer (polyvinylpyrrolidone), an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (poly[5-methoxy-2-(3-sulfopropoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) was prepared into small nanoparticles with exceptional photostability and brightness. The polymer fluorescence intensity was enhanced by 23 -fold and could be easily tuned by changing the order of addition. Single molecule experiments revealed a complete suppression of blinking. In addition, after only losing 18% of the original intensity, a remarkable amount of photons were emitted per particle (∼10(9), on average). This number is many folds greater than popular organic fluorescent dyes. We believe that an intimate contact between the two polymers is shielding the conjugated polyelectrolyte from the destructive photooxidation. The prepared nanohybrid particles will prove instrumental in single particle based fluorescent assays and can serve as a probe for the current state-of-the-art bioimaging fluorescence techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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16
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Pan Z, Leem G, Cekli S, Schanze KS. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte-Sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells: Effects of Chain Length and Aggregation on Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16601-16608. [PMID: 26151601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of conjugated polyelectrolytes with different molecular weights (Mn) in each set were synthesized. All polymers feature the same conjugated backbone with alternating (1,4-phenylene) and (2,5-thienylene ethynylene) repeating units, but different linkages between the backbone and side chains, namely, oxy-methylene (-O-CH2-) (P1-O-n, where n = 7, 9, and 14) and methylene (-CH2-) (P2-C-n, n = 7, 12, and 18). They all bear carboxylic acid moieties as side chains, which bind strongly to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The two sets of polymers were used as light-harvesting materials in dye-sensitized solar cells. Despite the difference in molecular weight, polymers within each set have very similar light absorption properties. Interestingly, under the same working conditions, the overall cell efficiency of the P1-O-n series increases with a decreasing molecular weight while the efficiency of the P2-C-n series remains constant regardless of the molecular weight. Steady state photophysical measurements and dynamic light scattering investigation prove that P1-O-n polymers aggregate in solution while P2-C-n series are in the monomeric state. In P1-O-n series, a higher-molecular weight polymer results in a larger aggregate, which reduces the amount of polymers that are adsorbed onto TiO2 films and overall cell efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Seda Cekli
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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17
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Ezzeddine A, Chen Z, Schanze KS, Khashab NM. Surface Modification of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Fundamental Interactions and Intercalation into Conductive Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12903-12913. [PMID: 26001041 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the modification and dispersion and of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through a simple solution mixing technique based on noncovalent interactions between poly(phenylene ethynylene)-based conjugated polyelectrolytes functionalized with cationic imidazolium solubilizing groups (PIM-2 and PIM-4) and MWCNTs. Spectroscopic studies demonstrated the ability of PIMs to strongly interact with and efficiently disperse MWCNTs in different solvents, mainly due to π interactions between the PIMs and the MWCNTs. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed the coating of the polyelectrolytes on the walls of the nanotubes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies confirm the homogeneous dispersion of PIM-modified MWCNTs in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The addition of 1 wt % PIM-modified MWCNTs to the matrix has led to a significant decrease in DC resistivity of the composite (13 orders of magnitude). The increase in electrical conductivity and the improvement in the thermal and mechanical properties of the membranes containing the PIM-modified MWCNTs is ascribed to the formation of MWCNT networks and cross-linking sites that provided channels for the electrons to move in throughout the matrix and reinforced the interface between MWCNTs and PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Ezzeddine
- †Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhuo Chen
- †Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- ‡ Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- ‡ Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- †Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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18
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Synthesis and photophysical properties of poly(arylene ethynylene) small-molecules and polymers derivatized with leucine substituents. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Bender M, Seehafer K, Findt M, Bunz UHF. Pyridine-based poly(aryleneethynylene)s: a study on anionic side chain density and their influence on optical properties and metallochromicity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the Pd-catalyzed synthesis of six new water soluble, alternating poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene-p-pyridinylene-ethynylene) (abcb-alternating) copolymers and one poly(p-pyridinyleneethynylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bender
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Marlene Findt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- CAM
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20
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Bunz UHF, Seehafer K, Bender M, Porz M. Poly(aryleneethynylene)s (PAE) as paradigmatic sensor cores. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4322-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
What you need to know about poly(aryleneethynylene)s as sensory materials. A tutorial of fundamental properties and new developments since 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Federal Republic of Germany
- CAM
| | - Kai Seehafer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Markus Bender
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Michael Porz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Federal Republic of Germany
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21
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Guo S, Zhang J, Wang B, Cong Y, Chen X, Bu W. A reversible cross-linked polymer network based on conjugated polypseudorotaxanes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A supramolecular cross-linked conjugated polymer network induced by controllable acid–base reactions leads to a reversible change in the fluorescence intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Cong
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Bu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou, China
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