1
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Serna S, Wang T, Torkelson JM. Eliminating the Tg-confinement and fragility-confinement effects in poly(4-methylstyrene) films by incorporation of 3 mol % 2-ethylheyxl acrylate comonomer. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:034903. [PMID: 38235797 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoconfined poly(4-methylstyrene) [P(4-MS)] films exhibit reductions in glass transition temperature (Tg) relative to bulk Tg (Tg,bulk). Ellipsometry reveals that 15-nm-thick P(4-MS) films supported on silicon exhibit Tg - Tg,bulk = - 15 °C. P(4-MS) films also exhibit fragility-confinement effects; fragility decreases ∼60% in going from bulk to a 20-nm-thick film. Previous research found that incorporating 2-6 mol % 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) comonomer in styrene-based random copolymers eliminates Tg- and fragility-confinement effects in polystyrene. Here, we demonstrate that incorporating 3 mol % EHA in a 4-MS-based random copolymer, 97/3 P(4-MS/EHA), eliminates the Tg- and fragility-confinement effects. The invariance of fragility with nanoconfinement of 97/3 P(4-MS/EHA) films, hypothesized to originate from the interdigitation of ethylhexyl groups, indicates that the presence of EHA prevents the free surface from perturbing chain packing and the cooperative mobility associated with Tg. This method of eliminating confinement effects is advantageous as it relies on the simplest of polymerization methods and neat copolymer only slightly altered in composition from homopolymer. We also investigated whether we could eliminate the Tg-confinement effect with low levels of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA) in 4-MS-based or styrene-based copolymers. Although EHMA is structurally nearly identical to EHA, 4-MS-based and styrene-based copolymers incorporating 4 mol % EHMA exhibit Tg-confinement effects similar to P(4-MS) and polystyrene. These results support the special character of EHA in eliminating confinement effects originating at free surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Serna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John M Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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2
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Hu S, Wang T, Wei T, Peera A, Zhang S, Pujari S, Torkelson JM. Very low levels of n-butyl acrylate comonomer strongly affect residual stress relaxation in styrene/acrylic random copolymer films. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Wang T, Hu S, Zhang S, Peera A, Reffner J, Torkelson JM. Eliminating the Tg-Confinement Effect in Polystyrene Films: Extraordinary Impact of a 2 mol % 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Comonomer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Sumeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Sipei Zhang
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - Asghar Peera
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - John Reffner
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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4
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Wang S, Luo Z, Liang J, Hu J, Jiang N, He J, Li Q. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Understanding the Matrix/Particle Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13612-13656. [PMID: 36107156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics possess exceptional electric properties that are absent in the pristine dielectric polymers. The matrix/particle interface in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics is suggested to play decisive roles on the bulk material performance. Herein, we present a critical overview of recent research advances and important insights in understanding the matrix/particle interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. The primary experimental strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for resolving the local property-structure correlation of the matrix/particle interface are dissected in depth, with a focus on the characterization capabilities of each strategy or technique that other approaches cannot compete with. Limitations to each of the experimental strategy are evaluated as well. In the last section of this Review, we summarize and compare the three experimental strategies from multiple aspects and point out their advantages and disadvantages, critical issues, and possible experimental schemes to be established. Finally, the authors' personal viewpoints regarding the challenges of the existing experimental strategies are presented, and potential directions for the interface study are proposed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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5
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Xing Z, Zhu N, Yang Y, Wang X, Zuo B. Alternating chain sequence weakening of interfacial molecular interactions enhances the Tg confinement effect of polymers. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Zhao Q, Bennington P, Nealey PF, Patel SN, Evans CM. Ion Specific, Thin Film Confinement Effects on Conductivity in Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Bennington
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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7
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Arabeche K, Delbreilh L, Baer E. Physical aging of multilayer polymer films—influence of layer thickness on enthalpy relaxation process, effect of confinement. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Han Y, Roth CB. Gradient in refractive index reveals denser near free surface region in thin polymer films. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144901. [PMID: 34654302 DOI: 10.1063/5.0062054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradient in refractive index that is linear in magnitude with depth into the film is used to fit ellipsometric data for thin polymer films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP). We find that the linear gradient model fits provide more physically realistic refractive index values for thin films compared with the commonly used homogeneous Cauchy layer model, addressing recent reports of physically unrealistic density increases. Counter to common expectations of a simple free volume correlation between density and dynamics, we find that the direction of refractive index (density) gradient indicates a higher density near the free surface, which we rationalize based on the observed faster free surface dynamics needed to create vapor deposited stable glasses with optimized denser molecular packings. The magnitude of refractive index gradient is observed to be three times larger for PMMA than for PS films, while P2VP films exhibit a more muted response possibly reflective of a decoupling in free surface and substrate dynamics in systems with strong interfacial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Han
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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9
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Roth CB. Polymers under nanoconfinement: where are we now in understanding local property changes? Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8050-8066. [PMID: 34086025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are increasingly being used in applications with nanostructured morphologies where almost all polymer molecules are within a few tens to hundreds of nanometers from some interface. From nearly three decades of study on polymers in simplified nanoconfined systems such as thin films, we have come to understand property changes in these systems as arising from interfacial effects where local dynamical perturbations are propagated deeper into the material. This review provides a summary of local glass transition temperature Tg changes near interfaces, comparing across different types of interfaces: free surface, substrate, liquid, and polymer-polymer. Local versus film-average properties in thin films are discussed, making connections to other related property changes, while highlighting several historically important studies. By experimental necessity, most studies are on high enough molecule weight chains to be well entangled, although aspects that connect to lower molecule weight materials are described. Emphasis is made to identify observations and open questions that have yet to be fully understood such as the evidence of long-ranged interfacial effects, finite domain size, interfacial breadth, and chain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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10
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Li L, Qiang Z, Chen X, Jin K, Wang M, Torkelson JM. Impact of bottlebrush chain architecture on
T
g
‐confinement and
fragility‐confinement
effects enabled by thermo‐cleavable bottlebrush polymers synthesized by radical coupling and atom transfer radical polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Kailong Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
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11
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12
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Wei T, Torkelson JM. Molecular Weight Dependence of the Glass Transition Temperature ( Tg)-Confinement Effect in Well-Dispersed Poly(2-vinyl pyridine)–Silica Nanocomposites: Comparison of Interfacial Layer Tg and Matrix Tg. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Han Y, Huang X, Rohrbach ACW, Roth CB. Comparing refractive index and density changes with decreasing film thickness in thin supported films across different polymers. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044902. [PMID: 32752678 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Density changes in thin polymer films have long been considered as a possible explanation for shifts in the thickness-dependent glass transition temperature Tg(h) in such nanoconfined systems, given that the glass transition is fundamentally associated with packing frustration during material densification on cooling. We use ellipsometry to compare the temperature-dependent refractive index with decreasing thickness n(h) for supported films of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS), as these polymers have different silica substrate interactions. We observe similar n(h) trends for all three polymers, with near equivalence of P2VP and PS, characterized by a large apparent increase in refractive index for h ≤ 40 nm-65 nm depending on the polymer. Possible sources of molecular dipole orientation within the film are tested by varying molecular weight, polydispersity, chain conformation, and substrate chemistry. Such film inhomogeneities associated with non-uniform polarizability would invalidate the use of homogeneous layer approximations inherent in most thin film analysis methods, which we believe likely explains recent reports of large unphysical increases in film density with decreasing thickness by a variety of different experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Han
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Xinru Huang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alan C W Rohrbach
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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14
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Ma MC, Guo YL. Physical Properties of Polymers Under Soft and Hard Nanoconfinement: A Review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Zhang Z, Ding J, Ocko BM, Fluerasu A, Wiegart L, Zhang Y, Kobrak M, Tian Y, Zhang H, Lhermitte J, Choi CH, Fisher FT, Yager KG, Black CT. Nanoscale viscosity of confined polyethylene oxide. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062503. [PMID: 31962430 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Complex fluids near interfaces or confined within nanoscale volumes can exhibit substantial shifts in physical properties compared to bulk, including glass transition temperature, phase separation, and crystallization. Because studies of these effects typically use thin film samples with one dimension of confinement, it is generally unclear how more extreme spatial confinement may influence these properties. In this work, we used x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy and gold nanoprobes to characterize polyethylene oxide confined by nanostructured gratings (<100nm width) and measured the viscosity in this nanoconfinement regime to be ∼500 times the bulk viscosity. This enhanced viscosity occurs even when the scale of confinement is several times the polymer's radius of gyration, consistent with previous reports of polymer viscosity near flat interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Junjun Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ocko
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Yugang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Mark Kobrak
- Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Honghu Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Julien Lhermitte
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Chang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Frank T Fisher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
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16
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Startsev OV, Lebedev MP. Glass-Transition Temperature and Characteristic Temperatures of α Transition in Amorphous Polymers Using the Example of Poly(methyl methacrylate). POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Burroughs MJ, Christie D, Gray LAG, Chowdhury M, Priestley RD. 21st Century Advances in Fluorescence Techniques to Characterize Glass‐Forming Polymers at the Nanoscale. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Burroughs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Dane Christie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Laura A. G. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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18
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Arzhakova OV, Dolgova AA, Kechek’yan PA, Rukhlya EG, Kechek’yan AS, Volynskii AL. The role of the scale factor in the structure-related mechanical behavior of glassy polymers. COLLOID JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x17060035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Vogt BD. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of confined amorphous polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325
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20
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Controlled self-organization of polymer nanopatterns over large areas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10526. [PMID: 28874796 PMCID: PMC5585330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly methods allow to obtain ordered patterns on surfaces with exquisite precision, but often lack in effectiveness over large areas. Here we report on the realization of hierarchically ordered polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) nanofibres and nanodots over large areas from solution via a fast, easy and low-cost method named ASB-SANS, based on a ternary solution that is cast on the substrate. Simple changes to the ternary solution composition allow to control the transition from nanofibres to nanodots, via a wide range of intermediate topologies. The ternary solution includes the material to be patterned, a liquid solvent and a solid substance able to sublimate. The analysis of the fibres/dots width and inter-pattern distance variations with respect to the ratio between the solution components suggests that the macromolecular chains mobility in the solidified sublimating substance follows Zimm-like models (mobility of macromolecules in diluted liquid solutions). A qualitative explanation of the self-assembly phenomena originating the observed nanopatterns is given. Finally, ASB-SANS-generated PMMA nanodots arrays have been used as lithographic masks for a silicon substrate and submitted to Inductively Coupled Plasma-Reactive Ion Etching (ICP-RIE). As a result, nanopillars with remarkably high aspect ratios have been achieved over areas as large as several millimeters square, highlighting an interesting potential of ASB-SANS in practical applications like photon trapping in photovoltaic cells, surface-enhanced sensors, plasmonics.
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21
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An R, Huang L, Mineart KP, Dong Y, Spontak RJ, Gubbins KE. Adhesion and friction in polymer films on solid substrates: conformal sites analysis and corresponding surface measurements. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3492-3505. [PMID: 28422244 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a statistical mechanical analysis to elucidate the molecular-level factors responsible for the static and dynamic properties of polymer films. This analysis, which we term conformal sites theory, establishes that three dimensionless parameters play important roles in determining differences from bulk behavior for thin polymer films near to surfaces: a microscopic wetting parameter, αwx, defined as the ratio of polymer-substrate interaction to polymer-polymer interaction; a dimensionless film thickness, H*; and dimensionless temperature, T*. The parameter αwx introduced here provides a more fundamental measure of wetting than previous metrics, since it is defined in terms of intermolecular forces and the atomic structure of the substrate, and so is valid at the nanoscale for gas, liquid or solid films. To test this theoretical analysis, we also report atomic force microscopy measurements of the friction coefficient (μ), adhesion force (FA) and glass transition temperature (Tg) for thin films of two polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS), on two planar substrates, graphite and silica. Both the friction coefficient and the glass transition temperature are found to increase as the film thickness decreases, and this increase is more pronounced for the graphite than for the silica surface. The adhesion force is also greater for the graphite surface. The larger effects encountered for the graphite surface are attributed to the fact that the microscopic wetting parameter, αwx, is larger for graphite than for silica, indicating stronger attraction of polymer chains to the graphite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong An
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Liangliang Huang
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Kenneth P Mineart
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Yihui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Richard J Spontak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Keith E Gubbins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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22
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Ok S, Sheets J, Welch S, Kaya S, Jalilov A, Cole DR. Tuning hydrophobicity of a fluorinated terpolymer in differently assembled thin films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ok
- School of Earth Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Julia Sheets
- School of Earth Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Susan Welch
- School of Earth Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Savas Kaya
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Ohio University; Athens Ohio 45701
| | - Almaz Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005
| | - David R. Cole
- School of Earth Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
- Department of Chemistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
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23
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Sasaki S, Konishi GI. Thermo-responsive fluorescence of AIE-active poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) labeled with highly twisted bis(N,N-dialkylamino)arenes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermo-responsive fluorescent polymer materials were synthesized fromN-isopropylacrylamides with AIE-active 9,10-bis(N,N-dialkylamino)arene monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sasaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Gen-ichi Konishi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo
- Japan
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24
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Wang H, Chang T, Li X, Zhang W, Hu Z, Jonas AM. Scaled down glass transition temperature in confined polymer nanofibers. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14950-14955. [PMID: 27476991 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of polymer nanostructures have been widely used in many novel devices and nanofabrication methods. The glass transition temperature, which is a key parameter influencing the long-term stability of polymer nanostructures, has not yet been systematically studied and well understood. Here we study this technological and fundamental issue with polymers of different values of molar mass M confined in nanocylinders of a varying diameter D. The glass transition temperature Tg loses its dependence on the molar mass for D ≲ 100 nm, a range in which the relative depression of Tg varies as D(-0.44). For higher cylinder diameters, Tg progressively recovers its dependence on the molar mass. This is quantitatively reproduced by a model based on an equilibrium interfacial excess of free volume, which needs to be created unless provided by the chain ends. Our findings suggest that the structural perturbations during nanofabrication may strongly affect the long-term stability of arrays of polymer nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Tongxin Chang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China and Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China and Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China and Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China and College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. and Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Alain M Jonas
- Bio & Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.02, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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25
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Atomic-scale thermal behavior of nanoimprinted 0.3-nm-high step patterns on PMMA polymer sheets. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zhang L, Torkelson JM. Influence of initiator fragments as chain ends on the Tg-confinement effect and dewetting of thin films of ultralow molecular weight polymer. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Pye JE, Roth CB. Above, below, and in-between the two glass transitions of ultrathin free-standing polystyrene films: Thermal expansion coefficient and physical aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Pye
- Department of Physics; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30322
| | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics; Emory University; Atlanta Georgia 30322
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28
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Bilotti E, Duquesne E, Deng H, Zhang R, Quero F, Georgiades SN, Fischer HR, Dubois P, Peijs T. In situ polymerised polyamide 6/sepiolite nanocomposites: Effect of different interphases. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Qian C, Zhang S, Li J, Zuo B, Wang X. Segmental relaxation behavior of polystyrene chains in the cores of collapsed dry micelles tethered on the micelle film surface by a poly(acrylic acid) corona. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1579-1590. [PMID: 24652303 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52761a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental investigation of the segmental relaxation behavior of polystyrene (PS) chains that are confined in a micellar core tethered by a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) block corona on the dry film surface, along with various core density and molecular weight of PS block from below to well above the entanglement molecular weight. The results show that the onset temperature of PS chain rearrangement (T(onset)), which was much lower than the T(bulk)(g) of the corresponding PS block and higher than T(film)(g) of ultrathin PS films with corresponding thickness and molecular weights, generally increases with increasing density of the micelle core. It was found that the difference in ΔT(onset) with increasing relative density ρ/ρmin obtained from PS154-b-PAA49 and PS278-b-PAA47 micelles was large, while these from PS278-b-PAA47 and PS404-b-PAA63 was negligible, suggesting that entanglement has considerable influence on the density dependence of the T(onset) of PS chains under confinement in the micelle core on the film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.
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30
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Methacrylate-based polymer films useful in lithographic applications exhibit different glass transition temperature-confinement effects at high and low molecular weight. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Lecouvet B, Sclavons M, Bourbigot S, Bailly C. Towards scalable production of polyamide 12/halloysite nanocomposites via water-assisted extrusion: mechanical modeling, thermal and fire properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Lecouvet
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Croix du Sud 1, box 4 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - M. Sclavons
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Croix du Sud 1, box 4 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - S. Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL); 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - C. Bailly
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN); Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); Croix du Sud 1, box 4 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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32
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Thermal and flammability properties of polyethersulfone/halloysite nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Evans CM, Torkelson JM. Determining multiple component glass transition temperatures in miscible polymer blends: Comparison of fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Miwa Y, Yamamoto K. Simple and Highly Sensitive Measurement Method for Detection of Glass Transition Temperatures of Polymers: Application of ESR Power Saturation Phenomenon with Conventional Spin-Probe Technique. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9277-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Miwa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido,
Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department
of Materials Science
and Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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35
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Nygård K, Delcambre SP, Satapathy DK, Bunk O, Nealey PF, van der Veen JF. Size-Dependent Shape Evolution of Patterned Polymer Films Studied in Situ by Phase-Retrieval-Based Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300662s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Nygård
- Research Department
of Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sean P. Delcambre
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
United States
| | - Dillip K. Satapathy
- Research Department
of Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bunk
- Research Department
of Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
United States
| | - J. Friso van der Veen
- Research Department
of Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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36
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Arabeche K, Delbreilh L, Adhikari R, Michler GH, Hiltner A, Baer E, Saiter JM. Study of the cooperativity at the glass transition temperature in PC/PMMA multilayered films: Influence of thickness reduction from macro- to nanoscale. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Michell RM, Lorenzo AT, Müller AJ, Lin MC, Chen HL, Blaszczyk-Lezak I, Martín J, Mijangos C. The Crystallization of Confined Polymers and Block Copolymers Infiltrated Within Alumina Nanotube Templates. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mary Michell
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000,
Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela
| | - Arnaldo T. Lorenzo
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000,
Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- Grupo de Polímeros USB, Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000,
Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela
| | - Ming-Champ Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Center of Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Center of Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Iwona Blaszczyk-Lezak
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mijangos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Mok MM, Lodge TP. Temperature-based fluorescence measurements of pyrene in block copolymer micelles: Probing micelle core glass transition breadths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Torres JM, Stafford CM, Uhrig D, Vogt BD. Impact of chain architecture (branching) on the thermal and mechanical behavior of polystyrene thin films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Torres JM, Wang C, Coughlin EB, Bishop JP, Register RA, Riggleman RA, Stafford CM, Vogt BD. Influence of Chain Stiffness on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Torres
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Chengqing Wang
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - John P. Bishop
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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41
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Onard S, Martin I, Chailan JF, Crespy A, Carriere P. Nanostructuration in Thin Epoxy−Amine Films Inducing Controlled Specific Phase Etherification: Effect on the Glass Transition Temperatures. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Onard
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Martin
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Francois Chailan
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Alain Crespy
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Carriere
- Laboratoire des Matériaux, Polymères, Interfaces et Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Sud Toulon Var, Avenue de l’Université, 83 957 La Garde Cedex, France
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42
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Molecular probe technique for determining local thermal transitions: The glass transition at Silica/PMMA nanocomposite interfaces. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Torres JM, Stafford CM, Vogt BD. Manipulation of the elastic modulus of polymers at the nanoscale: influence of UV-ozone cross-linking and plasticizer. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5357-5365. [PMID: 20712351 DOI: 10.1021/nn100720z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical stability of polymeric nanostructures is critical to the processing, assembly, and performance of numerous existing and emerging technologies. A key predictor of mechanical stability is the elastic modulus. However, a significant reduction in modulus has been reported for thin films and nanostructures when the thickness or size of the polymer material decreases below a critical length scale. Routes to mitigate or even eliminate this reduction in modulus, and thus enhancing the mechanically stability of polymeric nanostructures, would be extremely valuable. Here, two routes to modulate the mechanical properties of polymers at the nanoscale are described. Exposure to ultraviolet light and ozone (UVO) cross-links the near surface region of high molecular mass PS films, rendering the elastic modulus independent of thickness. However, UVO cannot eliminate the decrease in modulus of low molecular mass PS or PMMA due to limited reaction depth and photodegradation, respectively. Alternatively, the thickness dependence of the elastic modulus of both PS and PMMA can be eliminated by addition of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) at 5% by mass. Furthermore, an increase in modulus is observed for films with thicknesses less than 30 nm with 5% DOP by mass in comparison to neat PS. Although DOP acts as a plasticizer for both PS and PMMA in the bulk, evidence indicates that DOP acts as an antiplasticizer at the nanoscale. By maintaining or even increasing the elastic modulus of polymers at the nanoscale, these methods could lead to improved stability of polymeric nanostructures and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, USA
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44
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Dion M, Larson AB, Vogt BD. Impact of low-molecular mass components (oligomers) on the glass transition in thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Boucher VM, Cangialosi D, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Enthalpy Recovery of PMMA/Silica Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101217y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie M. Boucher
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Cangialosi
- Centro de Física de Materiales Centro Mixto (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro de Física de Materiales Centro Mixto (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales Centro Mixto (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
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46
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Peng HG, Kong YP, Yee AF. Relaxation Kinetics of Nanostructures on Polymer Surface: Effect of Stress, Chain Mobility, and Spatial Confinement. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901666v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Gen Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Yen Peng Kong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Albert F. Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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47
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Calvo F, Wales DJ. Stepwise melting of a model glass former under confinement. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:134504. [PMID: 19814563 DOI: 10.1063/1.3239468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Calvo
- LASIM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I and UMR 5579, CNRS, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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48
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Kim S, Hewlett SA, Roth CB, Torkelson JM. Confinement effects on glass transition temperature, transition breadth, and expansivity: comparison of ellipsometry and fluorescence measurements on polystyrene films. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2009; 30:83-92. [PMID: 19784679 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2009-10510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using ellipsometry, we characterized the nanoconfinement effect on the glass transition temperature (T (g)of supported polystyrene (PS) films employing two methods: the intersection of fits to the temperature (Tdependences of rubbery- and glassy-state thicknesses, and the transition mid-point between rubbery- and glassy-state expansivities. The results demonstrate a strong effect of thickness: T(g) (bulk) - T(g)(23 nm) = 10 degrees C. The T -range needed for accurate measurement increases significantly with decreasing thickness, an effect that arises from the broadening of the transition with confinement and a region below T (g) where expansivity slowly decreases with decreasing T . As determined from expansivities, the T (g) breadth triples in going from bulk films to a 21-nm-thick film; this broadening of the transition may be a more dramatic effect of confinement than the T (g) reduction itself. In contrast, there is little effect of confinement on the rubbery- and glassy-state expansivities. Compared with ellipsometry, T (g) 's from fluorescence agree well in bulk films but yield lower values in nanoconfined films: T (g)(bulk) - T (g)(23 nm) = 15( degrees ) C via fluorescence. This small difference in the T (g) confinement effect reflects differences in how fluorescence and ellipsometry report "average T (g) " with confinement. With decreasing nanoscale thickness, fluorescence may slightly overweight the contribution of the free-surface layer while ellipsometry may evenly weight or underweight its contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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49
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Kim YK, Kim DI, Park J, Shin G, Kim GT, Ha JS. Facile transfer of thickness controllable poly(methyl methacrylate) patterns on a nanometer scale onto SiO2 substrates via microcontact printing combined with simplified Langmuir-Schaefer technique. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:14289-14295. [PMID: 19360969 DOI: 10.1021/la801651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the facile patterning of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layers onto SiO2 substrates via microcontact printing combined with the simplified Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique. Langmuir film of PMMA was formed just by dropping a dilute PMMA solution onto the air/water surface in a glass Petri dish via self-assembly, and it was used as an ink for the patterned poly(dimethylsilioxane) (PDMS) stamp. The transferred film properties were systematically investigated with variation of postannealing temperature, molecular weight of PMMA, and the inking number. The patterned PMMA film surface was smooth with no vacancy defect in a few micrometers scale AFM images over the whole film area after post-annealing process. The thickness of the PMMA patterns was controlled on the nanometer scale by the number of inkings of the LS layer of PMMA on the PDMS stamp. By using the PMMA patterns as a barrier and a sacrificial layer against the chemical etching and metal deposition, SiO2 and metal patterns were fabricated, respectively. The PMMA layers also worked as a passivation layer against the patterning of V2O5 nanowires and the selective adsorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We also fabricated thin film transistors using patterned SWCNTs with different percolation states and investigated the electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kim S, Roth CB, Torkelson JM. Effect of nanoscale confinement on the glass transition temperature of free-standing polymer films: Novel, self-referencing fluorescence method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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