1
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Cendra C, Balhorn L, Zhang W, O’Hara K, Bruening K, Tassone CJ, Steinrück HG, Liang M, Toney MF, McCulloch I, Chabinyc ML, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. Unraveling the Unconventional Order of a High-Mobility Indacenodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1306-1314. [PMID: 35549036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers found to produce high charge carrier mobilities competitive with amorphous silicon (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) exhibit the puzzling microstructure of substantial local order, however lacking long-range order and crystallinity previously deemed necessary for achieving high mobility. Here, we demonstrate the application of low-dose transmission electron microscopy to image and quantify the nanoscale and mesoscale organization of an archetypal D-A copolymer across areas comparable to electronic devices (≈9 μm2). The local structure is spatially resolved by mapping the backbone (001) spacing reflection, revealing nanocrystallites of aligned polymer chains throughout nearly the entire film. Analysis of the nanoscale structure of its ordered domains suggests significant short- and medium-range order and preferential grain boundary orientations. Moreover, we provide insights into the rich, interconnected mesoscale organization of this new family of D-A copolymers by analysis of the local orientational spatial autocorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Karsten Bruening
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher J. Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado—Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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2
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Fratini S, Nikolka M, Salleo A, Schweicher G, Sirringhaus H. Charge transport in high-mobility conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:491-502. [PMID: 32296138 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors are emerging as a viable semiconductor technology in industries such as displays, electronics, renewable energy, sensing and healthcare. A key enabling factor has been significant scientific progress in improving their charge transport properties and carrier mobilities, which has been made possible by a better understanding of the molecular structure-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport physics. Here we aim to present a coherent review of how we understand charge transport in these high-mobility van der Waals bonded semiconductors. Specific questions of interest include estimates for intrinsic limits to the carrier mobilities that might ultimately be achievable; a discussion of the coupling between charge and structural dynamics; the importance of molecular conformations and mesoscale structural features; how the transport physics of conjugated polymers and small molecule semiconductors are related; and how the incorporation of counterions in doped films-as used, for example, in bioelectronics and thermoelectric devices-affects the electronic structure and charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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O’Hara K, Takacs CJ, Liu S, Cruciani F, Beaujuge P, Hawker CJ, Chabinyc ML. Effect of Alkyl Side Chains on Intercrystallite Ordering in Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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4
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Seifrid MT, Reddy GNM, Zhou C, Chmelka BF, Bazan GC. Direct Observation of the Relationship between Molecular Topology and Bulk Morphology for a π-Conjugated Material. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5078-5082. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin T. Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - G. N. Manjunatha Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bradley F. Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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5
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Root SE, Savagatrup S, Printz AD, Rodriquez D, Lipomi DJ. Mechanical Properties of Organic Semiconductors for Stretchable, Highly Flexible, and Mechanically Robust Electronics. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6467-6499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Root
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Adam D. Printz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriquez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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6
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Schulz GL, Fischer FSU, Trefz D, Melnyk A, Hamidi-Sakr A, Brinkmann M, Andrienko D, Ludwigs S. The PCPDTBT Family: Correlations between Chemical Structure, Polymorphism, and Device Performance. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Schulz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F. S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D. Trefz
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. Melnyk
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School
Materials Science in Mainz, Staudinger
Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Hamidi-Sakr
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - D. Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional
Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Koduru HK, Marino L, Vallivedu J, Choi CJ, Scaramuzza N. Microstructural, wetting, and dielectric properties of plasma polymerized polypyrrole thin films. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Koduru
- Dipartimento Di Fisica; Università Degli Studi Della Calabria, via P. Bucci; 33B - 87036 Cubo Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Lucia Marino
- Dipartimento Di Fisica; Università Degli Studi Della Calabria, via P. Bucci; 33B - 87036 Cubo Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Janardhanam Vallivedu
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Semiconductor Physics Research Center (SPRC); Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 561-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Chel-Jong Choi
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Semiconductor Physics Research Center (SPRC); Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 561-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Nicola Scaramuzza
- Dipartimento Di Fisica; Università Degli Studi Della Calabria, via P. Bucci; 33B - 87036 Cubo Rende (CS) Italy
- CNISM - Unità Di Ricerca Di Cosenza C/O Dipartimento Di Fisica; Università Degli Studi Della Calabria; via P. Bucci 31C - 87036 Cubo Rende (CS) Italy
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8
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Zhou J, Anjum DH, Lubineau G, Li EQ, Thoroddsen ST. Unraveling the Order and Disorder in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(styrenesulfonate) Nanofilms. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
COHMAS Laboratory, ‡Imaging and Characterization
Lab, and §Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, High-Speed Fluids Imaging
Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalaver H. Anjum
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
COHMAS Laboratory, ‡Imaging and Characterization
Lab, and §Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, High-Speed Fluids Imaging
Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
COHMAS Laboratory, ‡Imaging and Characterization
Lab, and §Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, High-Speed Fluids Imaging
Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Er Qiang Li
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
COHMAS Laboratory, ‡Imaging and Characterization
Lab, and §Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, High-Speed Fluids Imaging
Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division,
COHMAS Laboratory, ‡Imaging and Characterization
Lab, and §Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, High-Speed Fluids Imaging
Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Hwang S, Seo H, Jeong DC, Wen L, Han JG, Song C, Kim Y. Growth kinetics of plasma-polymerized films. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11201. [PMID: 26084630 PMCID: PMC4471662 DOI: 10.1038/srep11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth kinetics of polymer thin films prepared by plasma-based deposition method were explored using atomic force microscopy. The growth behavior of the first layer of the polythiophene somewhat differs from that of the other layers because the first layer is directly deposited on the substrate, whereas the other layers are deposited on the polymer itself. After the deposition of the first layer, each layer is formed with a cycle of 15 s. The present work represents the growth kinetics of the plasma-polymerized films and could be helpful for further studies on growth kinetics in other material systems as well as for applications of plasma-polymerized thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyoung Hwang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Seo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Long Wen
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Geon Han
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseok Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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