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Zheng J, Cheng X, Zhang H, Bai X, Ai R, Shao L, Wang J. Gold Nanorods: The Most Versatile Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13342-13453. [PMID: 34569789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (NRs), pseudo-one-dimensional rod-shaped nanoparticles (NPs), have become one of the burgeoning materials in the recent years due to their anisotropic shape and adjustable plasmonic properties. With the continuous improvement in synthetic methods, a variety of materials have been attached around Au NRs to achieve unexpected or improved plasmonic properties and explore state-of-the-art technologies. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the latest progress on Au NRs, the most versatile anisotropic plasmonic NPs. We present a representative overview of the advances in the synthetic strategies and outline an extensive catalogue of Au-NR-based heterostructures with tailored architectures and special functionalities. The bottom-up assembly of Au NRs into preprogrammed metastructures is then discussed, as well as the design principles. We also provide a systematic elucidation of the different plasmonic properties associated with the Au-NR-based structures, followed by a discussion of the promising applications of Au NRs in various fields. We finally discuss the future research directions and challenges of Au NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xizhe Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ruoqi Ai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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2
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Zhang F, Martin J, Murai S, Adam PM, Plain J, Tanaka K. Evidence of the retardation effect on the plasmonic resonances of aluminum nanodisks in the symmetric/asymmetric environment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:14799-14814. [PMID: 33985194 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A single metallic nanodisk is the simplest plasmonic nanostructure, but it is robust enough to generate a Fano resonance in the forward and backward scattering spectra by the increment of nanodisk height in the symmetric and asymmetric dielectric environment. Thanks to the phase retardation effect, the non-uniform distribution of electric field along the height of aluminum (Al) nanodisk generates the out-of-plane higher-order modes, which interfere with the dipolar mode and subsequently result in the Fano-lineshape scattering spectra. Meanwhile, the symmetry-breaking effect by the dielectric substrate and the increment of refractive index of the symmetric dielectric environment further accelerate the phase retardation effect and contribute to the appearance of out-of-plane modes. The experimental results on the periodic Al nanodisk arrays with different heights confirm the retardation-induced higher modes in the asymmetric and symmetric environment. The appearance of higher modes and blueshifted main dips in the transmission spectra prove the dominant role of out-of-plane higher modes on the plasmonic resonances of the taller Al nanodisk.
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3
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Chuntonov L, Rubtsov IV. Surface-enhanced ultrafast two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy with engineered plasmonic nano-antennas. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:050902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0013956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Igor V. Rubtsov
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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4
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Kim HM, Kim MK. Beam steering of a single nanoantenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16822-16833. [PMID: 32549496 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoantennas play an important role as mediators to efficiently convert free-space light into localized optical energy and vice versa. However, effective control of the beam direction of a single nanoantenna remains a great challenge. In this paper, we propose an approach to steer the beam direction of a single nanoantenna by adjusting two antenna modes with opposite phase symmetry. Our theoretical study confirmed that the combination of even- and odd-symmetric modes with a phase difference of π/2 enables effective beam steering of a single nanoantenna whose steering angle is controlled by adjusting the amplitude ratio of the two antenna modes. To implement our theory in real devices, we introduced asymmetric trapezoidal nano-slot antennas with different side air-gaps of 10 and 50 nm. The trapezoidal nanoantennas can simultaneously excite the dipole and quadrupole modes in a single nanoantenna and enables effective beam steering with an angle of greater than 35° near the resonance of the quadrupole mode. In addition, the steering angle can also be controlled by adjusting the degree of asymmetry of the trapezoidal slot structure. We believe that our beam steering method for a single nanoantenna will find many potential applications in fields such as imaging, sensing, optical communication, and quantum optics.
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Smith KC, Olafsson A, Hu X, Quillin SC, Idrobo JC, Collette R, Rack PD, Camden JP, Masiello DJ. Direct Observation of Infrared Plasmonic Fano Antiresonances by a Nanoscale Electron Probe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:177401. [PMID: 31702260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.177401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we exploit recent breakthroughs in monochromated aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to resolve infrared plasmonic Fano antiresonances in individual nanofabricated disk-rod dimers. Using a combination of electron energy-loss spectroscopy and theoretical modeling, we investigate and characterize a subspace of the weak coupling regime between quasidiscrete and quasicontinuum localized surface plasmon resonances where infrared plasmonic Fano antiresonances appear. This work illustrates the capability of STEM instrumentation to experimentally observe nanoscale plasmonic responses that were previously the domain only of higher-resolution infrared spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Agust Olafsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Xuan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Steven C Quillin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Robyn Collette
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Philip D Rack
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - David J Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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6
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Shang W, Xiao F, Zhu W, Han L, Mei T, Zhao J. Characterizing localized surface plasmon resonances using focused radially polarized beam. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:5812-5816. [PMID: 31503889 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.005812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a scheme to characterize the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of an individual metallic nanorod by employing a focused radially polarized beam (RPB) illumination under normal incidence. The focused RPB has a unique three-dimensional electric field polarization distribution in the focal plane, which can effectively and selectively excite the dipole and multipole plasmon resonances in a metallic nanorod by just moving the nanorod within the focal plane. This performance can be attributed to the mode matching between the excitation electric field of the incident RPB and the LSPRs in a metallic nanorod. Emphatically, in contrast to the commonly used oblique incidence illumination with the linearly polarized light, our proposed scheme is based on the normally incident light illumination and compatible with conventional optical microscopy, which is more scalable for spectroscopic characterization of individual nanostructures.
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7
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Zhuo X, Yip HK, Cui X, Wang J, Lin HQ. Colour routing with single silver nanorods. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:39. [PMID: 31016015 PMCID: PMC6467987 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Elongated plasmonic nanoparticles have been extensively explored over the past two decades. However, in comparison with the dipolar plasmon mode that has attracted the most interest, much less attention has been paid to multipolar plasmon modes because they are usually thought to be "dark modes", which are unable to interact with far-field light efficiently. Herein, we report on an intriguing far-field scattering phenomenon, colour routing, based on longitudinal multipolar plasmon modes supported by high-aspect-ratio single Ag nanorods. Taking advantage of the distinct far-field behaviours of the odd and even multipolar plasmon modes, we demonstrate two types of colour routing, where the incident white light can be scattered into several beams with different colours as well as different propagation directions. Because of the narrow linewidths of the longitudinal multipolar plasmon modes, there is little spectral overlap between the adjacent peaks, giving rise to outstanding colour selectivity. Our experimental results and theoretical model provide a simple yet effective picture for understanding the far-field behaviour of the longitudinal multipolar plasmon modes and the resultant colour routing phenomenon. Moreover, the outstanding colour routing capability of the high-aspect-ratio Ag nanorods enables nanoscale optical components with simple geometries for controlling the propagation of light below the diffraction limit of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhuo
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hang Kuen Yip
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ximin Cui
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hai-Qing Lin
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193 China
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8
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Resonant position tracking method for smartphone-based surface plasmon sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Bochkova E, Han S, de Lustrac A, Singh R, Burokur SN, Lupu A. High-Q Fano resonances via direct excitation of an antisymmetric dark mode. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3818-3821. [PMID: 30106891 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of metal-insulator-metal metasurfaces (MSs) displaying sharp spectral features based on Fano-type interference between a symmetric bright mode and an antisymmetric dark mode is reported. The proposed mechanism for direct excitation of antisymmetric mode avoids the necessity of mode hybridization through near-field coupling. Modeling and experimental results bring evidence that such MSs operating in the microwave or terahertz domains provide greater flexibility for Fano resonance engineering and provide strong enhancement of the spectral selectivity factor. It is shown that the occurring Fano resonance interference is related to the broken eigenmode orthogonality in open systems and is independent of hybridization mechanism.
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10
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Simoncelli S, Li Y, Cortés E, Maier SA. Imaging Plasmon Hybridization of Fano Resonances via Hot-Electron-Mediated Absorption Mapping. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3400-3406. [PMID: 29715431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of radiative losses in dark plasmon modes allows storing electromagnetic energy more efficiently than in far-field excitable bright-plasmon modes. As such, processes benefiting from the enhanced absorption of light in plasmonic materials could also take profit of dark plasmon modes to boost and control nanoscale energy collection, storage, and transfer. We experimentally probe this process by imaging with nanoscale precision the hot-electron driven desorption of thiolated molecules from the surface of gold Fano nanostructures, investigating the effect of wavelength and polarization of the incident light. Spatially resolved absorption maps allow us to show the contribution of each element of the nanoantenna in the hot-electron driven process and their interplay in exciting a dark plasmon mode. Plasmon-mode engineering allows control of nanoscale reactivity and offers a route to further enhance and manipulate hot-electron driven chemical reactions and energy-conversion and transfer at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Simoncelli
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics , King's College London , London SE1 1UL , United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A Maier
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , 80799 München , Germany
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11
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Wan J, Zhu J, Zhong Y, Liu H. Semianalytical model for the electromagnetic enhancement by a rectangular nanowire optical antenna on metallic substrate. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:880-889. [PMID: 29877330 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic enhancement by a metallic nanowire optical antenna on metallic substrate is investigated theoretically. By considering the excitation and multiple scattering of surface plasmon polaritons in the nanogap between the antenna and the substrate, we build up an intuitive and comprehensive model that provides semianalytical expressions for the electromagnetic field in the nanogap to achieve an understanding of the mechanism of electromagnetic enhancement. Our results show that antennas with short lengths that support the lowest order of resonance can achieve a high electric-field enhancement factor over a large range of incidence angles. Two phase-matching conditions are derived from the model for predicting the antenna lengths at resonance. Excitation of symmetric or antisymmetric localized surface plasmon resonance is further explained with the model. The model also shows superior computational efficiency compared to the full-wave numerical method when scanning the antenna length, the incidence angle, or the wavelength.
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12
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Yang L, Wang J, Yang LZ, Hu ZD, Wu X, Zheng G. Characteristics of multiple Fano resonances in waveguide-coupled surface plasmon resonance sensors based on waveguide theory. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2560. [PMID: 29416096 PMCID: PMC5803206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We observe and analyze multiple Fano resonances and the plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) arising from waveguidecoupled surface plasmon resonance in a metal-dielectric Kretschmann configuration. It is shown that the simulation results for designed structures agree well with those of the dispersion relation of waveguide theory. We demonstrate that the coupling between the surface plasmon polariton mode and multi-order planar waveguide modes leads to multiple Fano resonances and PIT. The obtained results show that the number of Fano resonances and the linewidth of resonances depend on two structural parameters, the Parylene C and SiO2 layers, respectively. For the sensing action of Fano resonance, the figure of merit for the sensitivity by intensity is estimated to be 44 times higher than that of conventional surface plasmon resonance sensors. Our research reveals the potential advantage of sensors with high sensitivity based on coupling between the SPP mode and multi-order PWG modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jicheng Wang
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Li-Zhi Yang
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zheng-Da Hu
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- School of IoT Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Gaige Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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13
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Frolov AY, Verellen N, Li J, Zheng X, Paddubrouskaya H, Denkova D, Shcherbakov MR, Vandenbosch GAE, Panov VI, Van Dorpe P, Fedyanin AA, Moshchalkov VV. Near-Field Mapping of Optical Fabry-Perot Modes in All-Dielectric Nanoantennas. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7629-7637. [PMID: 29083191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Subwavelength optical resonators and scatterers are dramatically expanding the toolset of the optical sciences and photonics engineering. By offering the opportunity to control and shape light waves in nanoscale volumes, recent developments using high-refractive-index dielectric scatterers gave rise to efficient flat-optical components such as lenses, polarizers, phase plates, color routers, and nonlinear elements with a subwavelength thickness. In this work, we take a deeper look into the unique interaction of light with rod-shaped amorphous silicon scatterers by tapping into their resonant modes with a localized subwavelength light source-an aperture scanning near-field probe. Our experimental configuration essentially constitutes a dielectric antenna that is locally driven by the aperture probe. We show how leaky transverse electric and magnetic modes can selectively be excited and form specific near-field distribution depending on wavelength and antenna dimensions. The probe's transmittance is furthermore enhanced upon coupling to the Fabry-Perot cavity modes, revealing all-dielectric nanorods as efficient transmitter antennas for the radiation of subwavelength emitters, in addition to constituting an elementary building block for all-dielectric metasurfaces and flat optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Yu Frolov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Niels Verellen
- INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiaqi Li
- INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuezhi Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-TELEMIC), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Hanna Paddubrouskaya
- INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denitza Denkova
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Macquarie University , Sydney, Australia
| | - Maxim R Shcherbakov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Guy A E Vandenbosch
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-TELEMIC), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Vladimir I Panov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pol Van Dorpe
- INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrey A Fedyanin
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor V Moshchalkov
- INPAC-Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Baquedano E, González MU, Paniagua-Domínguez R, Sánchez-Gil JA, Postigo PA. Low-cost and large-size nanoplasmonic sensor based on Fano resonances with fast response and high sensitivity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15967-15976. [PMID: 28789107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a low-cost, fast and sensitive plasmonic sensor with a large-size for easy handling. The sensor is formed by a Au nanobelt grating fabricated by soft lithography with a period of 780 nm and a width of 355 nm in an even and uniform area of ~2 × 2 cm2. The sensor uses the Fano-shaped third order mode localized plasmon resonance of the Au nanobelts, which appears in the visible part of the transmission spectrum. We have found a detection resolution of 1.56 × 10-5 refractive index units with a temporal resolution of 1 s in a sensing area of 0.75 × 0.75 mm2. The high uniformity and size of the sensor permit the detection using a simple optical system, which provides the device with the potential to be used as an easy to handle, portable and disposable sensor.
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Luk'yanchuk B, Paniagua-Domínguez R, Kuznetsov AI, Miroshnichenko AE, Kivshar YS. Suppression of scattering for small dielectric particles: anapole mode and invisibility. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0069. [PMID: 28220000 PMCID: PMC5321830 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We reveal that an isotropic, homogeneous, subwavelength particle with high refractive index can produce ultra-small total scattering. This effect, which follows from the inhibition of the electric dipole radiation, can be identified as a Fano resonance in the scattering efficiency and is associated with the excitation of an anapole mode in the particle. This anapole mode is non-radiative and emerges from the destructive interference of electric and toroidal dipoles. The invisibility effect could be useful for the design of highly transparent optical materials.This article is part of the themed issue 'New horizons for nanophotonics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Luk'yanchuk
- Data Storage Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 08-01 Innovis, 138634, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ramón Paniagua-Domínguez
- Data Storage Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 08-01 Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Data Storage Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, 08-01 Innovis, 138634, Singapore
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuri S Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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16
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Sekkat Z, Hayashi S, Nesterenko DV, Rahmouni A, Refki S, Ishitobi H, Inouye Y, Kawata S. Plasmonic coupled modes in metal-dielectric multilayer structures: Fano resonance and giant field enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:20080-20088. [PMID: 27607617 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide an overview of Fano resonance and plasmon induced transparency (PIT) as well as on plasmons coupling in planar structures, and we discuss their application in sensing and enhanced spectroscopy. Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures, which are known to support symmetric and anti-symmetric surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising from the coupling between two SPPs at the metal-insulator interfaces, exhibit anticrossing behavior of the dispersion relations arising from the coupling of the symmetric SPP and the metal/air SPP. Multilayer structures, formed by a metal film and a high-index dielectric waveguide (WG), separated by a low-index dielectric spacer layer, give narrow resonances of PIT and Fano line shapes. An optimized Fano structure shows a giant field intensity enhancement value of 106 in air at the surface of the high-index dielectric WG. The calculated field enhancement factor and the figure of merit for the sensitivity of the Fano structure in air can be 104 times as large as those of the conventional surface plasmon resonance and WG sensors.
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17
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Espinosa-Soria A, Griol A, Martínez A. Experimental measurement of plasmonic nanostructures embedded in silicon waveguide gaps. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9592-9601. [PMID: 27137572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report numerical simulations and experiments of the optical response of a gold nanostrip embedded in a silicon strip waveguide gap at telecom wavelengths. We show that the spectral features observed in transmission and reflection when the metallic nanostructure is inserted in the gap are extremely different than those observed in free-space excitation. First, we find that interference between the guided field and the electric dipolar resonance of the metallic nanostructure results in high-contrast (> 10) spectral features showing an asymmetric Fano spectral profile. Secondly, we reveal a crossing in the transmission and reflection responses close to the nanostructure resonance wavelength as a key feature of our system. This approach, which can be realized using standard semiconductor nanofabrication tools, could lead to a full exploitation of the extreme properties of subwavelength metallic nanostructures in an on-chip configuration, with special relevance in fields such as biosensing or optical switching.
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Khunsin W, Dorfmüller J, Esslinger M, Vogelgesang R, Rockstuhl C, Etrich C, Kern K. Quantitative and Direct Near-Field Analysis of Plasmonic-Induced Transparency and the Observation of a Plasmonic Breathing Mode. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2214-2224. [PMID: 26789080 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated experimentally and numerically in the optical near-field a plasmonic model system similar to a dolmen-type structure for phenomena such as plasmon-induced transparency. Through engineering of coupling strength, structure orientation, and incident angle and phase of the excitation source it was possible to control near-field excitation of the dark modes. We showed that quantitative analysis of near-field amplitude and excitation strength provided essential information that allowed identifying the interaction between the bright and the dark mode and how it causes the formation of plasmon-induced transparency features and a Fano resonance. In addition, we introduced a mechanism to excite field distributions in plasmonic structures that cannot be accessed directly using far-field illumination and demonstrated the excitation of a dark mode akin to a symmetry-forbidden plasmonic breathing mode using a linearly polarized far-field source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawut Khunsin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Dorfmüller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 4. Physikalisches Institut und Research Center SCoPE, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Esslinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Vogelgesang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Etrich
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie und -optik, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Han Z. Spoof surface plasmon based planar antennas for the realization of Terahertz hotspots. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18606. [PMID: 26691003 PMCID: PMC4686994 DOI: 10.1038/srep18606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel spoof surface plasmon based terahertz (THz) antennas are realized using a few number of rectangular grooves perforated in ultrathin metal stripes and the properties of them, including both scattering cross sections and field enhancement, are numerically analyzed. The dependence of these properties on the incident angle and groove number is discussed and the results show that sharp resonances in scattering cross section spectra associated with strong local field enhancement can be achieved. These resonances are due to the formation of Fabry-Perot resonances of the spoof surface plasmon mode and it is found that the order of resonance exhibiting strongest field enhancements is found to coincide with the number of grooves at normal incidence, due to hybridization of the antenna resonance with the individual groove resonance. The terahertz hotspots within the grooves at resonances due to the local field enhancement may open up new possibilities for the investigation of terahertz-matter interactions and boost a variety of THz applications including novel sensing and THz detections. The planar stripe antennas with sharper resonances than dipolar-like resonances, together with their ease of fabrication may also promise new design methodology for metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Zhang
- Centre for Terahertz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhanghua Han
- Centre for Terahertz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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20
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Zhang J, Zhang X. Fano-like coupling between two oppositely enhanced processes by diffraction in a dielectric grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:30429-30437. [PMID: 26698522 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fano-like coupling was investigated extensively in plasmonic nanostructures, which is based on the interaction between the photonic and plasmonic resonance modes. Metallic photonic crystals consisting of waveguide metallic gratings are typical devices exhibiting strong Fano-coupling between waveguide and plasmon resonance modes. However, we demonstrate here that similar effects can also be achieved in waveguide dielectric grating structures. In this case, the broad-band strong optical extinction results from multifold diffraction processes, instead of the plasmonic absorption and scattering of light. The diffraction efficiency of the waveguide dielectric gratings was tuned by changing the duty cycle through adjusting the exposure time in interference lithography. Enhanced diffraction efficiency reduces the direct transmission while enhances the waveguide resonance mode, leading to a Fano-like coupling process.
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21
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Nishiyama Y, Imura K, Okamoto H. Observation of Plasmon Wave Packet Motions via Femtosecond Time-Resolved Near-Field Imaging Techniques. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7657-65. [PMID: 26479085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The generation and dynamics of plasmon wave packets in single gold nanorods were observed at a spatiotemporal scale of 100 nm and 10 fs via time-resolved near-field optical microscopy. Following simultaneous excitation of two plasmon modes of a nanorod with an ultrashort near-field pulse, a decay and revival feature of the time-resolved signal was obtained, which reflected the reciprocating motion of the wave packet. The time-resolved near-field images were also indicative of the wave packet motion. At some period of time after the excitation, the spatial features of the two modes appeared alternately, showing motion of plasmonic wave crests along the rod. The wave packet propagation was clearly demonstrated from this observation with the aid of a simulation model. The present experimental scheme opens the door to coherent control of plasmon-induced optical fields in a nanometer spatial scale and femtosecond temporal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nishiyama
- Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, 38 Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Imura
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University , Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, 38 Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , Myodaiji, 38 Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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22
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Zhuo X, Zhu X, Li Q, Yang Z, Wang J. Gold Nanobipyramid-Directed Growth of Length-Variable Silver Nanorods with Multipolar Plasmon Resonances. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7523-35. [PMID: 26135608 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on a method for the preparation of uniform and length-variable Ag nanorods through anisotropic Ag overgrowth on high-purity Au nanobipyramids. The rod diameters can be roughly tailored from ∼20 nm to ∼50 nm by judicious selection of differently sized Au nanobipyramids. The rod lengths can be tuned from ∼150 nm to ∼550 nm by varying the Ag precursor amount during the overgrowth process and/or by anisotropic shortening through mild oxidation. The controllable aspect ratios, high purity, and high dimensional uniformity of these Ag nanorods enable the observation of Fabry-Pérot-like multipolar plasmon resonance modes in the colloidal suspensions at the ensemble level, which has so far been demonstrated only on Au nanorods prepared electrochemically with anodic aluminum oxide templates. Depending on the mode order and geometry of the Ag nanorods, the multipolar plasmon wavelengths can be readily tailored over a wide spectral range from the visible to near-infrared region. We have further elucidated the relationships between the multipolar plasmon wavelengths and the geometric dimensions of the Ag nanorods at both the ensemble and single-particle levels. Our results indicate that the Au nanobipyramid-directed, dimensionally controllable Ag nanorods will be an attractive and promising candidate for developing multipolar plasmon-based devices and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhuo
- †Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xingzhong Zhu
- †Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Li
- †Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- †Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Han Z, Zhang Y, Bozhevolnyi SI. Spoof surface plasmon-based stripe antennas with extreme field enhancement in the terahertz regime. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2533-2536. [PMID: 26030550 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Retardation-based stripe antennas due to the excitation of spoof surface plasmons on a corrugated metal stripe are proposed and numerically studied in the terahertz regime, revealing sharp Fabry-Perot resonances in scattering cross-section spectra with strongly enhanced local fields. The order of the resonance exhibiting the sharpest scattering cross section and strongest field enhancements (FEs) is found to coincide with the number of grooves, due to the hybridization of the antenna resonance with the individual groove resonance. The proposed (spoof surface plasmon-based) antennas with narrow resonances and large FE open up new possibilities for metamaterial design and seem very promising for sensing applications in the terahertz frequencies.
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Panaretos AH, Werner DH. Dual-mode plasmonic nanorod type antenna based on the concept of a trapped dipole. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8298-8309. [PMID: 25968668 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we theoretically investigate the feasibility of creating a dual-mode plasmonic nanorod antenna. The proposed design methodology relies on adapting to optical wavelengths the principles of operation of trapped dipole antennas, which have been widely used in the low MHz frequency range. This type of antenna typically employs parallel LC circuits, also referred to as "traps", which are connected along the two arms of the dipole. By judiciously choosing the resonant frequency of these traps, as well as their position along the arms of the dipole, it is feasible to excite the λ/2 resonance of both the original dipole as well as the shorter section defined by the length of wire between the two traps. This effectively enables the dipole antenna to have a dual-mode of operation. Our analysis reveals that the implementation of this concept at the nanoscale requires that two cylindrical pockets (i.e. loading volumes) be introduced along the length of the nanoantenna, inside which plasmonic core-shell particles are embedded. By properly selecting the geometry and constitution of the core-shell particle as well as the constitution of the host material of the two loading volumes and their position along the nanorod, the equivalent effect of a resonant parallel LC circuit can be realized. This effectively enables a dual-mode operation of the nanorod antenna. The proposed methodology introduces a compact approach for the realization of dual-mode optical sensors while at the same time it clearly illustrates the inherent tuning capabilities that core-shell particles can offer in a practical framework.
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25
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Ni H, Wang M, Shen T, Zhou J. Self-assembled large-area annular cavity arrays with tunable cylindrical surface plasmons for sensing. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1913-1925. [PMID: 25639937 DOI: 10.1021/nn506834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmons that propagate along cylindrical metal/dielectric interfaces in annular apertures in metal films, called cylindrical surface plasmons (CSPs), exhibit attractive optical characteristics. However, it is challenging to fabricate these nanocoaxial structures. Here, we demonstrate a practical low-cost route to manufacture highly ordered, large-area annular cavity arrays (ACAs) that can support CSPs with great tunability. By employing a sol-gel coassembly method, reactive ion etching and metal sputtering techniques, regular, highly ordered ACAs in square-centimeter-scale with a gap width tunable in the range of several to hundreds of nanometers have been produced with good reproducibility. Ag ACAs with a gap width of 12 nm and a gap height of 635 nm are demonstrated. By finite-difference time-domain simulation, we confirm that the pronounced dips in the reflectance spectra of ACAs are attributable to CSP resonances excited in the annular gaps. By adjusting etching time and Ag film thickness, the CSP dips can be tuned to sweep the entire optical range of 360 to 1800 nm without changing sphere size, which makes them a promising candidate for forming integrated plasmonic sensing arrays. The high tunability of the CSP resonant frequencies together with strong electric field enhancement in the cavities make the ACAs promising candidates for surface plasmon sensors and SERS substrates, as, for example, they have been used in liquid refractive index (RI) sensing, demonstrating a sensitivity of 1505 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 9. One of the CSP dips of ACAs with a certain geometry size is angle- (0-70 degrees) and polarization-independent and can be used as a narrow-band absorber. Furthermore, the nano annular cavity arrays can be used to construct solar cells, nanolasers and nanoparticle plasmonic tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory on Optoelectronic Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, China
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26
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Francescato Y, Yang J, Huang M, Maier SA. General considerations for the miniaturization of radiative antennae. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3209-3220. [PMID: 25836179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The small size of plasmonic nanostructures compared to the wavelength of light is one of their most distinct and defining characteristics. It results in the strong compression of an incident wave to intense hot spots which have been used most remarkably for molecular sensing and nanoscale lasers. But another important direction for research is to use this ability to design miniaturized interconnects and modulators between fast, loss-less photonic components. Here we show that despite their high absorption, conductors are still the best materials to reach the sub-wavelength regime for efficient antennae when compared to polar crystals and high-index dielectrics, two classes of material which have shown a lot of potential recently in nanophotonic applications. By identifying the relevant dimensionless properties for the three materials considered, we present an unified understanding of the behaviour of sub-wavelength components which are at the heart of current photonic research and cast the upper achievable limits for radiative antennae crucial to the development of real-life implementation.
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27
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Vercruysse D, Zheng X, Sonnefraud Y, Verellen N, Di Martino G, Lagae L, Vandenbosch GAE, Moshchalkov VV, Maier SA, Van Dorpe P. Directional fluorescence emission by individual V-antennas explained by mode expansion. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8232-41. [PMID: 25033422 DOI: 10.1021/nn502616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Specially designed plasmonic antennas can, by far-field interference of different antenna elements or a combination of multipolar antenna modes, scatter light unidirectionally, allowing for directional light control at the nanoscale. One of the most basic and compact geometries for such antennas is a nanorod with broken rotational symmetry, in the shape of the letter V. In this article, we show that these V-antennas unidirectionally scatter the emission of a local dipole source in a direction opposite the undirectional side scattering of a plane wave. Moreover, we observe high directivity, up to 6 dB, only for certain well-defined positions of the emitter relative to the antenna. By employing a rigorous eigenmode expansion analysis of the V-antenna, we fully elucidate the fundamental origin of its directional behavior. All findings are experimentally verified by measuring the radiation patterns of a scattered plane wave and the emission pattern of fluorescently doped PMMA positioned in different regions around the antenna. The fundamental interference effects revealed in the eigenmode expansion can serve as guidelines in the understanding and further development of nanoscale directional scatterers.
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