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Chen K, Xie C, Chen Z, Wang S, Hu Y, Xu F, Pan L. Presketched DNA Origami Canvas for Polymerase-Driven DNA Kirigami. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17265-17272. [PMID: 37638681 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable DNA origami provides a versatile tool to manipulate the conformation of matter on the nanometer scale. Typically, the DNA kirigami method enables the transformation of an origami structure from an initial shape to another predesigned shape by reconfiguring the staple strands. In a regular origami structure, since the perfectly matched and densely packed DNA duplexes block the removal of staple strands, the construction of finely trimmed "sub-origami" structures by the DNA kirigami method has remained challenging. Herein, we proposed a strategy to construct the presketched DNA origami canvas, where the offcut area in the canvas was sketched by loosely fixed staple strands with single-base insertion, to enhance the fineness of polymerase-driven DNA kirigami. We successfully trimmed presketched two-dimensional rectangular canvas, three-dimensional Möbius strip, and genie bottle canvases into complex letter patterns, supercoiled rings, and nanorods, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated a size-controlled DNA kirigami system: a presketched 6HB origami was trimmed into a set of shorter nanowires with predefined lengths, which quantitatively characterized the fineness of the improved DNA kirigami. The presketched origami design was a general method that applied to both 2D and 3D DNA origami structures in square and honeycomb lattices. Loosening DNA origami structures by introducing single-base insertions provides a practical approach to constructing dynamic components when designing DNA nanomachines. Furthermore, the delicate trimming of the DNA origami canvas driven by polymerase may inspire strategies for graphical information encryption and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Chun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhekun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yingxin Hu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050043, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Linqiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control of Education Ministry of China, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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2
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Li R, Madhvacharyula AS, Du Y, Adepu HK, Choi JH. Mechanics of dynamic and deformable DNA nanostructures. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8018-8046. [PMID: 37538812 PMCID: PMC10395309 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In DNA nanotechnology, DNA molecules are designed, engineered, and assembled into arbitrary-shaped architectures with predesigned functions. Static DNA assemblies often have delicate designs with structural rigidity to overcome thermal fluctuations. Dynamic structures reconfigure in response to external cues, which have been explored to create functional nanodevices for environmental sensing and other applications. However, the precise control of reconfiguration dynamics has been a challenge due partly to flexible single-stranded DNA connections between moving parts. Deformable structures are special dynamic constructs with deformation on double-stranded parts and single-stranded hinges during transformation. These structures often have better control in programmed deformation. However, related deformability and mechanics including transformation mechanisms are not well understood or documented. In this review, we summarize the development of dynamic and deformable DNA nanostructures from a mechanical perspective. We present deformation mechanisms such as single-stranded DNA hinges with lock-and-release pairs, jack edges, helicity modulation, and external loading. Theoretical and computational models are discussed for understanding their associated deformations and mechanics. We elucidate the pros and cons of each model and recommend design processes based on the models. The design guidelines should be useful for those who have limited knowledge in mechanics as well as expert DNA designers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 585 Purdue Mall West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Anirudh S Madhvacharyula
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 585 Purdue Mall West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Yancheng Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 585 Purdue Mall West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Harshith K Adepu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 585 Purdue Mall West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 585 Purdue Mall West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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3
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Sarraf N, Rodriguez KR, Qian L. Modular reconfiguration of DNA origami assemblies using tile displacement. Sci Robot 2023; 8:eadf1511. [PMID: 37099635 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adf1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The power of natural evolution lies in the adaptability of biological organisms but is constrained by the time scale of genetics and reproduction. Engineeringartificial molecular machines should not only include adaptability as a core feature but also apply it within a larger design space and at a faster time scale. A lesson from engineering electromechanical robots is that modular robots can perform diverse functions through self-reconfiguration, a large-scale form of adaptation. Molecular machines made of modular, reconfigurable components may form the basis for dynamic self-reprogramming in future synthetic cells. To achieve modular reconfiguration in DNA origami assemblies, we previously developed a tile displacement mechanism in which an invader tile replaces another tile in an array with controlled kinetics. Here, we establish design principles for simultaneous reconfigurations in tile assemblies using complex invaders with distinct shapes. We present toehold and branch migration domain configurations that expand the design space of tile displacement reactions by two orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the construction of multitile invaders with fixed and variable sizes and controlled size distributions. We investigate the growth of three-dimensional (3D) barrel structures with variable cross sections and introduce a mechanism for reconfiguring them into 2D structures. Last, we show an example of a sword-shaped assembly transforming into a snake-shaped assembly, illustrating two independent tile displacement reactions occurring concurrently with minimum cross-talk. This work serves as a proof of concept that tile displacement could be a fundamental mechanism for modular reconfiguration robust to temperature and tile concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Sarraf
- Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kellen R Rodriguez
- Business Economics and Management, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lulu Qian
- Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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4
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Wang W, Shen Y, Wei B. Controllable dynamics of complex DNA nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4795-4800. [PMID: 36806876 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05872c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past four decades, a variety of self-assembly design frameworks have led to the construction of versatile DNA nanostructures with increasing complexity and controllability. The controllable dynamics of DNA nanostructures has garnered much interest and emerged as a powerful tool for conducting sophisticated tasks at the molecular level. In this minireview, we summarized the controllable reconfigurations of complex DNA nanostructures induced by nucleic acid strands, environmental stimuli and enzymatic treatments. We also envisioned that with the optimization of response time, sensitivity and specificity, dynamic DNA nanostructures have great promise in applications ranging from nanorobotics to life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- BGI Research, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Yue Shen
- BGI Research, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Bryan Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Yuan W, Dong GZ, Ning H, Guan XX, Cheng JF, Shi ZW, Du XJ, Meng SW, Liu DS, Dong YC. Applying dynamic light scattering to investigate the self-assembly process of DNA nanostructures. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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6
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Manuguri S, Nguyen MK, Loo J, Natarajan AK, Kuzyk A. Advancing the Utility of DNA Origami Technique through Enhanced Stability of DNA-Origami-Based Assemblies. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 34:6-17. [PMID: 35984467 PMCID: PMC9853507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2006, the DNA origami technique has revolutionized bottom-up nanofabrication. This technique is simple yet versatile and enables the fabrication of nanostructures of almost arbitrary shapes. Furthermore, due to their intrinsic addressability, DNA origami structures can serve as templates for the arrangement of various nanoscale components (small molecules, proteins, nanoparticles, etc.) with controlled stoichiometry and nanometer-scale precision, which is often beyond the reach of other nanofabrication techniques. Despite the multiple benefits of the DNA origami technique, its applicability is often restricted by the limited stability in application-specific conditions. This Review provides an overview of the strategies that have been developed to improve the stability of DNA-origami-based assemblies for potential biomedical, nanofabrication, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesha Manuguri
- Department
of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Minh-Kha Nguyen
- Department
of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland,Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet St., Dist. 10, Ho Chi Minh
City 70000, Vietnam,Vietnam
National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc Dist., Ho Chi Minh
City 756100, Vietnam
| | - Jacky Loo
- Department
of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ashwin Karthick Natarajan
- Department
of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Anton Kuzyk
- Department
of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland,
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7
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Bai T, Zhang J, Huang K, Wang W, Chen B, Li Y, Zhao M, Zhang S, Zhu C, Liu D, Wei B. Reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures induced by enzymatic ligation treatment. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8392-8398. [PMID: 35880584 PMCID: PMC9371897 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic ligation is a popular method in DNA nanotechnology for structural enforcement. When employed as stability switch for chosen components, ligation can be applied to induce DNA nanostructure reconfiguration. In this study, we investigate the reinforcement effect of ligation on addressable DNA nanostructures assembled entirely from short synthetic strands as the basis of structural reconfiguration. A careful calibration of ligation efficiency is performed on structures with programmable nicks. Systematic investigation using comparative agarose gel electrophoresis enables quantitative assessment of enhanced survivability with ligation treatment on a number of unique structures. The solid ligation performance sets up the foundation for the ligation-based structural reconfiguration. With the capability of switching base pairing status between permanent and transient (ON and OFF) by a simple round of enzymatic treatment, ligation induced reconfiguration can be engineered for DNA nanostructures accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanxi Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Suoyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenyou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bryan Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Center for Life Sciences, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Chen K, Xu F, Hu Y, Yan H, Pan L. DNA Kirigami Driven by Polymerase-Triggered Strand Displacement. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201478. [PMID: 35561059 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The precursors of functional biomolecules in living cells are synthesized in a bottom-up manner and subsequently activated by modification into a delicate structure with near-atomic precision. DNA origami technology provides a promising way to mimic the synthesis of precursors, although mimicking the modification process is a challenge. Herein, a DNA paper-cutting (DNA kirigami) method to trim origami into designer nanostructures is proposed, where the modification is implemented by a polymerase-triggered DNA strand displacement reaction. Six geometric shapes are created by cutting rectangular DNA origami. Gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy results demonstrate the feasibility and capability of the DNA paper-cutting method. The proposed DNA paper-cutting strategy can enrich the toolbox for dynamically transforming DNA origami and has potential applications in biomimetics. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiting Chen
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingxin Hu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Linqiang Pan
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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9
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Cao S, Wang F, Wang L, Fan C, Li J. DNA nanotechnology-empowered finite state machines. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:578-588. [PMID: 35502877 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A finite state machine (FSM, or automaton) is an abstract machine that can switch among a finite number of states in response to temporally ordered inputs, which allows storage and processing of information in an order-sensitive manner. In recent decades, DNA molecules have been actively exploited to develop information storage and nanoengineering materials, which hold great promise for smart nanodevices and nanorobotics under the framework of FSM. In this review, we summarize recent progress in utilizing DNA self-assembly and DNA nanostructures to implement FSMs. We describe basic principles for representative DNA FSM prototypes and highlight their advantages and potential in diverse applications. The challenges in this field and future directions have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Cao
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lihua Wang
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- The Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
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10
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Chang X, Yang Q, Lee J, Zhang F. Self-Assembled Nucleic Acid Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:652-667. [PMID: 35319373 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220321140729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology has been developed into a powerful method for creating self-assembled nanomaterials. Their compatibility with biosystems, nanoscale addressability, and programmable dynamic features make them appealing candidates for biomedical research. This review paper focuses on DNA self-assembly strategies and designer nanostructures with custom functions for biomedical applications. Specifically, we review the development of DNA self-assembly methods, from simple DNA motifs consisting of a few DNA strands to complex DNA architectures assembled by DNA origami. Three advantages are discussed using structural DNA nanotechnology for biomedical applications: (1) precise spatial control, (2) molding and guiding other biomolecules, and (3) using reconfigurable DNA nanodevices to overcome biomedical challenges. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of employing DNA nanotechnology for biomedical applications, emphasizing diverse assembly strategies to create a custom DNA nanostructure with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jungyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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11
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Pal N. Single-Molecule FRET: A Tool to Characterize DNA Nanostructures. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:835617. [PMID: 35330798 PMCID: PMC8940195 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.835617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA nanostructures often involve temporally evolving spatial features. Tracking these temporal behaviors in real time requires sophisticated experimental methods with sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution. Among the several strategies developed for this purpose, single-molecule FRET (smFRET) offers avenues to observe the structural rearrangement or locomotion of DNA nanostructures in real time and quantitatively measure the kinetics as well at the single nanostructure level. In this mini review, we discuss a few applications of smFRET-based techniques to study DNA nanostructures. These examples exemplify how smFRET signals not only have played an important role in the characterization of the nanostructures but also often have helped to improve the design and overall performance of the nanostructures and the devices designed from those structures. Overall, this review consolidates the potential of smFRET in providing crucial quantitative information on structure–function relations in DNA nanostructures.
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12
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Narayanan RP, Abraham L. Structural DNA nanotechnology: Immobile Holliday junctions to artificial robots. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:668-685. [PMID: 35023457 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220112143401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology marvels the scientific world with its capabilities to design, engineer, and demonstrate nanoscale shapes. This review is a condensed version walking the reader through the structural developments in the field over the past 40 years starting from the basic design rules of the double-stranded building block to the most recent advancements in self-assembled hierarchically achieved structures to date. It builds off from the fundamental motivation of building 3-dimensional (3D) lattice structures of tunable cavities going all the way up to artificial nanorobots fighting cancer. The review starts by covering the most important developments from the fundamental bottom-up approach of building structures, which is the 'tile' based approach covering 1D, 2D, and 3D building blocks, after which, the top-down approach using DNA origami and DNA bricks is also covered. Thereafter, DNA nanostructures assembled using not so commonly used (yet promising) techniques like i-motifs, quadruplexes, and kissing loops are covered. Highlights from the field of dynamic DNA nanostructures have been covered as well, walking the reader through the various approaches used within the field to achieve movement. The article finally concludes by giving the authors a view of what the future of the field might look like while suggesting in parallel new directions that fellow/future DNA nanotechnologists could think about.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Pradeep Narayanan
- Centre for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe-85281, USA
| | - Leeza Abraham
- Centre for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe-85281, USA
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13
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Wang LJ, Han Q, Qiu JG, Zhang CY. Cooperative In Situ Assembly of G-Quadruplex DNAzyme Nanowires for One-Step Sensing of CpG Methylation in Human Genomes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:347-354. [PMID: 34931851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CpG methylation is one the most predominant epigenetic modification that has been recognized as a molecular-level biomarker for various human diseases. Taking advantage of methylation-dependent cleavage and encoding flexibility in nucleic acid functions and structures, we demonstrate the cooperative in situ assembly of G-quadruplex DNAzyme nanowires for one-step sensing of CpG methylation in human genomes. This nanodevice displays good specificity and high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.565 aM in vitro and 1 cell in vivo. It can distinguish 0.001% CpG methylation level from excess unmethylated DNA, quantify different CpG methylation targets from diverse human cancer cells, and even discriminate CpG methylation expressions between lung tumor and precancerous tissues. Importantly, this nanodevice can be performed isothermally in one step within 2 h in a label-free manner without any bisulfite conversion, fluorescence tagging, and PCR amplification process, providing a new platform for genomic methylation-related clinical diagnosis and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qian Han
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jian-Ge Qiu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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14
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Liu W, Duan H, Zhang D, Zhang X, Luo Q, Xie T, Yan H, Peng L, Hu Y, Liang L, Zhao G, Xie Z, Hu J. Concepts and Application of DNA Origami and DNA Self-Assembly: A Systematic Review. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:9112407. [PMID: 34824603 PMCID: PMC8610680 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the arrival of the post-Moore Era, the development of traditional silicon-based computers has reached the limit, and it is urgent to develop new computing technology to meet the needs of science and life. DNA computing has become an essential branch and research hotspot of new computer technology because of its powerful parallel computing capability and excellent data storage capability. Due to good biocompatibility and programmability properties, DNA molecules have been widely used to construct novel self-assembled structures. In this review, DNA origami is briefly introduced firstly. Then, the applications of DNA self-assembly in material physics, biogenetics, medicine, and other fields are described in detail, which will aid the development of DNA computational model in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Huaichuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu Vocational & Technical College of Industry, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hailian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhenjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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15
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DNA dynamics and computation based on toehold-free strand displacement. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4994. [PMID: 34404799 PMCID: PMC8371076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a simple and effective scheme of a dynamic switch for DNA nanostructures. Under such a framework of toehold-free strand displacement, blocking strands at an excess amount are applied to displace the complementation of specific segments of paired duplexes. The functional mechanism of the scheme is illustrated by modelling the base pairing kinetics of competing strands on a target strand. Simulation reveals the unique properties of toehold-free strand displacement in equilibrium control, which can be leveraged for information processing. Based on the controllable dynamics in the binding of preformed DNA nanostructures, a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) Boolean function is controlled by the presence of the blockers. In conclusion, we implement two MIMO Boolean functions (one with 4-bit input and 2-bit output, and the other with 16-bit input and 8-bit output) to showcase the controllable dynamics. Synthetic DNA constructs can to used to recognise and respond to input signals. Here the authors present complex DNA nanostructures with toehold-free strand displacement for generation of ON/OFF switches and Boolean gates.
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16
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Liu S, Shang Y, Jiao Y, Li N, Ding B. DNA-based plasmonic nanostructures and their optical and biomedical applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:402002. [PMID: 34153957 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0d1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, DNA nanotechnology has been developed a lot due to their appealing features such as structural programmability and easy functionalization. In the emerging field of DNA nanotechnology, DNA molecules are regarded not only as biological information carriers but also as building blocks in the assembly of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructures, serving as outstanding templates for the bottom-up fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures. By arranging nanoparticles with different components and morphologies on the predesigned DNA templates, various static and dynamic plasmonic nanostructures with tailored optical properties have been obtained. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the design and construction of static and dynamic DNA-based plasmonic nanostructures. In addition, we addressed their emerging applications in the fields of optics and biosensors. At the end of this review, the open questions and future directions of DNA-based plasmonic nanostructure are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxu Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li R, Chen H, Choi JH. Auxetic Two-Dimensional Nanostructures from DNA*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7165-7173. [PMID: 33403767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Architectured materials exhibit negative Poisson's ratios and enhanced mechanical properties compared with regular materials. Their auxetic behaviors emerge from periodic cellular structures regardless of the materials used. The majority of such metamaterials are constructed by top-down approaches and macroscopic with unit cells of microns or larger. There are also molecular auxetics including natural crystals which are not designable. There is a gap from few nanometers to microns, which may be filled by biomolecular self-assembly. Herein, we demonstrate two-dimensional auxetic nanostructures using DNA origami. Structural reconfigurations are performed by two-step DNA reactions and complemented by mechanical deformation studies using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the auxetic behaviors are mostly defined by geometrical designs, yet the properties of the materials also play an important role. From elasticity theory, we introduce design principles for auxetic DNA metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Haorong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Li R, Chen H, Choi JH. Auxetic Two‐Dimensional Nanostructures from DNA**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Haorong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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19
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Elucidating the Mechanical Energy for Cyclization of a DNA Origami Tile. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA origami has emerged as a versatile method to synthesize nanostructures with high precision. This bottom-up self-assembly approach can produce not only complex static architectures, but also dynamic reconfigurable structures with tunable properties. While DNA origami has been explored increasingly for diverse applications, such as biomedical and biophysical tools, related mechanics are also under active investigation. Here we studied the structural properties of DNA origami and investigated the energy needed to deform the DNA structures. We used a single-layer rectangular DNA origami tile as a model system and studied its cyclization process. This origami tile was designed with an inherent twist by placing crossovers every 16 base-pairs (bp), corresponding to a helical pitch of 10.67 bp/turn, which is slightly different from that of native B-form DNA (~10.5 bp/turn). We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a coarse-grained model on an open-source computational platform, oxDNA. We calculated the energies needed to overcome the initial curvature and induce mechanical deformation by applying linear spring forces. We found that the initial curvature may be overcome gradually during cyclization and a total of ~33.1 kcal/mol is required to complete the deformation. These results provide insights into the DNA origami mechanics and should be useful for diverse applications such as adaptive reconfiguration and energy absorption.
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20
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Li R, Chen H, Choi JH. Topological Assembly of a Deployable Hoberman Flight Ring from DNA. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007069. [PMID: 33615664 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deployable geometries are finite auxetic structures that preserve their overall shapes during expansion and contraction. The topological behaviors emerge from intricately arranged elements and their connections. Despite the considerable utility of such configurations in nature and in engineering, deployable nanostructures have never been demonstrated. Here a deployable flight ring, a simplified planar structure of Hoberman sphere is shown, using DNA origami. The DNA flight ring consists of topologically assembled six triangles in two layers that can slide against each other, thereby switching between two distinct (open and closed) states. The origami topology is a trefoil knot, and its auxetic reconfiguration results in negative Poisson's ratios. This work shows the feasibility of deployable nanostructures, providing a versatile platform for topological studies and opening new opportunities for bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Haorong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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21
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Wang D, Yu L, Huang CM, Arya G, Chang S, Ke Y. Programmable Transformations of DNA Origami Made of Small Modular Dynamic Units. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2256-2263. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Wang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, the Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Chao-Min Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gaurav Arya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shuai Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, the Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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22
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Abstract
In recent years, a diverse set of mechanisms have been developed that allow DNA strands with specific sequences to sense information in their environment and to control material assembly, disassembly, and reconfiguration. These sequences could serve as the inputs and outputs for DNA computing circuits, enabling DNA circuits to act as chemical information processors to program complex behavior in chemical and material systems. This review describes processes that can be sensed and controlled within such a paradigm. Specifically, there are interfaces that can release strands of DNA in response to chemical signals, wavelengths of light, pH, or electrical signals, as well as DNA strands that can direct the self-assembly and dynamic reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures, regulate particle assemblies, control encapsulation, and manipulate materials including DNA crystals, hydrogels, and vesicles. These interfaces have the potential to enable chemical circuits to exert algorithmic control over responsive materials, which may ultimately lead to the development of materials that grow, heal, and interact dynamically with their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Scalise
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rebecca Schulman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
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23
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Fan S, Wang D, Cheng J, Liu Y, Luo T, Cui D, Ke Y, Song J. Information Coding in a Reconfigurable DNA Origami Domino Array. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12991-12997. [PMID: 32304157 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanostructures with programmable nanoscale patterns has been achieved in the past decades, and molecular information coding (MIC) on those designed nanostructures has gained increasing attention for information security. However, achieving steganography and cryptography synchronously on DNA nanostructures remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrated MIC in a reconfigurable DNA origami domino array (DODA), which can reconfigure intrinsic patterns but keep the DODA outline the same for steganography. When a set of keys (DNA strands) are added, the cryptographic data can be translated into visible patterns within DODA. More complex cryptography with the ASCII code within a programmable 6×6 lattice is demonstrated to demosntrate the versatility of MIC in the DODA. Furthermore, an anti-counterfeiting approach based on conformational transformation-mediated toehold strand displacement reaction is designed to protect MIC from decoding and falsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Fan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
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24
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Fan S, Wang D, Cheng J, Liu Y, Luo T, Cui D, Ke Y, Song J. Information Coding in a Reconfigurable DNA Origami Domino Array. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Fan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC) Chinese Academy of Sciences The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou Zhejiang 310022 China
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25
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Abstract
In nature, DNA molecules carry the hereditary information. But DNA has physical and chemical properties that make it attractive for uses beyond heredity. In this Review, we discuss the potential of DNA for creating machines that are both encoded by and built from DNA molecules. We review the main methods of DNA nanostructure assembly, describe recent advances in building increasingly complex molecular structures and discuss strategies for creating machine-like nanostructures that can be actuated and move. We highlight opportunities for applications of custom DNA nanostructures as scientific tools to address challenges across biology, chemistry and engineering.
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26
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Stimulus-responsive self-assembly of protein-based fractals by computational design. Nat Chem 2019; 11:605-614. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Fan S, Wang D, Kenaan A, Cheng J, Cui D, Song J. Create Nanoscale Patterns with DNA Origami. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805554. [PMID: 31018040 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Structural deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology offers a robust platform for diverse nanoscale shapes that can be used in various applications. Among a wide variety of DNA assembly strategies, DNA origami is the most robust one in constructing custom nanoshapes and exquisite patterns. In this account, the static structural and functional patterns assembled on DNA origami are reviewed, as well as the reconfigurable assembled architectures regulated through dynamic DNA nanotechnology. The fast progress of dynamic DNA origami nanotechnology facilitates the construction of reconfigurable patterns, which can further be used in many applications such as optical/plasmonic sensors, nanophotonic devices, and nanorobotics for numerous different tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Fan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
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28
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Wu N, Chen F, Zhao Y, Yu X, Wei J, Zhao Y. Functional and Biomimetic DNA Nanostructures on Lipid Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14721-14730. [PMID: 30044097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sophisticated and dynamic membrane-anchored DNA nanostructures were developed to mimic a variety of membrane proteins, which play crucial roles in cellular functions. DNA biomimetic constructions bound on membranes are capable of modulating the morphologies, physical properties, and functions of lipid membranes, via mobility on membranes and/or inherent architectural features. This inspired young field of DNA-lipid-based nanobiomimetic systems is on the foundation of DNA nanotechnology. In this review, we highlight key successes in the development of structural DNA nanotechnology and demonstrate some typical static and dynamic complex DNA nanostructures first. Then, we discuss the biophysical properties of lipid membranes. Primary approaches are shown to attach hydrophilic DNA to hydrophobic lipid membranes. With appropriate designs, membrane-floating DNA nanostructures assemble and disassemble on membranes, modulated by external stimuluses. The aggregation of DNA nanostructures could influence the physical properties of lipid membranes. We also summarize artificial nanochannels made of DNA, analogous to transmembrane proteins. Transformations of DNA nanopores might be achieved under certain conditions and realize the transport of small molecules across membranes. Next, we focus on membrane-shaping functions of membrane-anchored DNA nanostructures. Curvature of the membrane is closely related to the rich diversity of cellular functions. Mimicking membrane-sculpting proteins, such as BAR family domains and SNARE proteins etc., DNA biomimetic nanostructures induce the transformations of lipid membranes and modulate membrane adhesion and membrane fusion processes. Although recent studies in DNA nanostructure-lipid membrane biomimetic nanosystems have made great progress, this field is still facing many challenges. In the future, the designs of more elaborated DNA architectures will be explored. Sophisticated dynamic DNA nanostructures inspired by natural membrane machines will be driven by the synergistic effect of multiple interactions, including hydrophobic force, electrostatic force, and ligand-receptor interactions by chemical modifications on bases, to expand their applications in vivo from model membrane to cell membrane to karyotheca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
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29
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Dudek M, Deiana M, Pokladek Z, Pawlik K, Matczyszyn K. Reversible Photocontrol of DNA Melting by Visible-Light-Responsive F4-Coordinated Azobenzene Compounds. Chemistry 2018; 24:18963-18970. [PMID: 30198626 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control over the regulation of intra- and intermolecular motions in naturally occurring systems is systematically studied to expand the toolbox of mechanical operations in multicomponent nanoarchitectures. DNA is ideally suited for programming light-powered processes that are based on a minimalist molecular design. Here, the noncovalent incorporation of bistable photoswitches into B-like DNA moieties is shown to trigger the thermal transition midpoint of the duplexes by converting visible light into directed mechanical work by orchestrating the collective actions of the photoresponsive chromophores and the host DNA nanostructures. Besides its practical applications, the resulting hybrid nanosystem bears unique features of modulability, biocompatibility, reversibility, and addressability, which are key components for developing molecular photon-controlled programmed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dudek
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marco Deiana
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ziemowit Pokladek
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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30
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Lubbe AS, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Recent developments in reversible photoregulation of oligonucleotide structure and function. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1052-1079. [PMID: 28128377 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00461j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the photoregulation of biological functions, due to the high level of spatiotemporal precision achievable with light. Additionally, light is non-invasive and waste-free. In particular, the photoregulation of oligonucleotide structure and function is a rapidly developing study field with relevance to biological, physical and material sciences. Molecular photoswitches have been incorporated in oligonucleotides for 20 years, and the field has currently grown beyond fundamental studies on photochemistry of the switches and DNA duplex stability, and is moving towards applications in chemical biology, nanotechnology and material science. Moreover, the currently emerging field of photopharmacology indicates the relevance of photocontrol in future medicine. In recent years, a large number of publications has appeared on photoregulation of DNA and RNA structure and function. New strategies are evaluated and novel, exciting applications are shown. In this comprehensive review, the key strategies for photoswitch inclusion in oligonucleotides are presented and illustrated with recent examples. Additionally the applications that have emerged in recent years are discussed, including gene regulation, drug delivery and materials design. Finally, we identify the challenges that the field currently faces and look forward to future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk S Lubbe
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. and Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Lubbe AS, Liu Q, Smith SJ, de Vries JW, Kistemaker JCM, de Vries AH, Faustino I, Meng Z, Szymanski W, Herrmann A, Feringa BL. Photoswitching of DNA Hybridization Using a Molecular Motor. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5069-5076. [PMID: 29551069 PMCID: PMC5909178 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Reversible control
over the functionality of biological systems
via external triggers may be used in future medicine to reduce the
need for invasive procedures. Additionally, externally regulated biomacromolecules
are now considered as particularly attractive tools in nanoscience
and the design of smart materials, due to their highly programmable
nature and complex functionality. Incorporation of photoswitches into
biomolecules, such as peptides, antibiotics, and nucleic acids, has
generated exciting results in the past few years. Molecular motors
offer the potential for new and more precise methods of photoregulation,
due to their multistate switching cycle, unidirectionality of rotation,
and helicity inversion during the rotational steps. Aided by computational
studies, we designed and synthesized a photoswitchable DNA hairpin,
in which a molecular motor serves as the bridgehead unit. After it
was determined that motor function was not affected by the rigid arms
of the linker, solid-phase synthesis was employed to incorporate the
motor into an 8-base-pair self-complementary DNA strand. With the
photoswitchable bridgehead in place, hairpin formation was unimpaired,
while the motor part of this advanced biohybrid system retains excellent
photochemical properties. Rotation of the motor generates large changes
in structure, and as a consequence the duplex stability of the oligonucleotide
could be regulated by UV light irradiation. Additionally, Molecular
Dynamics computations were employed to rationalize the observed behavior
of the motor–DNA hybrid. The results presented herein establish
molecular motors as powerful multistate switches for application in
biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk S Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Qing Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J Smith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem de Vries
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jos C M Kistemaker
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Faustino
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Hanzeplein 1 , 9713GZ Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 2 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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32
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Ke Y, Castro C, Choi JH. Structural DNA Nanotechnology: Artificial Nanostructures for Biomedical Research. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 20:375-401. [PMID: 29618223 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology utilizes synthetic or biologic DNA as designer molecules for the self-assembly of artificial nanostructures. The field is founded upon the specific interactions between DNA molecules, known as Watson-Crick base pairing. After decades of active pursuit, DNA has demonstrated unprecedented versatility in constructing artificial nanostructures with significant complexity and programmability. The nanostructures could be either static, with well-controlled physicochemical properties, or dynamic, with the ability to reconfigure upon external stimuli. Researchers have devoted considerable effort to exploring the usability of DNA nanostructures in biomedical research. We review the basic design methods for fabricating both static and dynamic DNA nanostructures, along with their biomedical applications in fields such as biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
| | - Carlos Castro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43214, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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33
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Wagenbauer KF, Engelhardt FAS, Stahl E, Hechtl VK, Stömmer P, Seebacher F, Meregalli L, Ketterer P, Gerling T, Dietz H. How We Make DNA Origami. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1873-1885. [PMID: 28714559 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA origami has attracted substantial attention since its invention ten years ago, due to the seemingly infinite possibilities that it affords for creating customized nanoscale objects. Although the basic concept of DNA origami is easy to understand, using custom DNA origami in practical applications requires detailed know-how for designing and producing the particles with sufficient quality and for preparing them at appropriate concentrations with the necessary degree of purity in custom environments. Such know-how is not readily available for newcomers to the field, thus slowing down the rate at which new applications outside the field of DNA nanotechnology may emerge. To foster faster progress, we share in this article the experience in making and preparing DNA origami that we have accumulated over recent years. We discuss design solutions for creating advanced structural motifs including corners and various types of hinges that expand the design space for the more rigid multilayer DNA origami and provide guidelines for preventing undesired aggregation and on how to induce specific oligomerization of multiple DNA origami building blocks. In addition, we provide detailed protocols and discuss the expected results for five key methods that allow efficient and damage-free preparation of DNA origami. These methods are agarose-gel purification, filtration through molecular cut-off membranes, PEG precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, and ultracentrifugation-based sedimentation. The guide for creating advanced design motifs and the detailed protocols with their experimental characterization that we describe here should lower the barrier for researchers to accomplish the full DNA origami production workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus F Wagenbauer
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Floris A S Engelhardt
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Evi Stahl
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Vera K Hechtl
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Pierre Stömmer
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Fabian Seebacher
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Letizia Meregalli
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Philip Ketterer
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerling
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- Physics Department and Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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34
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Hong F, Zhang F, Liu Y, Yan H. DNA Origami: Scaffolds for Creating Higher Order Structures. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12584-12640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Hao Yan
- The Biodesign Institute and
School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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35
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Kuzyk A, Urban MJ, Idili A, Ricci F, Liu N. Selective control of reconfigurable chiral plasmonic metamolecules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602803. [PMID: 28439556 PMCID: PMC5400443 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Selective configuration control of plasmonic nanostructures using either top-down or bottom-up approaches has remained challenging in the field of active plasmonics. We demonstrate the realization of DNA-assembled reconfigurable plasmonic metamolecules, which can respond to a wide range of pH changes in a programmable manner. This programmability allows for selective reconfiguration of different plasmonic metamolecule species coexisting in solution through simple pH tuning. This approach enables discrimination of chiral plasmonic quasi-enantiomers and arbitrary tuning of chiroptical effects with unprecedented degrees of freedom. Our work outlines a new blueprint for implementation of advanced active plasmonic systems, in which individual structural species can be programmed to perform multiple tasks and functions in response to independent external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kuzyk
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 12200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Corresponding author. (A.K.); (F.R.); (N.L)
| | - Maximilian J. Urban
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Idili
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
- Corresponding author. (A.K.); (F.R.); (N.L)
| | - Na Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author. (A.K.); (F.R.); (N.L)
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36
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Dai Z, Leung HM, Lo PK. Stimuli-Responsive Self-Assembled DNA Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602881. [PMID: 28005298 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive DNA-based materials represent a major class of remarkable functional nanomaterials for nano-biotechnological applications. In this review, recent progress in the development of stimuli-responsive systems based on self-assembled DNA nanostructures is introduced and classified. Representative examples are presented in terms of their design, working principles and mechanisms to trigger the response of the stimuli-responsive DNA system upon expose to a large variety of stimuli including pH, metal ions, oligonucleotides, small molecules, enzymes, heat, and light. Substantial in vitro studies have clearly revealed the advantages of the use of stimuli-responsive DNA nanomaterials in different biomedical applications, particularly for biosensing, drug delivery, therapy and diagnostic purposes in addition to bio-computing. Some of the challenges faced and suggestions for further development are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Dai
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Hoi Man Leung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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37
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Lakin MR, Stefanovic D, Phillips A. Modular verification of chemical reaction network encodings via serializability analysis. THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE 2016; 632:21-42. [PMID: 27325906 PMCID: PMC4911709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcs.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reaction networks are a powerful means of specifying the intended behaviour of synthetic biochemical systems. A high-level formal specification, expressed as a chemical reaction network, may be compiled into a lower-level encoding, which can be directly implemented in wet chemistry and may itself be expressed as a chemical reaction network. Here we present conditions under which a lower-level encoding correctly emulates the sequential dynamics of a high-level chemical reaction network. We require that encodings are transactional, such that their execution is divided by a "commit reaction" that irreversibly separates the reactant-consuming phase of the encoding from the product-generating phase. We also impose restrictions on the sharing of species between reaction encodings, based on a notion of "extra tolerance", which defines species that may be shared between encodings without enabling unwanted reactions. Our notion of correctness is serializability of interleaved reaction encodings, and if all reaction encodings satisfy our correctness properties then we can infer that the global dynamics of the system are correct. This allows us to infer correctness of any system constructed using verified encodings. As an example, we show how this approach may be used to verify two- and four-domain DNA strand displacement encodings of chemical reaction networks, and we generalize our result to the limit where the populations of helper species are unlimited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lakin
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovic
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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38
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Regulation at a distance of biomolecular interactions using a DNA origami nanoactuator. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10935. [PMID: 26988942 PMCID: PMC4802031 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of nanometre-sized structures that exhibit controllable motions and functions is a critical step towards building nanomachines. Recent developments in the field of DNA nanotechnology have begun to address these goals, demonstrating complex static or dynamic nanostructures made of DNA. Here we have designed and constructed a rhombus-shaped DNA origami ‘nanoactuator' that uses mechanical linkages to copy distance changes induced on one half (‘the driver') to be propagated to the other half (‘the mirror'). By combining this nanoactuator with split enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), we have constructed a DNA–protein hybrid nanostructure that demonstrates tunable fluorescent behaviours via long-range allosteric regulation. In addition, the nanoactuator can be used as a sensor that responds to specific stimuli, including changes in buffer composition and the presence of restriction enzymes or specific nucleic acids. The construction of nano-machines requires building nano-scale structures with controllable functions. Here the authors use DNA origami to construct an allosteric actuator which can act as signal propagator and an environmental sensor.
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39
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Li W, Zhang F, Yan H, Liu Y. DNA based arithmetic function: a half adder based on DNA strand displacement. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3775-84. [PMID: 26814628 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08497k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular programming utilizes the reactions and information stored in biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, for computational purposes. DNA has proven itself an excellent candidate for building logic operating systems due to its highly predictable molecular behavior. In this work we designed and realized an XOR logic gate and an AND logic gate based on DNA strand displacement reactions. These logic gates utilize ssDNA as input and output signals. The XOR gate and the AND gate were used as building blocks for constructing a half adder logic circuit, which is a primary step in constructing a full adder, a basic arithmetic unit in computing. This work provides the field of DNA molecular programming with a potential universal arithmetic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Center of Molecular Design and Biomimetics at The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Center of Molecular Design and Biomimetics at The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Hao Yan
- Center of Molecular Design and Biomimetics at The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Yan Liu
- Center of Molecular Design and Biomimetics at The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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40
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Stewart JM, Franco E. Self-assembly of large RNA structures: learning from DNA nanotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/rnan-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNucleic acid nanotechnology offers many methods to build self-assembled structures using RNA and DNA. These scaffolds are valuable in multiple applications, such as sensing, drug delivery and nanofabrication. Although RNA and DNA are similar molecules, they also have unique chemical and structural properties. RNA is generally less stable than DNA, but it folds into a variety of tertiary motifs that can be used to produce complex and functional nanostructures. Another advantage of using RNA over DNA is its ability to be encoded into genes and to be expressed in vivo. Here we review existing approaches for the self-assembly of RNA and DNA nanostructures and specifically methods to assemble large RNA structures. We describe de novo design approaches used in DNA nanotechnology that can be ported to RNA. Lastly, we discuss some of the challenges yet to be solved to build micron-scale, multi stranded RNA scaffolds.
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41
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Lakin MR, Minnich A, Lane T, Stefanovic D. Design of a biochemical circuit motif for learning linear functions. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140902. [PMID: 25401175 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and adaptive behaviour are fundamental biological processes. A key goal in the field of bioengineering is to develop biochemical circuit architectures with the ability to adapt to dynamic chemical environments. Here, we present a novel design for a biomolecular circuit capable of supervised learning of linear functions, using a model based on chemical reactions catalysed by DNAzymes. To achieve this, we propose a novel mechanism of maintaining and modifying internal state in biochemical systems, thereby advancing the state of the art in biomolecular circuit architecture. We use simulations to demonstrate that the circuit is capable of learning behaviour and assess its asymptotic learning performance, scalability and robustness to noise. Such circuits show great potential for building autonomous in vivo nanomedical devices. While such a biochemical system can tell us a great deal about the fundamentals of learning in living systems and may have broad applications in biomedicine (e.g. autonomous and adaptive drugs), it also offers some intriguing challenges and surprising behaviours from a machine learning perspective.
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42
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Castro CE, Su HJ, Marras AE, Zhou L, Johnson J. Mechanical design of DNA nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5913-21. [PMID: 25655237 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field that has demonstrated great potential for applications such as single molecule sensing, drug delivery, and templating molecular components. As the applications of DNA nanotechnology expand, a consideration of their mechanical behavior is becoming essential to understand how these structures will respond to physical interactions. This review considers three major avenues of recent progress in this area: (1) measuring and designing mechanical properties of DNA nanostructures, (2) designing complex nanostructures based on imposed mechanical stresses, and (3) designing and controlling structurally dynamic nanostructures. This work has laid the foundation for mechanically active nanomachines that can generate, transmit, and respond to physical cues in molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Castro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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43
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Abstract
DNA origami enables the precise fabrication of nanoscale geometries. We demonstrate an approach to engineer complex and reversible motion of nanoscale DNA origami machine elements. We first design, fabricate, and characterize the mechanical behavior of flexible DNA origami rotational and linear joints that integrate stiff double-stranded DNA components and flexible single-stranded DNA components to constrain motion along a single degree of freedom and demonstrate the ability to tune the flexibility and range of motion. Multiple joints with simple 1D motion were then integrated into higher order mechanisms. One mechanism is a crank-slider that couples rotational and linear motion, and the other is a Bennett linkage that moves between a compacted bundle and an expanded frame configuration with a constrained 3D motion path. Finally, we demonstrate distributed actuation of the linkage using DNA input strands to achieve reversible conformational changes of the entire structure on ∼ minute timescales. Our results demonstrate programmable motion of 2D and 3D DNA origami mechanisms constructed following a macroscopic machine design approach.
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44
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Zhang F, Nangreave J, Liu Y, Yan H. Structural DNA nanotechnology: state of the art and future perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11198-211. [PMID: 25029570 PMCID: PMC4140475 DOI: 10.1021/ja505101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades DNA has emerged as an exceptional molecular building block for nanoconstruction due to its predictable conformation and programmable intra- and intermolecular Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. A variety of convenient design rules and reliable assembly methods have been developed to engineer DNA nanostructures of increasing complexity. The ability to create designer DNA architectures with accurate spatial control has allowed researchers to explore novel applications in many directions, such as directed material assembly, structural biology, biocatalysis, DNA computing, nanorobotics, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery. This Perspective discusses the state of the art in the field of structural DNA nanotechnology and presents some of the challenges and opportunities that exist in DNA-based molecular design and programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Center
for Molecular Design and Biomimicry, Biodesign Institute, and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
| | - Jeanette Nangreave
- Center
for Molecular Design and Biomimicry, Biodesign Institute, and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
| | - Yan Liu
- Center
for Molecular Design and Biomimicry, Biodesign Institute, and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
| | - Hao Yan
- Center
for Molecular Design and Biomimicry, Biodesign Institute, and Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United
States
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45
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Wei X, Nangreave J, Liu Y. Uncovering the self-assembly of DNA nanostructures by thermodynamics and kinetics. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:1861-70. [PMID: 24851996 DOI: 10.1021/ar5000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: DNA nanotechnology is one of the most flourishing interdisciplinary research fields. DNA nanostructures can be designed to self-assemble into a variety of periodic or aperiodic patterns of different shapes and length scales. They can be used as scaffolds for organizing other nanoparticles, proteins, and chemical groups, leveraging their functions for creating complex bioinspired materials that may serve as smart drug delivery systems, in vitro or in vivo biomolecular computing platforms, and diagnostic devices. Achieving optimal structural features, efficient assembly protocols, and precise functional group positioning and modification requires a thorough understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the DNA nanostructure self-assembly process. The most common real-time measurement strategies include monitoring changes in UV absorbance based on the hyperchromic effect of DNA, and the emission signal changes of DNA intercalating dyes or covalently conjugated fluorescent dyes/pairs that accompany temperature dependent structural changes. Thermodynamic studies of a variety of DNA nanostructures have been performed, from simple double stranded DNA formation to more complex origami assembly. The key parameters that have been evaluated in terms of stability and cooperativity include the overall dimensions, the folding path of the scaffold, crossover and nick point arrangement, length and sequence of single strands, and salt and ion concentrations. DNA tile-tile interactions through sticky end hybridization have also been analyzed, and the steric inhibition and rigidity of tiles turn out to be important factors. Many kinetic studies have also been reported, and most are based on double stranded DNA formation. A two-state assumption and the hypothesis of several intermediate states have been applied to determine the rate constant and activation energy of the DNA hybridization process. A few simulated models were proposed to represent the structural, mechanical, and kinetic properties of DNA hybridization. The kinetics of strand displacement reactions has also been studied as a special case of DNA hybridization. The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of DNA nanostructures have been exploited to develop rapid and isothermal annealing protocols. It is conceivable that a more thorough understanding of the DNA assembly process could be used to guide the structural design process and optimize the conditions for assembly, manipulation, and functionalization, thus benefiting both upstream design and downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wei
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jeanette Nangreave
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Eight years have passed since the striking debut of the DNA origami technique ( Rothemund, P. W. K. Nature 2006 , 440 , 297 - 302 ), in which long single-stranded DNA is folded into a designed nanostructure, in either 2D or 3D, with the aid of many short staple strands. The number of proposals for new design principles for DNA origami structures seems to have already reached a peak. It is apparent that DNA origami study is now entering the second phase of creating practical applications. The development of functional nanomechanical molecular devices using the DNA origami technique is one such application attracting significant interest from researchers in the field. Nanomechanical DNA origami devices, which maintain the characteristics of DNA origami structures, have various advantages over conventional DNA nanomachines. Comparatively high assembly yield, relatively large size visible via atomic force microscopy (AFM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the capability to assemble multiple functional groups with precision using multiple staple strands are some of the advantages of the DNA origami technique for constructing sophisticated molecular devices. This Account describes the recent developments of such nanomechanical DNA origami devices and reviews the emerging target of DNA origami studies. First, simple "dynamic" DNA origami structures with transformation capability, such as DNA origami boxes and a DNA origami hatch with structure control, are briefly summarized. More elaborate nanomechanical DNA origami devices are then reviewed. The first example describes DNA origami pinching devices that can be used as "single-molecule" beacons to detect a variety of biorelated molecules, from metal ions at the size of a few tens of atomic mass number units to relatively gigantic proteins with a molecular mass greater than a hundred kilodaltons, all on a single platform. Clamshell-like DNA nanorobots equipped with logic gates can discriminate different cell lines, open their shell, and bind to their target. An intelligent DNA origami "sheath" can mimic the function of suppressors in a transcription regulation system to control the expression of a loaded gene. DNA origami "rolls" are created to construct precisely arranged plasmonic devices with metal nanoparticles. All of their functions are derived from their nanomechanical movement, which is programmable by designing the DNA sequence or by using the significant repository of technical achievements in nucleic acid chemistry. Finally, some studies on detailed structural parameters of DNA origami or their mechanical properties in nanoscale are discussed, which may be useful and inspiring for readers who intend to design new nanomechanical DNA origami devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kuzuya
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35
Yamate, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8
Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohya
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35
Yamate, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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47
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Wei B, Ong LL, Chen J, Jaffe AS, Yin P. Complex Reconfiguration of DNA Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Wei B, Ong LL, Chen J, Jaffe AS, Yin P. Complex reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7475-9. [PMID: 24899518 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids have been used to create diverse synthetic structural and dynamic systems. Toehold-mediated strand displacement has enabled the construction of sophisticated circuits, motors, and molecular computers. Yet it remains challenging to demonstrate complex structural reconfiguration in which a structure changes from a starting shape to another arbitrarily prescribed shape. To address this challenge, we have developed a general structural-reconfiguration method that utilizes the modularly interconnected architecture of single-stranded DNA tile and brick structures. The removal of one component strand reveals a newly exposed toehold on a neighboring strand, thus enabling us to remove regions of connected component strands without the need to modify the strands with predesigned external toeholds. By using this method, we reconfigured a two-dimensional rectangular DNA canvas into diverse prescribed shapes. We also used this method to reconfigure a three-dimensional DNA cuboid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Wei
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 (USA) http://molecular-systems.net http://yin.hms.harvard.edu; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 (USA).
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49
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Chen H, Weng TW, Riccitelli MM, Cui Y, Irudayaraj J, Choi JH. Understanding the Mechanical Properties of DNA Origami Tiles and Controlling the Kinetics of Their Folding and Unfolding Reconfiguration. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6995-7005. [PMID: 24749534 DOI: 10.1021/ja500612d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haorong Chen
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Bindley Bioscience
Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Te-Wei Weng
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Bindley Bioscience
Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Molly M. Riccitelli
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Bindley Bioscience
Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department
of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Bindley Bioscience
Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department
of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Bindley Bioscience
Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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50
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Brown CW, Lakin MR, Stefanovic D, Graves SW. Catalytic molecular logic devices by DNAzyme displacement. Chembiochem 2014; 15:950-4. [PMID: 24692254 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions catalyzed by DNAzymes offer a route to programmable modification of biomolecules for therapeutic purposes. To this end, we have developed a new type of catalytic DNA-based logic gates in which DNAzyme catalysis is controlled via toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions. We refer to these as DNAzyme displacement gates. The use of toeholds to guide input binding provides a favorable pathway for input recognition, and the innate catalytic activity of DNAzymes allows amplification of nanomolar input concentrations. We demonstrate detection of arbitrary input sequences by rational introduction of mismatched bases into inhibitor strands. Furthermore, we illustrate the applicability of DNAzyme displacement to compute logic functions involving multiple logic gates. This work will enable sophisticated logical control of a range of biochemical modifications, with applications in pathogen detection and autonomous theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W Brown
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, MSC01 1141, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 (USA)
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