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Kilbane D, Prinz E, Eul T, Hartelt M, Mahro AK, Hensen M, Pfeiffer W, Aeschlimann M. Plasmonic wavelength-dependent optical switch. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9579-9590. [PMID: 37157525 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We design and experimentally demonstrate an optical switch based on the interference of plasmonic modes in whispering gallery mode (WGM) antennas. Simultaneous excitation of even and odd WGM modes, enabled by a small symmetry breaking via non-normal illumination, allows switching the plasmonic near field between opposite sides of the antenna, depending on the excitation wavelength used in a wavelength range of 60 nm centered around 790 nm. This proposed switching mechanism is experimentally demonstrated by combining photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) with a tunable wavelength femtosecond laser source in the visible and infrared.
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Da Browski M, Dai Y, Petek H. Ultrafast Photoemission Electron Microscopy: Imaging Plasmons in Space and Time. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6247-6287. [PMID: 32530607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonics is a rapidly growing field spanning research and applications across chemistry, physics, optics, energy harvesting, and medicine. Ultrafast photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) has demonstrated unprecedented power in the characterization of surface plasmons and other electronic excitations, as it uniquely combines the requisite spatial and temporal resolution, making it ideally suited for 3D space and time coherent imaging of the dynamical plasmonic phenomena on the nanofemto scale. The ability to visualize plasmonic fields evolving at the local speed of light on subwavelength scale with optical phase resolution illuminates old phenomena and opens new directions for growth of plasmonics research. In this review, we guide the reader thorough experimental description of PEEM as a characterization tool for both surface plasmon polaritons and localized plasmons and summarize the exciting progress it has opened by the ultrafast imaging of plasmonic phenomena on the nanofemto scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Da Browski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QL, U.K
| | - Yanan Dai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Hrvoje Petek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Chantakit T, Chiangga S, Amiri IS, Yupapin P. All-optical wireless wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing using resonant cavity. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:7997-8004. [PMID: 30462071 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.007997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential capability of wireless wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing can enable the next development of smaller photonic counterparts for network architectures. This paper numerically represents a new design of a wireless transmission in C-band infrared wavelengths within two identical resonant cavities between photonic chips. This system consists of an H1 rod-type two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) microcavity, which can be operated as both a transmitter and a receiver without interfering with the signal in each PhC waveguide. By using the point-to-point oscillatory light-field exchange between resonant cavities, two independent photonic circuits are linked with each other. The obtained results show that the multi-resonance wavelengths in one chip can be transferred to another chip located far away by ten times the highest resonance wavelength. Such a device can be useful for integrated optical circuit interconnect and small-scale sensors between photonic chips.
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Singh K, Panchenko E, Nasr B, Liu A, Wesemann L, Davis TJ, Roberts A. Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1491-1500. [PMID: 29977682 PMCID: PMC6009612 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the results of an investigation of resonances of azimuthal trimer arrangements of rectangular slots in a gold film on a glass substrate using cathodoluminescence (CL) as a probe. The variation in the CL signal collected from specific locations on the sample as a function of wavelength and the spatial dependence of emission into different wavelength bands provides considerable insight into the resonant modes, particularly sub-radiant modes, of these apertures. By comparing our experimental results with electromagnetic simulations we are able to identify a Fabry-Pérot mode of these cavities as well as resonances associated with the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on the air-gold boundary. We obtain evidence for the excitation of dark (also known as sub-radiant) modes of apertures and aperture ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Singh
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Babak Nasr
- Centre for Neural Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amelia Liu
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy and School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lukas Wesemann
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Timothy J Davis
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ann Roberts
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Aeschlimann M, Brixner T, Cinchetti M, Frisch B, Hecht B, Hensen M, Huber B, Kramer C, Krauss E, Loeber TH, Pfeiffer W, Piecuch M, Thielen P. Cavity-assisted ultrafast long-range periodic energy transfer between plasmonic nanoantennas. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17111. [PMID: 30167218 PMCID: PMC6062045 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Aeschlimann
- Fachbereich Physik and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Mirko Cinchetti
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund 44221, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frisch
- Fachbereich Physik and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Bert Hecht
- Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems (RCCM), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Nano‐Optics and Bio‐Photonics Group, Department of Experimental Physics 5, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Matthias Hensen
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Bernhard Huber
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Christian Kramer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Enno Krauss
- Nano‐Optics and Bio‐Photonics Group, Department of Experimental Physics 5, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Thomas H Loeber
- Nano Structuring Centre and Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Walter Pfeiffer
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Martin Piecuch
- Fachbereich Physik and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Philip Thielen
- Fachbereich Physik and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
- Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 47, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
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Cohen M, Salomon A. Secondary Electron Cloaking with Broadband Plasmonic Resonant Absorbers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3912-3916. [PMID: 28745891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most powerful tools for nanoscale inspection and imaging. It is broadly used for biomedicine, materials science, and nanotechnology, enabling spatial resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit. In SEM, a high-energy electron beam illuminates a specimen, and the emitted secondary electrons are routed to a positively biased, synchronized detector for image creation. Here, for the first time, we experimentally demonstrate a cloaking of metallic objects from a secondary electron image. We make a metallic disc with a diameter of 300 nm almost invisible to a secondary electron detector with <5 nm spatial resolution. The secondary electron cloaking is based on broadband optical radiation absorption in the near field. Our secondary electron images are in good agreement with full-wave numerical solution of Maxwell's equations at optical frequencies, confirming the concept of secondary electron cloaking based on broadband optical radiation absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshik Cohen
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Adi Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Word RC, Könenkamp R. Mode structure of planar optical antennas on dielectric substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:18727-18738. [PMID: 27505835 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.018727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a numerical study, supported by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), of sub-micron planar optical antennas on transparent substrate. We find these antennas generate intricate near-field spatial field distributions with odd and even numbers of nodes. We show that the field distributions are primarily superpositions of planar surface plasmon polariton modes confined to the metal/substrate interface. The mode structure provides opportunities for coherent switching and optical control in sub-micron volumes.
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Spatially multiplexed dark-field microspectrophotometry for nanoplasmonics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22836. [PMID: 26953042 PMCID: PMC4782137 DOI: 10.1038/srep22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the effect of the substrate on the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metallic nanoparticles is key for deepening our understanding of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. This coupling gives rise to shifts of the LSPR as well as changes in the scattering pattern shape. The problem requires of high-throughput techniques that present both high spatial and spectral resolution. We present here a technique, referred to as Spatially Multiplexed Micro-Spectrophotometry (SMMS), able to perform polarization-resolved spectral and spatial analysis of the scattered light over large surface areas. The SMMS technique provides three orders of magnitude faster spectroscopic analysis than conventional dark-field microspectrophotometry, with the capability for mapping the spatial distribution of the scattered light intensity with lateral resolution of 40 nm over surface areas of 0.02 mm(2). We show polarization-resolved dark-field spectral analysis of hundreds of gold nanoparticles deposited on a silicon surface. The technique allows determining the effect of the substrate on the LSPR of single nanoparticles and dimers and their scattering patterns. This is applied for rapid discrimination and counting of monomers and dimers of nanoparticles. In addition, the diameter of individual nanoparticles can be rapidly assessed with 1 nm accuracy.
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Melchior P, Kilbane D, Vesseur EJ, Polman A, Aeschlimann M. Photoelectron imaging of modal interference in plasmonic whispering gallery cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:31619-31626. [PMID: 26698955 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.031619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We use three-photon photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) to investigate the interference of coherently excited dipolar and quadrupolar resonant modes of plasmonic whispering gallery resonators formed by circular grooves patterned into a flat Au surface. Optical scattering and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy are used to characterize the cavity resonance spectra for a wide range of cavity radii and groove depths. Using PEEM, we directly resolve the interference between the modal field distribution of dipolar and quadrupolar modes that are coherently excited at λ = 795 nm under oblique incidence. Characteristic asymmetries in the photoelectron images for both TM and TE excitation are a direct consequence of the coherent excitation of the resonant modes.
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Directional emission from a single plasmonic scatterer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3250. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Coenen T, van de Groep J, Polman A. Resonant modes of single silicon nanocavities excited by electron irradiation. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1689-1698. [PMID: 23311326 DOI: 10.1021/nn3056862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectric or semiconductor nanoparticles support strong Mie-like geometrical resonances in the visible spectral range. We use 30 keV angle-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy to excite and detect these resonant modes in single silicon nanocylinders with diameters ranging from 60 to 350 nm. Resonances are observed with wavelengths in the range of 400-700 nm, with quality factors in the range Q = 9-77, and show a strong red shift with increasing cylinder diameter. The photonic wave function of all modes is determined at deep-subwavelength resolution and shows good correspondence with numerical simulations. An analytical model is developed that describes the resonant Mie-like optical eigenmodes in the silicon cylinders using an effective index of a slab waveguide mode. It shows good overall agreement with the experimental results and enables qualification of all resonances with azimuthal (m = 0-4) and radial (q = 1-4) quantum numbers. The single resonant Si nanocylinders show characteristic angular radiation distributions in agreement with the modal symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sapienza R, Coenen T, Renger J, Kuttge M, van Hulst NF, Polman A. Deep-subwavelength imaging of the modal dispersion of light. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:781-787. [PMID: 22902895 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous optical technologies and quantum optical devices rely on the controlled coupling of a local emitter to its photonic environment, which is governed by the local density of optical states (LDOS). Although precise knowledge of the LDOS is crucial, classical optical techniques fail to measure it in all of its frequency and spatial components. Here, we use a scanning electron beam as a point source to probe the LDOS. Through angular and spectral detection of the electron-induced light emission, we spatially and spectrally resolve the light wave vector and determine the LDOS of Bloch modes in a photonic crystal membrane at an unprecedented deep-subwavelength resolution (30-40 nm) over a large spectral range. We present a first look inside photonic crystal cavities revealing subwavelength details of the resonant modes. Our results provide direct guidelines for the optimum location of emitters to control their emission, and key fundamental insights into light-matter coupling at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapienza
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
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Coenen T, Polman A. Polarization-sensitive cathodoluminescence Fourier microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:18679-18691. [PMID: 23038509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.018679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Determining the emission polarization properties of sub-wavelength structures like optical nanoantennas, nanocavities and photonic crystals is important to understand their physical properties and to optimize their use in applications. Recently we have shown that angle-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopy (ARCIS), which uses a 30 keV electron beam as an excitation source, is a useful technique to study the far-field properties of such structures. Here we extend the technique with polarization-sensitive angular detection. As proof-of-principle, we experimentally probe the emission polarization properties of three orthogonal dipolar emitters of which the polarization is well-known and find excellent agreement between experiment and theory. We access these dipole orientations by exciting an unstructured gold surface and a ridge nanoantenna with an in-plane dipolar plasmon resonance. The light emission is collected with an aluminum half paraboloid mirror. We show how to take the effect of the paraboloid mirror on the emission polarization into account and how to predict the polarization-filtered pattern if the emission polarization is known. Furthermore, we calculate that by introducing a slit in the beam path the polarization contrast in cathodoluminescence spectroscopy can be strongly enhanced. Finally, we reconstruct the emission polarization from the experimental data and show that from these field patterns we can infer the orientation of the induced dipole moment. The ability to measure the emission polarization, in combination with the sensitivity to the local density of optical states, broad spectral range and high excitation resolution, can be employed to study photonic nanostructures in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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